FIXATION AND RELEASE OF POTASSIUM IN RELATION TO THE MINERALOGY OF THE CLAY FRACTION OF SOME SELECTED SOIL HORIZON SAMPLES

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. MacLEAN ◽  
J. E. BRYDON
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
High Release ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Activity Ratios ◽  
Plant Removal ◽  
Satisfactory Relationship ◽  
Intermediate Amount

Soil clays of 11 horizon samples of Canadian soils gave activity ratios (AReK) of 0.0003 to 0.0040, exchangeable K values of 0.18 to 1.74 meq/100 g, nonexchangeable K values of 1.54 to 6.65 meq/100 g upon leaching with 12 liters of 0.1 N BaCl2 and of 0.45 to 4.03 meq as measured by plant removal, and degrees of K-fixation of 29 to 100% of added K against extraction with 1 N NH4OAc. The amounts of exchangeable K were correlated with the activity ratios and with the amounts of non-exchangeable K removed by plants. Of the fixed K, 46 to 86% was recovered by leaching with the 0.1 N BaCl2 and 18 to 64% by cropping. Some of the clays gave a satisfactory relationship between their K behaviour and mineralogy. Two of them (Ae, Humo-Ferric Podzol), consisting of mixtures of vermiculite and montmorillonite, released native K slowly and had a high capacity to fix added K. Another corresponding sample, from the C horizon and consisting of well-ordered 2 M1 muscovite, also released native K slowly but gave the lowest degree of K-fixation. A predominantly montmorillonite clay with some mica layers (Gray Luvisol) gave a high release of native K and fixed an intermediate amount of added K. The K–mineralogy relationship in the remaining samples was less apparent, and varied with the complexity of interstratification.

The manganese oxide mineral, lithiophorite, in an oxisol From Hawaii

Soil Research ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Golden ◽  
JB Dixon ◽  
Y Kanehiro
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Gradient Magnetic Separation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tropeptic Eutrustox ◽  
Treated Sample

The mineralogical composition of the surface soil horizon (0-15 cm) of Wahiawa soil (Tropeptic Eutrustox) was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and infrared methods. The concentration of lithiophorite decreased with particle size and none was present in the clay fraction as indicated by XRD. Lithiophorite was further concentrated from the crushed sand-sized fraction by HGMS. Hexagonal, electron-dense, often twinned lithiophorite particles were identified by electron diffraction. Differential infrared (DIR) spectra obtained by dissolving Mn oxides in acidified hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HAHC) indicated lithiophorite as the HAHC-soluble Mn-phase. Lithiophorite compositiion, as revealed by chemical analysis of the HAHC extracts, consisted of appreciable amounts of Mn, Al, Zn, Co and Mg, and less than stoichiometric amounts of Li. Sodium hydroxide treatment apparently altered the lithiophorite, as revealed by the DIR spectrum of the hydroxylamine-soluble fraction of the NaOH-treated sample compared with the untreated sample. The high crystallinity of the lithiophorite was suggested by its resistance to chemical dissolution and narrow X-ray diffraction lines. No evidence for the presence of todorokite or birnessite was found, contrary to earlier reports. Examination of sand-sized nodules by scanning electron microscopy indicated large (2-5 �m) platy lithiophorite crystals at the surface of these nodules. Electron microprobe analysis of these platy particles indicated iron enrichment near the surface. The freshly fractured nodule surface revealed numerous unaltered platy crystals of lithiophorite filling the veins of the nodule.

Potassium supplying power of a Typic Ustochrept profile using quantity/intensity technique in a long-term fertilized plot

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. RUPA ◽  
S. SRIVASTAVA ◽  
A. SWARUP ◽  
D. SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

