DRIED BEE MEAL AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR GROWING TURKEYS

Dried bee meal, produced from bees killed after the honey-producing season, has been assessed as a high protein feedstuff in diets of growing turkeys from 6 to 41 days of age. Although higher in crude protein and differing in amino acid composition, dried bee meal was similar to soybean meal in total amino acids and true metabolizable energy. Diets containing 150 and 300 g dried bee meal/kg linearly decreased liveweight gained by poults. Efficiency of feed conversion was slightly improved when the diet contained 150 g bee meal/kg, but was depressed by 300 kg bee meal/kg. The adverse effects may be related to nonprotein nitrogen in bee meal or to toxicity of dried bee venom.

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Effect of dietary fibre level on amino acid digestibility in young pigs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas94-044 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 327-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

S. Li ◽

W. C. Sauer ◽

R. T. Hardin

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Dietary Fibre ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Corn Starch ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Period Change ◽

Young Pigs ◽

Average Body

Studies were carried out with 12 pigs (Yorkshire × Landrace) to determine the effect of dietary fibre level on amino acid digestibility. The pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum at 23 or 24 d of age. The pigs were fed four isonitrogenous corn starch-based soybean meal diets (22.5 % crude protein) containing 4.3, 7.3, 10.3 and 13.3% Solkafloc according to a balanced two-period change-over design. The pigs were fed four times daily, equal amounts, at 6-h intervals. The diets were supplied at a rate of 5% of the average body weight which was determined at the initiation of the first (8.8 kg) and second (11.7 kg) experimental period. Each experimental period comprised 10 d. Feces were collected for 48 h on days 6 and 7 and ileal digesta for 24 h during days 8, 9 and 10. Chromic oxide was used as digestibility marker. The dietary inclusion of Solkafloc, up to 13.3 %, did not affect (P > 0.05) the apparent ileal as well as the fecal digestibilities of crude protein and amino acids. In conclusion, starter pigs can tolerate up to 13.3% Solkafloc, equivalent to 16.8% neutral-detergent fibre, in corn starch-based soybean meal diets without a depression in amino acid digestibility. Key words: Young pigs, fibre, amino acids, digestibility

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Chemical composition of wonderful kola (Bucchlozia coriacea) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) seeds grown in south–south, Nigeria

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research ◽

10.3329/bjsir.v53i2.36673 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 125-132

Author(s):

MO Aremu ◽

DB Passali ◽

H Ibrahim ◽

RO Akinyeye

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid Profile ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Artocarpus Altilis ◽

Limiting Amino Acid

The proximate and amino acid compositions of Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea were investigated using standard analytical techniques. The respective proximate composition (%) for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples were: Moisture (5.91 and 5.67); ash (4.39 and 5.13); crude fat (4.42 and 2.76); crude protein (12.27 and 14.78); crude fibre (7.10 and 6.27); carbohydrate (65.91 and 65.39). The calculated fatty acids and metabolizable energy for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples were 3.54 and 2.21 %; 1492.60 and 1465.01 kJ/100 g, respectively. The most abundant minerals in Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia were potassium (658.42 and 369.64 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (382.55 and 261.38 mg/100 g), respectively. The amino acid profile revealed that Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids. The total essential amino acids (TEAA) (with His) were 31.14 and 34.40 g/100 g crude protein for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples, respectively. The first limiting amino acid was Met + Cys (TSAA) for all the samples and calculated isoeletric points (ρl) were 3.52 and 4.05 for Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea, respectively.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(2), 125-132, 2018

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Effects of Wetting Media Cattle Blood, Rice Gruel and Water on the Yield and Amino Acid Composition of Tubificid Worms

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Science ◽

10.3329/jasbs.v45i2.46596 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 229-239

Author(s):

Mahmud Hasan ◽

Md Inja Mamun Haque ◽

Nafia Akter ◽

Mohammad Shamsur Rahman ◽

Afroza Sultana Eti

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Mustard Oil ◽

Fish Food ◽

Mustard Oil Cake ◽

Cattle Blood ◽

Tubificid Worms

The effects of three wetting media (cattle blood, rice gruel and subsurface clean water) of the culture media ingredients (a mixture of mustard oil cake, soybean meal and mud) on the yield and amino acid composition of tubificid worms cultured on a pilot scale in a fish farm for 42 days were evaluated. The worm yields were in the order: cattle blood wetted media (683.68 ± 3.86 mg/cm2), rice gruel (615.63 ± 3.66 mg/cm2), water (584. 38 ± 1.41 mg/cm2). Lysine, arginine and leucine were the most prevalent of the eight essential amino acids in worms cultured in the media wetted in cattle blood medium. The results suggested that a mixture of 40% mustard oil cake, 30% soybean meal and 30% mud can be used for the commercial culture of tubificid worms as live fish food. The tubificid worms showed high level of amino acids suitable for fish that require a high content of dietary amino acids. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 45(2): 229-239, December 2019

