An evaluation of extractants for assessment of metal phytoavailability to guide reclamation practices in acidic soilscapes in northern regions

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joinal Abedin ◽  
Peter Beckett ◽  
Graeme Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Strontium Nitrate ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Contaminant Metals ◽  
Metal Phytoavailability

Abedin, J., Beckett, P. and Spiers, G. 2012. An evaluation of extractants for assessment of metal phytoavailability to guide reclamation practices in acidic soilscapes in northern regions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 253–268. Although soil organic matter and nutrient bioavailability in metal-impacted soilscapes of Sudbury, Ontario, are potentially limiting full ecological recovery, total metal content was used as the critical driver for a 2008 ecological risk assessment. The current greenhouse study evaluated chemical extractants to predict bioavailability of nutrients and contaminant metals to indigenous grasses (Deschampsia). Single extraction methods (0.01 M strontium nitrate, water, 0.01 M calcium chloride, 0.1 M sodium nitrate, 1.0 M ammonium nitrate, 0.1 M lithium nitrate, 1.0 M magnesium chloride, 0.11 M acetic acid, 1.0 M ammonium acetate, 0.05 M ammonium-EDTA, pore water) were examined to assess availability of potentially phytotoxic metals and nutrients in smelter-impacted soils. Extraction procedures to predict phytoavailability were either soil concentration or plant tissue concentration and element dependent. Total and extractable metal concentrations were more correlated for regional contaminant metals (e.g., copper, lead, arsenic, selenium) released by the smelting industry than non-contaminant ones (e.g., iron, calcium, potassium, boron, zinc, molybdenum). The lack of relationship between total and extractable concentrations for most non-contaminant metals suggests total concentration is not a good indicator of phytoavailability for nutrient elements. Stronger correlations between shoot tissue and extractable concentrations were observed for less aggressive extractants (pore water, water, lithium nitrate) reflecting their suitability in predicting phytoavailability over most aggressive ones (except ammonium nitrate).

scholarly journals Evaluation of Phytoavailability of Heavy Metals to Chinese Cabbage (Brassica chinensisL.) in Rural Soils

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao-Tsung Chang ◽  
Zeng-Yei Hseu ◽  
Franz Zehetner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Crop Uptake ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Extractable Metals ◽  
Metal Phytoavailability

This study compared the extractability of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn by 8 extraction protocols for 22 representative rural soils in Taiwan and correlated the extractable amounts of the metals with their uptake by Chinese cabbage for developing an empirical model to predict metal phytoavailability based on soil properties. Chemical agents in these protocols included dilute acids, neutral salts, and chelating agents, in addition to water and the Rhizon soil solution sampler. The highest concentrations of extractable metals were observed in the HCl extraction and the lowest in the Rhizon sampling method. The linear correlation coefficients between extractable metals in soil pools and metals in shoots were higher than those in roots. Correlations between extractable metal concentrations and soil properties were variable; soil pH, clay content, total metal content, and extractable metal concentration were considered together to simulate their combined effects on crop uptake by an empirical model. This combination improved the correlations to different extents for different extraction methods, particularly for Pb, for which the extractable amounts with any extraction protocol did not correlate with crop uptake by simple correlation analysis.

CONDUCTANCES OF CONCENTRATED AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF MIXED ELECTROLYTES

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1325-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
E. M. Kartzmark ◽  
A. G. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Mixed Electrolytes ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Aqueous Solutions ◽  
The Mean

Equivalent conductances, viscosities, and densities were determined for solutions equimolar in two of the three salts lithium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and silver nitrate. The three possible combinations of two salts were each studied at 25 °C and at 35 °C.The observed conductances and viscosities were compared with those of the single salt solutions at the same total ion concentration. The conductances were lower than the mean of the conductances of the single salt solutions. The viscosities were also lower than the mean viscosities.

scholarly journals In Situ Probes for Measurement of Electrical Conductivity of Soilless Substrates: Effects of Temperature and Substrate Moisture Content

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly L. Scoggins ◽  
Marc W. van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Added Water