The effect of 27 years of continuous cropping, fertilization and manuring on potassium (K) supplying capacity of a Typic Ustochrept soil profile from Delhi, India under a maize–wheat–cowpea (fodder) cropping system was investigated by employing the quantity/intensity (Q/I) approach. The predominant mineral suite of the <2 μm clay fraction was illite. The values of equilibrium activity ratio of K in solution in equilibrium with the soil (ARKE), labile pools of K (KL), immediately available K (ΔK0), K available with difficulty (KX) and water soluble+exchangeable K (1 M NH4OAc K) in different soil layers (0 to 105 cm) under different treatments were in the following order: 100% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK)+farmyard manure (FYM) > 100% NPK > control (no fertilizer) > 100% N >100% NP. The ARKE value, a measure of availability or intensity of labile K in soil decreased with profile depth due to greater K fixation by specific sites in the lower layers. The quantity of specifically sorbed K (KX) and the potential buffering capacity of soil (PBCK) showed a increasing trend with soil depth. In soil without K fertilizer treatments (control, 100% N and 100% NP) about 100% of the total K uptake by crops was from non-exchangeable soil K reserve as compared to 49·5 and 32·2% when annually 84 kg K/ha and 84 kg K/ha+FYM at the rate of 15 t/ha were applied. The results showed the greatest depletion of non-exchangeable K reserves in the plots which did not receive K fertilization. To ensure sustained crop production under intensive cropping, application of recommended dose of NPK plus FYM is required.

Colloidal dynamics of soil clay under the effect of fine-sized biochars: Implication for biochar amendment towards preventing clay loss and soil erosion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nga T. Mai ◽  
Nga T. T. Pham ◽  
Anh T. Q. Nguyen ◽  
Anh T. N. Nguyen ◽  
Anh M. Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Titration ◽  
Repulsive Forces ◽  
Biochar Amendment

&lt;p&gt;In soils clay loss by leaching and surface runoff is one of the initial steps increasing the risk of erosion. Here we set out to determine the effect of fine-sized biochar amendment on colloidal dynamics of soil clay, with the aim of answering whether biochar addition enhances or curbs soil erosion. Fine-sized biochar samples were prepared from fern Dicranopteris linearis&amp;#8217;s biomass under non-biochar-oriented pyrolysis (open heating) and biochar-oriented pyrolysis (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-supported heating) over a temperature range from 400 to 900&amp;#176;C. The clay fraction (&lt; 2 &amp;#181;m) separated from a clay-rich soil in a hilly area of the Red River basin containing relatively high amounts of kaolinite was tested for its dispersion properties under the presence of the prepared biochars. Surface charge of biochar-soil clay mixtures was determined by polyelectrolyte titration using a particle charge detector, while corresponding colloidal properties of the mixtures were examined by the test tube method. Both, the soil clay fraction and biochar samples showed strongly negative surface charge and their surface charge was variable depending on pH. In a pH range from 3 to 10 and at an electrolyte background of 0.01 M NaCl, surface charge of the clay fraction decreased from -1.68 to -44.75 mmol&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; Kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, while the biochars surface charge varied from -0.6 to -48.8 mmol&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; Kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Soil clays were more strongly dispersed in the presence of biochars by increasing electrostatic repulsive forces. The biochar preparation method had a crucial role for surface charge properties of biochars and in consequence colloidal dynamics of biochar-clay mixtures. The N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-supported pyrolysis at lower temperatures does not increase charge density but creates a more porous structure, thereby increasing the total negative net charges. As a result, the N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-supported biochars favor clay dispersion more effectively, while the open-pyrolysis biochars showed lesser effects. Our results indicate that fine-sized biochar amendments generally enhance the risk of clay loss, however, such techniques for creating low-charged biochars can help to decrease clay dispersibility when applying biochar for soil.&lt;/p&gt;

Mineralogical composition of the clay fraction of two fluvio-glacial sediments from east Greenland

Clay Minerals ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Petersen ◽  
K. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Glacial Sediments ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
High Degree

AbstractThe < 2 µm fractions of two fluvio-glacial sediments from East Greenland have been analysed chemically and by XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The bulk of each < 2 µm fraction consists of feldspars and micas (biotite) which are important constituents of the Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks of the area. Significant amounts of vermiculitic and smectitic minerals are also present. Compared with similar minerals present in Danish soil clays, the Greenland vermiculite and smectite are characterized by a high degree of crystallinity and it is concluded that these minerals have been formed from biotite through K release and lattice expansion. These processes appear to have proceeded at a sufficiently high rate to yield significant amounts of vermiculite and smectite despite the cold climate prevailing in the area.

