INTERACTION OF TEMPERATURE AND CO2 ENRICHMENT ON SOYBEAN: GROWTH AND DRY MATTER PARTITIONING

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
NASSER SIONIT ◽  
B. R. STRAIN ◽  
E. P. FLINT
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Projected increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration will affect growth and productivity of many plant species under various environmental conditions. Since these increases in CO2 may also increase mean annual temperatures, it is important to determine how the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) will respond to changes in temperature regimes associated with atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Morphology and growth responses of the Ransom cultivar, which is adapted to a southern U.S.A. climate, to day/night temperature regimes of 18/12, 22/16, and 26/20 °C and atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 350, 675 and 1000 μL L−1 were studied in controlled environment chambers. Plant responses were determined at 20, 40, 67 and 115 (late senescence to maturity) days after planting. Plant height and number of branches increased slightly with CO2 enrichment and more significantly with increasing temperature. Root to shoot ratio remained unchanged at different CO2 concentrations but decreased as temperature increased. Leaf weight ratio and specific leaf weight decreased with increasing temperature. Low temperature reduced dry weight of all plant parts, but the reduction was ameliorated by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. The results show that increasing the atmospheric CO2 level causes soybean to grow more vigorously at low temperatures. Although controlled environment experiments have their drawbacks in regard to natural field conditions, the present data indicate that soybean will have enhanced growth even at moderately cool temperatures in the future global CO2 concentrations.Key words: Soybean growth, low temperature, CO2 × temperature interaction, environmental control

Phenology of sunflower cultivars. II. Controlled-environment studies of temperature and photoperiod effects

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Goyne ◽  
GL Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Effects Of Radiation ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Temperature Interactions

The effects of photoperiod and temperature on the phenology of the open-pollinated sunflower cultivar, Sunfola 68-2, the hybrid, Hysun 30, and its parents, were studied in five experiments using the CSIRO Canberra phytotron. Photoperiod and temperature influenced the number of days to first anthesis (FA) mainly during the emergence (E) to head-visible (HV) stage of growth. Leaf counts and plant height measurements supported this finding. There were major differences in the responses of the two cultivars to short photoperiods and low temperatures. The differences were removed by increasing temperature to a regimen of 27/22�C (day/night) or by increasing the photoperiod to 14 h. At low temperature, Sunfola 68-2 showed little response to photoperiods of between 10 and 14 h, whereas Hysun 30 showed a marked increase in duration of the E-HV stage for photoperiods shorter than 14 h. At photoperiods of 10 and 12 h there was a general decline in all measured attributes with increases in temperature, except the number of leaves on Sunfola 68-2 which remained relatively constant. Hysun 30 was similar to its male parent ('R' line) in response to photoperiod and temperature. The experiments suggest that the effects of radiation levels on sunflower phenology and photoperiod x temperature interactions in the 14-18 h photoperiod range require further investigation.

Temperature and Canopy Development of Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and Soybean (Glycine max)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Two Populations

Velvetleaf from Mississippi and Wisconsin and soybean (var. Williams) were grown in five temperature regimes (12/4, 19/11, 26/18, 33/25, and 40/32 C day/night) in controlled-environment chambers. Leaf appearance rates increased with temperature in both species, ranging from 0.06 to 0.69 leaves per day in velvetleaf and 0.07 to 0.38 leaves per day in soybean. The threshold temperature for leaf appearance in both species was 5 to 6 C. The largest leaves of both species were produced at 26/18 C. By 55 d after emergence, the greatest total leaf area per plant occurred at 26/18 C or above in both species. Reproductive development occurred earliest at 33/25 C in velvetleaf and at 26/18 C in soybean. This limited vegetative growth in velvetleaf more than in soybean. The weed/crop ratio for total leaf area increased with increasing temperature, indicating that velvetleaf probably would be more competitive with soybean under higher temperatures. The two populations of velvetleaf generally responded similarly to temperatures.

Environmental control of bud formation and flowering of clonal Acacia baileyana F. Muell. for ornamental horticulture

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Morgan ◽  
M. Sedgley
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Temperature Requirements ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Plant Transfer ◽  
Mother’S Day ◽  
Cool Conditions

To study the temperature requirements for flowering, cuttings of A. baileyana were either transferred between different temperatures in controlled-environment growth cabinets, kept outside or in a shadehouse. Plants in the growth cabinets were transferred from a low (13/9˚C) to high (23/19˚C) temperature, from a high to low temperature, or kept at a constant intermediate (18/13˚C) temperature, and then transferred outside. Acacia baileyana required temperatures at or above a mean maximum of 18˚C and a minimum of 13˚C for bud formation, and at or below a mean maximum of 16˚C and a minimum of 9˚C for flowering. Nearly twice the number of plants transferred from high to low temperature flowered compared with outside plants. Bud formation was inhibited at a temperature of 13˚C maximum and 9˚C minimum. Large buds dropped when the temperature was above 18˚C maximum and 13˚C minimum, indicating that the timing of plant transfer between the warm and cool conditions should be when the buds are at a medium size. Light intensity also affected flowering, with less than half the number of plants flowering in the shadehouse compared with outside. Plants transferred from high to low temperature were induced to flower 4 months earlier than outside plants by manipulating the temperature. Flowering cut stems or pot plants of A. baileyana could be produced for Mother’s Day in May and for other key markets.