Growing medium electrical conductivity (EC) is used in laboratory analysis and greenhouse production as a measure of the nutrient content of the growing medium. Fast, accurate ways to measure growing medium EC will make it easier to determine EC and maintain it within a suitable range for a particular crop. Several probes have been developed that can be inserted directly into the growing medium of container-grown crops for measurement of EC. We tested the sensitivity of four in situ EC probes (Field Scout, HI 76305, WET sensor, and SigmaProbe) at a range of temperatures, substrate volumetric water contents (VWC), and fertilizer concentrations. The HI 76305 probe was highly sensitive to temperature, while the WET sensor was temperature-sensitive at high ECs above its normal operating range. The probes responded differently to increasing VWC. The SigmaProbe and WET sensor measure the EC of the pore water specifically and show a decrease in EC with increasing water content, as the fertilizer ions in the pore water become more diluted as VWC increases. EC readings of the HI 76305 and Field Scout probes, which measure the EC of the bulk substrate (growing medium, water, and air combined) increased with increasing water content as the added water helps conduct the current of these meters. At a VWC above 35%, there was little effect of VWC on EC readings of all probes. The EC measured with the various in situ probes differed slightly among the probes but was highly and positively correlated with all three of the standard solution extraction methods [pour-through, 1:2 dilution, and saturated media extract (SME)] over the range of fertilizer concentrations at a given temperature and VWC. These results make it possible to convert substrate EC guidelines that have been established for any of the three standard methods for use with the in situ probes, though our results indicate the substrate VWC must be above 35% for the interpretation to be valid. The in situ probes are a viable alternative for measurements of substrate EC and eliminate the step of substrate solution extraction, thus simplifying data collection.

scholarly journals Intercomparison of soil pore water extraction methods for stable isotope analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (19) ◽  
pp. 3434-3449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Orlowski ◽  
Dyan L. Pratt ◽  
Jeffrey J. McDonnell
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Stable Isotope Analysis ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Soil Pore Water

CONDUCTANCE IN THE RANGE OF MEDIUM CONCENTRATION

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1288-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
R. J. Friesen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Suitable Choice ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Medium Concentration

Equivalent conductances, densities, and viscosities of aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate, of silver nitrate, and of lithium nitrate were determined at 25 °C and at 35 °C at concentrations ranging from 0.01 N to 1.0 N.Experimental equivalent conductances have been compared with those calculated by the Wishaw–Stokes and Falkenhagen–Leist equations. Suitable choice of one parameter, the distance of closest approach, permits reproduction of the experimental data with an error of less than 0.5%. A study of the deviations of the calculated from the experimental conductances reveals that the distance of closest approach (so-called) varies appreciably with concentration and temperature.

scholarly journals Application of the EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) Method in Determining Chemical Supplies in PT. Semen Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-230
Author(s):  
Hidayat Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Barium Chloride ◽  
Economic Order Quantity ◽  
Economic Order ◽  
Strontium Nitrate ◽  
Order Quantity ◽  
A Company ◽  
Development Prospects

The competition among products has become commonplace in the industrial world in Indonesia. PT. Semen Indonesia is a company with extraordinary development prospects. Quality control is needed in order to control the product so that when it arrives at the consumer the product is in its best condition, or when the product is still in process, production can be maximized. The method used in this research is Economic Order quantity (EOQ). Based on the resercah, the number of orders for each ingredient is for ammonium nitrate 1, barium chloride 1, ethanol 3, glycerol 1, hydrocloric acid 2, sodium hydroxide 3, strontium nitrate 2. Then, the ROP point or time to reorder each ingredient is for ammonium nitrate 2, barium chloride 4, ethanol 33, glycerol 16, hydrocloric acid 21, sodium hydroxide 4, strontium nitrate 13.Keywords: EOQ (Economic Order Quantity), Chemical Supplies, PT.Semen Indonesia

Interpretation of heavy metal speciation in sequential extraction using geochemical modelling

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanshan Cui ◽  
Liping Weng
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sequential Extraction ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Geochemical Modelling ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Geochemical Model

Environmental context Heavy metal pollution is a worldwide environmental concern, and the risk depends not only on their total concentration, but also on their chemical speciation. Based on state-of-the-art geochemical modelling, we pinpoint the heavy metal pools approached by the widely used sequential extraction method. The finding of this paper can help users of sequential extraction methods to better interpret their results. Abstract In this study, the metal (Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb) fractionation determined by selective sequential extraction (SSE) was compared with metal speciation calculated using a geochemical model, the Multi-Surface Model (MSM). In addition, the sources of Cd, Cu and Zn extracted in the SSE were identified with the help of the modelling. The results showed that the SSE-based Cd fractionation contradicted the modelled results, with the organic-bound Cd as respectively the least and the most important species. This contradiction was explained by the model and was attributed to the weak specific adsorption of Cd to organic matter; For Cu, a good agreement was found between SSE and model fractionation, both recognising organic-bound Cu as the most dominant fraction. The high affinity of organic matter for Cu reduced the degree of Cu extracted in steps preceding the oxidation step. The SSE measured a larger exchangeable Zn fraction than the model predicted, which could be explained by Zn extracted from organic-bound, oxide-bound forms, and certain rapidly dissolvable Zn-minerals if present. Zinc in the micropores of minerals was probably not extracted in 0.43M HNO3, thus was not included in the modelling for adsorption calculation, which could explain to a certain extent the larger amount of oxide-bound Zn determined in the SSE than calculated in the model. The modelling results for Pb were less reliable than for other metals because of a poor accuracy of Pb concentration in solution predicted. The findings of this paper can help users of the sequential extraction methods to better interpret their results.

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