Cadmium accumulation in wheat grain as affected by mineral N fertilizer and soil characteristics

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianglan Li ◽  
Noura Ziadi ◽  
Gilles Bélanger ◽  
Zucong Cai ◽  
Hua Xu
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Rates

Li, X., Ziadi, N., Bélanger, G., Cai, Z. and Xu, H. 2011. Cadmium accumulation in wheat grain as affected by mineral N fertilizer and soil characteristics. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 521–531. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal distributed in soil by natural processes and anthropogenic activities. It can accumulate in crops, such as spring milling wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and its accumulation depends on crop species, soil factors, and agricultural practices like fertilizer inputs. Our objective was to study the effect of mineral N fertilizer and soil characteristics on wheat grain Cd concentration. A field study was conducted over 12 site-years (2004–2006) in Québec, with four N application rates (0, 40, 120, and 200 kg N ha−1). Wheat grain samples (n=192) were analysed for their Cd and N concentrations. Soil samples (n=48) taken before N fertilizer application were characterised for their chemical and physical properties, including Mehlich-3 extractable Cd concentration. Wheat grain Cd concentration increased significantly with increasing N application rates at 11 of the 12 site-years. Averaged across the 12 site-years, Cd concentration ranged from 53 µg kg−1dry matter (DM) without N applied up to 87 µg kg−1DM when 200 kg N ha−1was applied. Wheat grain Cd concentration also varied significantly with site-years (34–99 µg kg−1DM), but never exceeded the proposed tolerance for wheat grain of 235 µg kg−1DM. Wheat grain Cd concentration was significantly related to Mehlich-3 extractable Cd in soil (R2=0.44, P=0.021) and nitrogen nutrition index (R2=0.69, P=0.001). We conclude that soil Cd concentration and the crop N nutrition status affect Cd accumulation in spring wheat grain produced in eastern Canada.

Impact of mineral N fertilizer application rates on N2O emissions from arable soils under winter wheat

2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Lebender ◽  
Mehmet Senbayram ◽  
Joachim Lammel ◽  
Hermann Kuhlmann
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Application Rates

scholarly journals Early nitrogen supply as an alternative management for a cover crop-maize sequence under a no-till system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letusa Momesso ◽  
Carlos A. C. Crusciol ◽  
Rogério P. Soratto ◽  
Carlos A. C. Nascimento ◽  
Ciro A. Rosolem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Release ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Biomass Decomposition

AbstractOptimizing agronomic efficiency (AE) of nitrogen (N) fertilizer use by crops and enhancing crop yields are challenges for tropical no-tillage systems since maintaining crop residues on the soil surface alters the nutrient supply to the system. Cover crops receiving N fertilizer can provide superior biomass, N cycling to the soil and plant residue mineralization. The aims of this study were to (i) investigate N application on forage cover crops or cover crop residues as a substitute for N sidedressing (conventional method) for maize and (ii) investigate the supply of mineral N in the soil and the rates of biomass decomposition and N release. The treatments comprised two species, i.e., palisade grass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster] and ruzigrass [Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard) Crins], and four N applications: (i) control (no N application), (ii) on live cover crops 35 days before maize seeding (35 DBS), (iii) on cover crop residues 1 DBS, and (iv) conventional method (N sidedressing of maize). The maximum rates of biomass decomposition and N release were in palisade grass. The biomass of palisade grass and ruzigrass were 81 and 47% higher in N application at 35 DBS compared with control in ruzigrass (7 Mg ha−1), and N release followed the pattern observed of biomass in palisade and ruzigrass receiving N 35 DBS (249 and 189 kg N ha−1). Mineral N in the soil increased with N application regardless of cover crop species. Maize grain yields and AE were not affected when N was applied on palisade grass 35 DBS or 1 DBS (average 13 Mg ha−1 and 54 kg N kg−1 maize grain yield) compared to conventional method. However, N applied on ruzigrass 35 DBS decreased maize grain yields. Overall, N fertilizer can be applied on palisade grass 35 DBS or its residues 1 DBS as a substitute for conventional sidedressing application for maize.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Thuja x ‘Green Giant’

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Jason J. Griffin ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
N Application ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Plastic Containers ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution

Abstract Rooted stem cuttings of ‘Green Giant’ arborvitae (Thuja L. x ‘Green Giant’) were grown in 3.8 liter (#1) plastic containers containing a pine bark: sand (8:1 by vol) substrate. Plants were fertilized three times weekly for 15 weeks with a complete nutrient solution at N application rates (NARs) of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, or 320 mg/liter (ppm) supplied as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Both shoot and root dry weights were significantly affected by NAR. Maximum shoot weight, as predicted by a quadratic plateau model, was reached at a NAR of approximately 100 mg/liter (ppm), representing a 200% increase over controls [0 mg/liter (ppm) N]. Maximum and minimum root dry weights occurred at 0 mg/liter (ppm) N and approximately 50 mg/liter (ppm) N, respectively, representing a 37% decrease. Root length decreased 36% at a NAR of approximately 50 mg/liter (ppm). Root diameter (root area ÷ root length) increased before reaching a plateau at approximately 130 mg/liter (ppm) N indicating that root length decreased faster than root area at low N concentrations. Shoot concentrations of N, P, Mg, and S were maximized at approximately 71,41,48, and 52 mg/liter (ppm) N, respectively. Uptake of K and Ca were unaffected by N concentrations.