scholarly journals Impact of Temperature on Apple Fruit Growth

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 507B-507
Author(s):  
I.J. Warrington ◽  
T.A. Fulton ◽  
E.A. Halligan ◽  
P.T. Austin ◽  
A.J. Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Maturity Indices ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Maximum Minimum

Apple fruitlet growth responses to temperature were studied, for different durations following bloom (DAFB), under controlled environment (CE) conditions. Container-grown trees of `Red Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Braeburn', `Fuji', and `Royal Gala' were placed in different maximum/minimum temperature regimes, ranging from 9/3 to 25/15°C for various periods, including 10–40, 10–80, and 40–80 DAFB. Temperature treatments were selected to identify possible differences between mean and maximum/minimum differential effects Trees were placed outdoors following the CE treatment to allow impacts on subsequent fruit development to be determined. The impact of temperature was dramatic. For example, fruit expansion rate for `Red Delicious' varied from 0.12 mm/day at 9/3°C to 0.98 mm/day at 25/15°C. Furthermore, the cell division phase was considerably longer under cooler temperatures. The influence of post-bloom temperature, for even short durations, was evident at harvest in both fruit size and in different fruit maturity indices. Differences in temperature sensitivity were evident amongscultivars. A detailed model has been developed to integrate the responses that have been determined.

Growth responses of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev to sheep saliva after defoliation

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Teng ◽  
Lei Ba ◽  
Deli Wang ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
Jushan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Leymus Chinensis ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Leaf Weight

Many studies indicated that saliva from herbivores might be involved in plant growth responses when plants have been grazed. However, there is currently no general agreement on whether saliva can affect plant growth. Our aims were to determine the growth response of plants to sheep saliva after defoliation under diverse environmental conditions (different sward structures), and whether the effect of saliva is influenced by time (duration) after its application. We conducted field experiments with clipping treatments and the application of sheep saliva to the damaged parts of tillers to simulate sheep grazing on the perennial grass Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev during the early growing seasons. Results demonstrated that clipping with saliva application significantly increased tiller numbers 8 weeks after treatments in comparison with clipping alone. A key finding is that the effect of sheep saliva on plant growth was short-lived. Clipping with saliva application increased leaf weight in the second week, while clipping alone had no effect. Moreover, clipping with saliva application promoted the elongation of new leaves (not the old ones) in the first week whereas clipping alone was ineffective. Results also showed that there were no differences between clipping with saliva application and clipping alone for relative height growth rate and aboveground biomass. Therefore, we concluded that saliva application to clipping treatment would produce an additional effect compared to clipping alone for the plant and the positive effects are time dependent. The additional effects primarily embodied in the individual level of plant, such as the changes of leaf weight and leaf length. Beyond the level, the effects of saliva only produced many more tiller numbers rather than the accumulation of aboveground biomass.

Infrared spectra of the ammonium ion in crystals. Part VIII. Spectroscopic criteria of highly-bent hydrogen bonds

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 867-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osvald Knop ◽  
Wolfgang J. Westerhaus ◽  
Michael Falk
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Temperature Transition ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Available evidence suggests that (1) the stretching frequencies of highly-bent hydrogen bonds decrease with increasing temperature, regardless of whether the bonds are static or dynamic in character, to a single acceptor or to several competing acceptors; and (2) departures from symmetric trifurcation (or bifurcation) toward asymmetric situations lower the stretching frequency. In further support of these criteria isotopic probe ion spectra between 10 K and room temperature have been obtained for taurine and for trigonal (NH4)2MF6 (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Ti). Evidence of a low-temperature transition at 100(10) K in trigonal (NH4)2SnF6 is presented, and existence of the previously reported transition at 38.6 K in trigonal (NH4)2SiF6 is confirmed. Symmetry changes associated with these transitions are discussed.