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A note on the amino acid composition of sow's milk

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800042855 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 57 (03) ◽

pp. 500-502

Author(s):

R. H. King ◽

C. J. Rayner ◽

M. Kerr

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Lactating Sows ◽

Protein Output

Effects of dietary protein concentration on the amino acid composition of sow's milk was studied using 10 crossbred first-litter sows. At parturition, diets containing similar concentrations of digestible energy but with either 63 or 238 g crude protein per kg and 4.4 and 15.1 g lysine per kg respectively, were given through lactation (five sows per treatment). The ratios of other amino acids to lysine were in excess of those currently recommended for lactating sows. Dietary protein level significantly affected milk yield, gave higher milk protein output (P> 0.05) but was without significant effect on the proportions of amino acids in the milk.

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Amino Acid Composition of Digesta Taken from Swine Receiving Diets Containing Soybean or Rapeseed Meals as Sole Source of Protein

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y72-078 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 50 (6) ◽

pp. 513-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

C. Y. Cho ◽

H. S. Bayley

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Sole Source ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Colon And Rectum

The usefulness of amino acid digestibility measurements as indices of availability can be evaluated by comparing the amino acid composition of distal ileal digesta (where absorption is believed to be complete) with that in the rectum. Two semipurified diets containing either soybean or rapeseed oil meals were each fed to four castrated male pigs of 60 kg liveweight. The pigs were sacrified and samples of digesta were removed from the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum. The concentrations of nitrogen and the proportions of 14 amino acids in the samples were studied. Digesta taken from the duodenum contained the greatest concentration of nitrogen; the nitrogen concentration decreased through the small intestine, and then remained constant through the large intestine. Comparing the ileal and rectal digesta, there were no significant differences in the proportions of valine, arginine, serine, tyrosine, threonine, phenylalanine, and aspartic acid for both diets. This was also true for lysine for the soybean meal diet and for methionine and alanine for the rapeseed meal diet, so that for these amino acids, digestibility should be a good estimate of availability. However, there were lower proportions of leucine plus glycine, proline, and glutamic acid in the rectal than in the ileal contents for both diets, and for lysine in the rapeseed meal diet, suggesting that digestibility values would overestimate availability. In contrast, there were higher proportions of isoleu-cine in the rectal than in the ileal contents for both diets, and of methionine and alanine for the soybean meal diet, suggesting that digestibilities would underestimate the availabilities of these amino acids.Partition of the digesta and the water-soluble digestion marker (polyethylene glycol) in the stomach precluded reliable quantitation of digesta flows through the ileum, but the experiment suggests that such quantitative measures would provide a basis for more valid estimates of amino acid availabilities than measurements of the amounts of amino acids voided in the feces.

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The direct and difference procedures result in similar estimates for amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients fed to growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa225 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maryane S F Oliveira ◽

John K Htoo ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Sole Source ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Cereal Grains ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Wheat Middlings ◽

The Difference

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings obtained using the direct procedure are not different from values obtained using the difference procedure. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW: 69.5 ± 5.0 kg) were allotted to a replicated 8 × 4 Youden Square design with 8 diets and 4 periods. Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation to the diet and 2 d of collection of ileal digesta. Four diets were based on soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the only AA-containing ingredients. Three additional diets were based on a mixture of SBM and corn, SBM and wheat, or SBM and wheat middlings, and an N-free diet was also used. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the SID of crude protein (CP) and AA for the 4 diets containing SBM, corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the sole source of AA were calculated using the direct procedure. The AID and SID of CP and AA for the 3 mixed diets containing SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings were also calculated and the contribution of digestible AA from SBM was subtracted from the AID or SID values for the diets. The AID or SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings were subsequently calculated by difference. Results indicated that the AID values for a few AA were lower (P < 0.05) if the direct procedure was used instead of the difference procedure, regardless of ingredient. The AID of Trp was greater in corn and wheat middlings, and the SID of Trp in corn and wheat middlings tended to be greater, if the direct procedure rather than the difference procedure was used, but that was not the case for wheat (interaction, P < 0.05 and P < 0.10, respectively). However, for all other indispensable AA, and for most of the dispensable AA, the SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings was not different between the difference procedure and the direct procedure. Therefore, values for SID of AA in cereal grains and fiber-rich ingredients may be determined using either the direct or the difference procedure.