scholarly journals Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer use for more grain and less pollution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyu Ren ◽  
Minggang Xu ◽  
Rong Li ◽  
Lei Zheng ◽  
Shaogui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Operational Practices ◽  
N Management ◽  
N Fertilizer Use

Abstract Optimal nitrogen (N) management is critical for efficient crop production and agricultural pollution control. However, it is difficult to implement advanced management practices on smallholder farms due to a lack of knowledge and technology. Here, using 35,502 on-farm fertilization experiments, we demonstrated that smallholders in China could produce more grain with less N fertilizer use through optimizing N application rate. The yields of wheat, maize and rice were shown to increase between 10% and 19% while N application rates were reduced by 15–19%. These changes resulted in an increase in N use efficiency (NUE) by 32–46% and a reduction in N surplus by 40% without actually changing farmers’ operational practices. By reducing N application rates in line with official recommendations would not only save fertilizer cost while increasing crop yield, but at the same time reduce environmental N pollution in China. However, making progress towards further optimizing N fertilizer use to produce more grain with less pollution would require managements to improve farmers’ practices which was estimated to cost about 11.8 billion US dollars to implement.

Responses of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Nitrogen Status Indicators to Nitrogen Rates during the Different Rice Growth Stages

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 4411-4417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Wen Zhang ◽  
Zheng Li Yang ◽  
Ai Ping Zhang ◽  
Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The SPAD was shown as a diagnostic tool to assess the nitrogen (N) nutrition status. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of SPAD as N nutrition status for rice. We conducted two years field experiment in the Ningxia irrigation area. Five N application rates were applied to rice to obtain contrasting conditions of N availability. The leaves N concentrations, SPAD and N uptake by rice were assessed. The results showed that response of SPAD to N uptake rate depends on the developmental stage of the rice. The peak periods for N uptake by rice were the jointing-booting stage to the flowering stage. Significant regression equations were established between SPAD and N uptake. The SPAD meter was demonstrated to be a useful nondestructive system to aid in the evaluation of N nutrition status in rice. However, consistency in sample seasonal timing may necessitate to correlate SPAD values.

THE INFLUENCE OF RATE AND TIME OF MINERAL N APPLICATION ON YIELD AND N2 FIXATION BY FIELD BEAN

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. N. KUCEY
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Field Beans

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of rate and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on growth, N uptake and N2 fixation by nodulated field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ’GN1140’). Fertilizer N was added at 30, 60 or 120 mg kg−1 soil either at planting or at 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 wk after planting. N2 fixation was determined by using 15N isotope dilution methods with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum ’Leader’) as a nonfixing control plant. Additions of N at 30 mg kg−1 soil had a stimulatory effect on plant growth, relative to plants not receiving N fertilizer, which was reflected in increased N uptake and N2 fixation. Addition of N at 60 or 120 mg kg−1 soil did not result in increased plant N uptake and was shown to inhibit N2 fixation. Stimulatory effects of 30 mg N, and inhibitory effects of 60 or 120 mg N, were only observed if N additions were made within the first 6 wk after planting. Additions of N after that time did not affect the plant parameters measured in this study. It was concluded that additions of N at rates of 60 or 120 mg kg−1 do not result in increased plant growth because of the resulting decreases in the contribution of biologically fixed N2 to plant N uptake. It was also concluded that once the N2-fixing symbioses with GN1140 was established, biological N2 fixation was able to supply sufficient N for the plant needs.Key words: 15N dilution, starter N, field bean, N2 fixation, N addition, wheat, Rhizobium phaseoli

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in south Brazilian gleysol as affected by nitrogen fertilizers

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1653-1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiléia Acordi Zanatta ◽  
Cimélio Bayer ◽  
Frederico C.B. Vieira ◽  
Juliana Gomes ◽  
Michely Tomazi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
N Sources