Effects of Temperature on Leaf Expansion in Sunflower

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson ◽  
JH Hindmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Leaf Position ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Relative Change

Five commercial cultivars of sunflower were grown in cabinets at three temperature regimes, 32/22, 27/17 and 22/12°C, and with 15-h and 11-h photoperiods, and expansion of leaves 5-15 was followed. Leaves appeared faster with increasing temperature (0.022 leaves day-1 °C-1) and with increasing daylength. Areas of individual leaves increased linearly up the plant profile and, although final area per leaf (Amax) decreased with increasing temperature, the relative change was similar for each leaf position. Cultivars maintained their ranking for Amax across temperatures, and these rankings agreed with those in previous field studies. Within each temperature regime, both the expansion rate of leaves and the duration of expansion increased with leaf position. As temperature increased, leaves grew for shorter periods with a change of 1.04 days °C-1, but under the photon flux density used (500 �mol m-2 s-1, or about 25% full sunlight) expansion rates were greatest at the lowest temperature. Expansion rates were only one-third of those in field studies at comparable temperatures, but durations were similar. Cultivars that achieved the largest Amax did so via faster rates of expansion and not via longer durations: only one cultivar differed from the mean (20 days) duration of leaf expansion. All cultivars reached floral initiation progressively earlier with extension of photoperiod from 10 to 15 h, with the change for the most sensitive cultivars being 8 days and for the least sensitive 5 days. Rates of leaf emergence were linked with this sensitivity.

scholarly journals Value-Added Products from Urea Glycerolysis Using a Heterogeneous Biosolids-Based Catalyst

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Bartoli ◽  
Chengyong Zhu ◽  
Michael Chae ◽  
David Bressler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Thermal Hydrolysis ◽  
Process Economics ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Value Added Products

Although thermal hydrolysis of digested biosolids is an extremely promising strategy for wastewater management, the process economics are prohibitive. Here, a biosolids-based material generated through thermal hydrolysis was used as a catalyst for urea glycerolysis performed under several conditions. The catalytic system showed remarkable activity, reaching conversion values of up to 70.8 ± 0.9% after six hours, at 140 °C using a catalyst/glycerol weight ratio of 9% and an air stream to remove NH3 formed during the process. Temperature played the most substantial role among reaction parameters; increasing temperature from 100 °C to 140 °C improved conversion by 35% and glycidol selectivity by 22%. Furthermore, the catalyst retained good activity even after the fourth catalytic run (conversion rate of 56.4 ± 1.3%) with only a slight decrease in glycidol selectivity. Thus, the use of a biosolids-based catalyst may facilitate conversion of various glycerol sources (i.e., byproduct streams from biodiesel production) into value-added products such as glycidol, and may also improve the economic feasibility of using thermal hydrolysis for treatment of biosolids.

scholarly journals Low-Temperature Esterification to Produce Oleic Acid-Based Wax Esters Catalyzed by 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1471
Author(s):  
Zhenzhen Li ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Guolong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Efficient Catalyst ◽  
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Solvent Free Conditions ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Synthesized oleic acid-based wax esters (e.g., cetyl oleate), which can replace spermaceti oil or jojoba oil, have been widely used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and other industries. In this work, 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) has been successfully used as an efficient catalyst to synthesize oleic acid-based wax esters through esterification at 40 °C under solvent-free conditions. A 93.6% conversion rate of cetyl alcohol was obtained under optimal conditions: 10 mol% DBSA, a molar ratio of 1.3:1 oleic acid to alcohol, a reaction temperature 40 °C and a reaction time of 4 h. The effect of water content on esterification was investigated, and it was found that the inhibitory effect of water decreased significantly with increasing temperature. Moreover, DBSA-catalyzed esterification could be applied in the production of various oleic acid-based wax esters and excellent conversion (>90%) to esters was obtained under such mild conditions. DBSA-catalyzed low-temperature esterification is an efficient method for the production of liquid wax esters.

scholarly journals Effect of cation size on electrochemical properties of polymer electrolyte

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (42) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Mohammed Kadhim Jawad
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Electrolytes ◽  
Ionic Conduction ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dielectric Behavior ◽  
Gel Polymer Electrolytes ◽  
Host Matrix ◽  
Ether Oxygen ◽  
Solution Cast ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Cation Size

This study investigates the ionic conduction dependence on the size of alkaline cations in gel polymer electrolytes based on double iodide can enhance by incorporating a salt having a bulky cation. Group of gel polymer electrolytes with polyethylene oxide (PEO) as a host matrix based on double salts potassium iodide (KI) and rubidium iodide (RbI) with different weight ratio prepared by using solution cast technique.  The maximum value of conductivity reaches (6.03 10⁻3 at 293 K) S/cm for an electrolyte which content (KI 45%, RbI 5%) from binary salt. The ionic conductivity of for gel polymer electrolytes gradually increases by increasing temperature. The real dielectric constant results confirm that the dielectric behavior of the PEO material is a thermally activated process. FTIR results confirm that the shifting of peaks is another way to prove the interactions between PEO and binary salt ascribed to the formation of a transient cross-linking complex between the cations of the ionic liquids and the ether oxygen of the PEO.

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