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3.1 The Nitrogen Supplied by and the Supplementation of Fresh or Grazed Forage

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x0003041x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 53-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D.J. Thomson

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Alimentary Tract ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Flow Measurements ◽

Flow Rates ◽

The Difference ◽

Protein Supply

Forage contributes between 70 and 80% of the metabolizable energy (ME) and in excess of 70% of the protein consumed by ruminant livestock in the U.K. (Baker and Wilkins, 1975). The contribution from forage to the energy and protein consumed is highest for sheep and lowest for dairy cattle. For all classes of stock in the U.K., a major proportion of the nitrogen (N) or crude protein (CP) consumed is obtained from fresh or grazed forage.Research with fresh forage, both nutritional and production work, has been faced with the difficulty of measuring or estimating food intake by the animal while grazing. The measurement of protein supply from fresh or grazed forage is further made difficult as flow measurements throughout the alimentary tract are required. For forage, as with other foods given to ruminants, estimates of the supply of N or protein available to the animal are obtained from measurements of flow from the stomach or into the proximal duodenum and at the terminal ileum. The difference between these two flow rates, the disappearance of N, NAN (non-ammonia N) or AAN (amino acid N), is taken as the apparent absorption or supply of protein from the food. Values may be obtained for individual amino acids or for total amino acid N (TAAN).

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Nutritional value and amino acids composition of the mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) at different stages of its development

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.1985.009 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 103-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Józef Bąkowski ◽

Ryszard Kosson

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Agaricus Bisporus ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Total N ◽

Stage 4

The study of the nutritional value and amino acid composition of the mushroom (<i>Agaricus bisporus</i>) was carried out with the Somycel 653 strain cultivated on a synthetic compost containing rye straw, broiler chicken manure and gypsum. In 4 developmental stages of the whole fruit-bodies and the caps and stipes the following were determined: dry matter, vitamin C, nitrates, total nitrogen, crude protein (N × 4.38) and amino acid composition. It was observed that in all stages of development the levels of total N and crude protein are significantly higher in the caps than in the stipes. From the amino acid composition it appears that the caps of stage 4 contain the highest amounts of essential and total amino acids as compared with caps, stipes and whole sporophores found in any developmental stage. This is correlated with the opening of the mushrooms in stage 4. It was observed that the nitrates level tends, to be higher in the cap than in the stipe.

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Comparison of different protein evaluation systems for growing pigs: Digestible crude protein, and total, faecal digestible and ileal digestible amino acid intakes as performance response predictors

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72714 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 429-437

Author(s):

Jarmo Valaja

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Response Predictors ◽

Carcass Parameters ◽

Digestible Crude Protein ◽

Better Than

The validity of apparent faecal digestible crude protein and total, apparent faecal or ileal digestible amino acid intakes (lysine, threonine and methionine) as animal performance predictors was evaluated on the basis of digestibility coefficients obtained from the literature and performance and carcass parameter data from five different experiments on growing pigs. Correlations and regression equations were calculated between daily digestible crude protein or amino acid intakes and the performance and carcass parameters of the pigs. No connection was found between digestible crude protein intake and the performance of the pigs. The correlations were highest between different lysine intakes and daily gain (DG) (r = 0.808-0.867, p < 0.001). Ileal digestible lysine intake correlated with the performance of the pigs better than did intakes of total or faecal digestible lysine. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05), and the thickness of back (BF) (p < 0.001) and side fat (SF) (p < 0.001) correlated highly with ileal digestible lysine intake. The correlations between these parameters and total or faecal digestible lysine intakes were lower but also significant (total lysine: BF p < 0.001, SF p < 0.01 and faecal digestible lysine: BF p < 0.01, SF p < 0.05). The regression equations agreed well with the coefficients of correlation. Ileal digestible lysine intake explained changes of performance and carcass parameters better than did intakes of total and faecal digestible lysine. The study confirms the advantage of using ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids for detecting differences in the supply of amino acids from different feeds.

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Second-limiting amino acid in corn-soybean meal based diets for Japanese quail

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7548 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. e571997548

Author(s):

Danilo Teixeira Cavalcante ◽

Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa ◽

Edilson Paes Saraiva ◽

Patrícia Emília Naves Givisiez ◽

Danilo Vargas Gonçalves Vieira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Essential Amino Acid ◽

Egg Yolk ◽

Egg Mass ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Japanese Quails ◽

Limiting Amino Acid

The objective was to determine the second-limiting amino acid in diets based on corn-soybean meal for Japanese quails in the growth and laying stages. A total of 1,440 Japanese quails were used in three experiments in phases 1 to 21; 22 to 42 and 85 to 210 days of age, respectively. Each experiment contained eight treatments with six replications of ten birds. The experimental diets were based on corn-soybean meal. The levels of methionine + cysteine were adequate in all experimental diets, but there was variation in the attendance of another second essential amino acid. In experiments 1 and 2, quails that were fed diets with adequate levels of methionine + cysteine and lysine showed higher weight gain (g/bird) and better feed conversion (g/g). Feed intake (g/bird) was not influenced. In experiment 3, adequate levels of all amino acids promoted a lower feed intake (g/bird) and better feed conversion per egg mass (g/g) and per dozen eggs (g/dozen). Egg weight (g), weight (g) and shell thickness (mm) and specific gravity (g/cm3) were not affected. The diets that met the requirements of all amino acids promoted the laying of eggs with a greater weight of albumen (g) and lower weights of egg yolk (g). In conclusion, the second-limiting amino acid in plant diets for Japanese quails is lysine.

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