High-spacing irregularly interstratified layer-silicates in the alluvial soil clays of Meerut, India

Clay Minerals ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Tomar
Keyword(s):  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Ap Horizon ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Xrd Patterns

AbstractThe mineralogy of the fine clay fraction (<0·2 μm) of two soil pedons (Aquic and Udic Haplustalfs) representing the wheat-sugarcane belt of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain was studied by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and by chemical analysis. The XRD patterns are characterized by unusually high spacings which are interpreted in terms of an interstratification comprising smectite, illite and ‘chlorite’ components. The CEC data (Ca/Mg and K/NH4) also indicate the possible presence of vermiculite. A plateau bridging the 7–10 Å maxima in K-saturated specimens heated at 300°C suggests interstratification of kaolinite and smectite, although this may not be part of the above interstratification. The diffuse bands shown by Mg-glycerol-solvated Ap-horizon clays at ∼21 Å, and the increasing elimination of XRD peaks in the > 10 Å region with distance from the surface, suggests that the expanding layers have a slight tendency to segregate in Ap horizon samples and that randomization tends to increase with depth. Discrete illite and small amounts of kaolinite were also detected.

Potassium adsorption characteristics and potassium forms in some New South Wales soils in relation to early senescence in cotton

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevag Bedrossian ◽  
Balwant Singh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Premature Senescence ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Adsorption Characteristics ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
South Wales

The occurrence of premature senescence (PS) in cotton in Australia has been related to decreased potassium (K) concentration in the affected plants. Soil samples (0–120 cm) were taken from paired cotton fields, i.e. PS fields and similar soils not affected by PS (Non-PS fields), in northern New South Wales. The samples were analysed for different forms of K in soil, mineralogy of various size fractions, and K adsorption characteristics to evaluate differences in their K availability. Smectite was the dominant clay mineral in the studied soils. The K-bearing mineral illite was present in the clay fraction of all samples and its content was generally higher in soils from the Non-PS sites than the PS sites from Moree, Pilliga, and Warren. Water-soluble K (H2O-K) ranged from 0.03 to 2.64 mg/kg (median 0.35 mg/kg), exchangeable K (Exch-K) from 43 to 687 mg/kg (median 107 mg/kg), non-exchangeable K (Nonexch-K) from 164 to 1981 mg/kg (median 819 mg/kg), and total K (Total-K) from 16 811 to 23 207 mg/kg (median 14 740 mg/kg). The values of various K forms were generally higher in samples from the Non-PS fields than the PS fields from Pilliga and Warren sites and the reverse trend occurred for the samples from Trangie. Similar H2O-K and Exch-K values were found for the PS and Non-PS samples from Moree, whereas Nonexch-K and Total-K contents were higher in the top 60 cm soil depth from the Non-PS field than the PS field. The equilibrium activity ratio (ARKe) values were significantly higher for surface samples from the Non-PS sites than the PS sites from Pilliga and Warren and the reverse was true for the Trangie site. There was a sharp decrease in ARKe with depth for the studied samples. The potential buffering capacity (PBCK) for both surface and subsurface samples from the Non-PS site (mean 31.5 (mmol/kg)/(mol/L)1/2) from Trangie was substantially higher than the corresponding samples from the PS sites (mean 14.7 (mmol/kg)/(mol/L)1/2). There was a significant increase in K adsorption for the subsurface samples than the surface samples for all sites, as indicated by the higher values of Freundlich adsorption coefficient, k. At the Pilliga and Warren sites, the occurrence of premature senescence in cotton plants can be explained on the basis of differences in the levels of different forms of K, mineralogy, and K adsorption characteristics of soils from the PS and Non-PS fields. At the Moree site, higher illite content in the Non-PS than the PS soil may explain the difference in their K availability. For the paired Trangie samples, greater PBCK of the Non-PS soil than the PS soil may be responsible for increased K availability in the Non-PS soil. The occurrence of PS symptoms in cotton at Narrabri site cannot be directly contributed to K supplying parameters analysed in the study. The results also show that Exch-K alone may not be adequate to measure K availability to cotton in these soils.

scholarly journals Major soil classes of the metropolitan region of Curitiba (PR), Brazil: I - mineralogical characterization of the sand, silt and clay fractions

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Christina Duarte Pires ◽  
Vander de Freitas Melo ◽  
Valmiqui Costa Lima ◽  
Antônio Carlos Vargas Motta
Keyword(s):  
High Capacity ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Characteristics ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Good Relation

The aim of this work was to evaluate the mineralogical and chemical characteristics of most representative soils of the Region of Curitiba, Paraná State. Samples were collected at different depths. The results showed: (a) the quartz was the only identified mineral at the silt and sand fractions. The dominant clay mineral was Kaolinite, with contents ranging from 676.7 to 820.8 g kg-1. The gibbsite was also an important constituent of the most weathered horizons and the hematite and goethite contents were low, mainly in the Histosol; (b) at the C horizon of the Inceptisol, high intensity of vermiculite/smectite reflections were detected (X-ray diffraction), justifying the high capacity of expansion and contraction, normally showed for this soil horizon; (c) was observed a good relation between pedogenetic degree and crystallographic mineral characteristics.