Nitrogen fertilizers increase the nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and can reduce the methane (CH4) oxidation from agricultural soils. However, the magnitude of this effect is unknown in Southern Brazilian edaphoclimatic conditions, as well as the potential of different sources of mineral N fertilizers in such an effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different mineral N sources (urea, ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, Uran, controlled- release N fertilizer, and urea with urease inhibitor) on N2O and CH4 fluxes from Gleysol in the South of Brazil (Porto Alegre, RS), in comparison to a control treatment without a N application. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block with three replications, and the N fertilizer was applied to corn at the V5 growth stage. Air samples were collected from a static chambers for 15 days after the N application and the N2O and CH4 concentration were determined by gas chromatography. The topmost emissions occurred three days after the N fertilizer application and ranged from 187.8 to 8587.4 µg m-2 h-1 N. The greatest emissions were observed for N-nitric based fertilizers, while N sources with a urease inhibitor and controlled release N presented the smallest values and the N-ammonium and amidic were intermediate. This peak of N2O emissions was related to soil NO3--N (R² = 0.56, p < 0.08) when the soil water-filled pore space was up to 70 % and it indicated that N2O was predominantly produced by a denitrification process in the soil. Soil CH4 fluxes ranged from -30.1 µg m-2 h-1 C (absorption) to +32.5 µg m-2 h-1 C (emission), and the accumulated emission in the period was related to the soil NH4+-N concentration (R² = 0.82, p < 0.001), probably due to enzymatic competition between nitrification and metanotrophy processes. Despite both of the gas fluxes being affected by N fertilizers, in the average of the treatments, the impact on CH4 emission (0.2 kg ha-1 equivalent CO2-C ) was a hundredfold minor than for N2O (132.8 kg ha-1 equivalent CO2-C). Accounting for the N2O and CH4 emissions plus energetic costs of N fertilizers of 1.3 kg CO2-C kg-1 N regarding the manufacture, transport and application, we estimated an environmental impact of N sources ranging from 220.4 to 664.5 kg ha-1 CO2 -C , which can only be partially offset by C sequestration in the soil, as no study in South Brazil reported an annual net soil C accumulation rate larger than 160 kg ha-1 C due to N fertilization. The N2O mitigation can be obtained by the replacement of N-nitric sources by ammonium and amidic fertilizers. Controlled release N fertilizers and urea with urease inhibitor are also potential alternatives to N2O emission mitigation to atmospheric and systematic studies are necessary to quantify their potential in Brazilian agroecosystems.

scholarly journals Development of Legumes After Reseeding in Permanent Grassland, as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weggler ◽  
Thumm ◽  
Elsaesser
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Permanent Grassland

Legumes in grassland can increase locally grown protein in fodder while reducing the nitrogen (N)-fertilizer requirements. Although the benefits of forage legumes are known, there was a decline in their use in the past due to inexpensive N-fertilizer, soya products from abroad, and variable legume persistence. In recent years, mounting environmental concern has sparked new interest in legumes. To quantify the effect of legume reseeding and N-application on permanent grassland on crude protein (CP) and dry matter yield (DM), a multifactorial trial was set up. Factors considered were clover species (red clover, white clover), N-application rate (0–170 kg N ha−1), N-fertilizer type (mineral-N, organic-N), and cutting management (3, 5-cut). Legume percentages were scored, and DM- and CP-yield was measured for three years. Crude-protein gains after legume reseeding were considerable and between 2.5–3.4 after red clover and 0.4–1.7 t CP ha−1 3 years−1 after white clover-reseeding even when compared to the control-high-N treatment. Legume percentages were negatively correlated to N-rates down to rates as low as 42 or 85 kg N ha−1 for a three- or five-cut management, respectively. Nitrogen-applications increased the yield (DM, CP) of control plots, whereas for legume-reseeded plots yield remained unchanged or was reduced. Differences due to N-fertilizer type were small or non-existent. Reseeding of clover was shown to be a viable method to increase crude protein in permanent grassland for about three years (red clover) and possibly beyond (white clover).

scholarly journals Limits to nitrogen fertilizer on grassland.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.H. Prins
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Rates

The effect of N fertilizer on seasonal response of predominantly Lolium perenne grassland, sward quality and productivity, herbage nitrate content and soil mineral N was studied in cutting trials lasting 1-6 years. At an assumed marginal profitability of 7.5 kg DM/kg N applied, the av. opt. annual N application on sand and clay soils was 420 kg/ha. At this rate, herbage nitrate content did not exceed 0.75% NO3 and accumulation of soil mineral N was minimal. At annual N rates exceeding 500 kg/ha sward quality deteriorated and productivity decreased the following year. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Assessment of Reactive Nitrogen Flows in Bangladesh’s Agriculture Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Md. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Jatish Chandra Biswas ◽  
Mark A. Sutton ◽  
Julia Drewer ◽  
Tapan Kumar Adhya
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Application ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
The Status ◽  
Reactive N ◽  
N Management ◽  
Nitrogen Flows

To assess the status of and trends in agricultural nitrogen (N) flows and their wider consequences for Bangladesh, in this study, we analyzed data from national and international bodies. The increased rates of N fertilizer applied for increased food production leaves behind a huge amount of unutilized reactive N (Nr). N fertilizer use is the largest in the crop sector, an important sector, where current annual consumption is 1190 Gg. The present combined annual Nr production from crop, fishery, and livestock sectors is ~600 Gg, while emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, are ~200 Gg. Poor N management results in Nr leaking into the environment, which has increased approximately 16-fold since 1961. One potential consequence is the disruption of ecosystem functioning. The balanced tradeoff between food production and reducing Nr input needs to be achieved. One solution to reducing Nr may be a holistic approach that optimizes N application rates and incorporates waste of one subsector as an input to another applying the principle of the circular economy.

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