Effect of continuous cropping on potassium forms and potassium adsorption characteristics in calcareous soils of Iran

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Samadi ◽  
B. Dovlati ◽  
M. Barin
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
North West ◽  
Adsorption Characteristics

The potassium (K) status of 5 major soil types, under sugar beet cultivation for 35–40 years, and adjoining virgin lands were compared. Fifty-nine paired surface soil samples belonging to 24 soil series from the major sugar beet growing areas in Western Azarbaijan province located in the north-west of Iran were studied to ascertain whether relative K form sizes and K adsorption behaviour of the soils are being changed by long-term cropping. The samples were analysed for soil physical and chemical properties, mineralogy of clay fraction, different forms of K, and K adsorption characteristics. The soils are alkaline and calcareous. The K-bearing mineral illite is the dominant clay mineral in Typic calcixerepts, Typic haploxerepts, and Typic endoaquepts, whereas in Vertic calcixerepts and Vertic endoquepts, the clay mineralogy is dominated by smectite. A highly significant relationship (r2 = 77, P ≤ 0.001) was observed between CEC and smectite content. No changes in K-bearing minerals were detected due to cropping and K depletion. Soil solution K (So-K) constituted 1.7% of exchangeable K (Ex-K) and 1.4% of non-exchangeable K (NEx-K) for the cultivated soils and 1.8% of Ex-K and 2% of NEx-K for the adjacent virgin land. A pronounced significant decline (P ≤ 0.001) in the Ex-K content from 507 to 270 mg/kg (a drop of 45%) and a less significant degree (P ≤ 0.05) in the So-K content from 28 to 12 mg/L (a drop of 55%) were detected in the soil series of Typic calcixerepts as a result of long-term cropping. Continuous sugar beet cropping did not result in changes in the NEx-K contents in any soils except in Vertic endoaquepts containing low illite. A highly significant positive relationship (r2 = 0.79, P ≤ 0.001) was observed between values of NEx-K and illite contents, indicating that this form of K is mainly released from the frayed edges of illite. Paired t-test revealed that continuous sugar beet cultivation increased significantly (P ≤ 0.01) K adsorption in Typic calcixerepts, Typic haploxerepts, and Vertic endoaquepts, where exchangeable K was decreased as a result of intensive cultivation.

scholarly journals Pedogenesis of a Retisol with fragipan in Karelia in the context of the Holocene landscape evolution

Baltica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilit Pogosyan ◽  
Sergey Sedov ◽  
Teresa Pi-Puig ◽  
Pavel Ryazantsev ◽  
Aleksander Rodionov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Swelling Clay Minerals

Fragipan is a compacted but non-cemented subsurface horizon, considered as a pedogenic horizon, but the mechanism of its formation is not well understood. The main hydro-consolidation hypothesis involves a collapse of soil structure when it is loaded and wet, resulting a reorganisation of pore space. Soils with fragipan never have been marked in Russian soil maps. In the South Karelia, located in Eastern Fennoscandia (34.50921 E and 61.33186 N, 110 m asl) we studied a soil profile of Albic Fragic Retisol (Cutanic), developed in the glacial till of Last Glaciation with flat subhorizontal topography under an aspen-spruce forest. The aim of this study was to demonstrate how the fragic horizon was formed in the Retisol located in South Karelia. Observations were made in each soil horizon using micromorphological method, particle size analysis and the study of mineralogical composition of clay fraction by X-ray diffraction. The analysis of the morphological description combined with the laboratory data have led us to the conclusion that the consolidation of the fragipan occurred after the textural differentiation of the profile, following the Atlantic Optimum, and does not depend on the presence of swelling clay minerals. The well-developed argic horizon was probably formed around 6000 years ago, under climatic conditions more favourable for clay illuviation than in present time. Fragipan is supposed to be developed during the Sub-Boreal cooling.

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