ESTIMATION OF MANITOBA SOIL TEMPERATURES FROM ATMOSPHERIC METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. REIMER ◽  
C. F. SHAYKEWICH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Damping Factor ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Estimation Equations ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
The Difference

Soil-temperature studies were conducted under forage and zero tillage conditions at the Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment (WNRE), Pinawa, Manitoba, as part of the plant radiation ecology research program. The objective was to develop estimation equations for monthly mean and daily mean soil surface temperatures from atmospheric meteorological measurements. Subsoil temperatures were estimated from predicted soil surface temperatures by applying an appropriate damping factor. Monthly mean soil surface temperatures were estimated for summer and winter months from regression equations with meteorological predictors. Daily mean soil surface temperatures were predicted from regression equations with meteorological predictors combined with best-fit Fournier-series seasonal curves. Daily mean subsoil temperatures at 10 cm were estimated from predicted soil surface temperatures by applying an appropriate damping factor. The standard deviation of the difference between predicted and observed temperatures was generally less than 1 °C for daily and monthly estimates. A good estimate of the seasonal subsoil temperature at 10, 50, 100 and 200 cm was found from a periodic function with damping and phase paramaters. The explained variance was 95% or more. With appropriate assumptions regarding soil thermal properties and mean annual soil temperature, accurate results were obtained quickly and economically.

scholarly journals Specifics of soil temperature under winter wheat canopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Krčmáŕová ◽  
Hana Stredová ◽  
Radovan Pokorný ◽  
Tomáš Stdŕeda
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter wheat canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for phytopathological prediction models, crop development, and yield models. The measurement of soil temperatures was performed at the experimental field station ˇZabˇcice (Europe, the Czech Republic, South Moravia). The soil in the first experimental plot is Gleyic Fluvisol with 49-58% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm, in the second experimental plot, the soil is Haplic Chernozem with 31-32% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm. The course of soil temperature and its specifics were determined under winter wheat canopy during the main growth season in the course of three years. Automatic soil temperature sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m under soil surface), air temperature sensor in 0.05 m above soil surface. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the best interrelationships between these two variables were achieved after a 3-hour delay for the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 5-hour delay for 0.10 m, and 8-hour delay for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient reached values from 0.75 to 0.89 for the depth of 0.05 m, 0.61 to 0.82 for the depth of 0.10 m, and 0.33 to 0.70 for the depth of 0.20 m. When using multiple regression with quadratic spacing (modeling hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and the model soil temperatures at 0.05 m was −2.16 to 2.37 ◦ C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modeling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.93).

Soil temperatures in Egypt

1928 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. McKenzie Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Temperature Wave ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Temperature Waves ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Times ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

1. The soil temperatures in Egypt at a number of depths have been recorded by means of continuous recording thermometers. In general, the records show that the amplitude of the temperature wave at the surface of the soil is considerably greater than the air temperature wave. There is, however, a considerable damping of the wave with depth, no daily variation in temperature being observed at a depth of 100 cm.2. No definite relation between the air and soil temperatures could be traced. The maximum air temperature was recorded in May and the maximum soil temperature in July.3. The amplitude of the temperature wave decreases with increase in depth. The decrease in amplitude of the soil temperature wave is not regular owing to variations in the physical properties of the soil layers. Between any two depths, the ratio of the amplitudes of the temperature waves is constant throughout the year. The amplitude of the soil temperature wave bears no relation to the amplitude of the air temperature wave.4. The time of maximum temperature at the soil surface is constant throughout the year at 1 p.m. The times of maximum temperature at depths below the surface lag behind the time of surface maximum, but they are constant throughout the year. When plotted against depth, the times of maximum at the various soil depths lie on a straight line.

scholarly journals Soil temperature and agronomic implications in two regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Maurício Dominguez Nasser ◽  
Estefânia Martins Bardiviesso ◽  
Ariel Santivañez Aguilar ◽  
Augusto Zonta
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Red Latosol

Plants can tolerate a wide range of soil temperature variations, but their development is affected when the soil undergoes higher or lower temperatures of certain extreme values. The aim of this study was to assess the soil temperature of two regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Daily measurements of soil temperature were taken at two weather stations, one in the municipality of Adamantina (soil classified as Podzolic, Dark Red Latosol, Eutrophic, moderate A, of sandy/medium texture) and another in the municipality Monte Alegre do Sul (soil classified as Red Yellow Podzolic, of fine sandy-clayey texture) within a period of 365 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the two municipalities being the treatments, and 12 repetitions determined by monthly averages. The soil temperature at a 3-cm depth in Adamantina reached values above 40°C, values not observed in Monte Alegre do Sul. At a 12-cm depth, there were no differences between the municipalities. In Monte Alegre do Sul, the recorded soil temperatures proved suitable for crops, with better use of organic matter by the soil and greater stability of surface temperature throughout the day compared to Adamantina. In Adamantina, however, the use of agronomic technology is required to ensure greater stability of surface temperature. The temperature throughout the year in the soil surface layer in the Adamantina region in the afternoon was higher than in the Monte Alegre do Sul region, a fact that implies the need of differentiated agronomic technology depending on the cultivation location.

scholarly journals Effects of soil early-spring temperature on the morphometric parameters of mitochondria in Galanthus nivalis L. leaves

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
O M Fediuk ◽  
N O Bilyavska ◽  
E K Zolotareva
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Spring Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Galanthus Nivalis

In the natural conditions early-spring period development of Galanthus nivalis L., the leaves germination from bulbs was carried out in the soil surface layer, mainly, covered with snow, so the leaves were exposed to low soil temperatures. It was found, that at the leaf germination stage, when exposed to minus soil temperature, the mitochondria were predominantly elongated, that is, functionally active. Under the influence of positive temperature, the mitochondria form changed to a round one, which indicates their transition to low functional activity. A similar tendency was manifested even during the budding stage, in particular, when the soil temperature was lowered to an average of –3.47 °C, the mitochondria changed their form to an elongated one, that is, they passed into an active functional state. Wherein, the temperature of the leaves was higher by 3.84 °C compared to the soil. At the stages of germination and budding of G. nivalis under natural conditions, a direct correlation was found between the soil surface layer temperature and the leaves temperature, and at the flowering stage this relation was reverse. During the flowering stage, despite the influence of predominantly positive soil temperatures, leaves growth was significantly slowed, and their temperature was only slightly higher by 0.38 °C compared to the soil. At the same time, the mitochondria changed their shape to a round one. Thus, the increase in their long axis at different stages in spring development, are aimed at adapting to influence low temperatures of the soil surface layer.

scholarly journals Specifics of soil temperature under winter oilseed rape canopy

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-218
Author(s):  
Jana Krčmářová ◽  
Tomáš Středa ◽  
Radovan Pokorný
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Determination Coefficient ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dwarf Variety

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter oilseed rape canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for pests and pathogens prediction, crop development, and yields models. The measurement of soil and near the ground air temperatures was performed at the experimental field Žabiče (South Moravia, the Czech Republic). The course of temperature was determined under or in the winter oilseed rape canopy during spring growth season in the course of four years (2010 - 2012 and 2014). In all years, the standard varieties (Petrol, Sherpa) were grown, in 2014 the semi-dwarf variety PX104 was added. Automatic soil sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m) under soil surface, air temperature sensors in 0.05 m above soil surfaces. The course of soil temperature differs significantly between standard (Sherpa and Petrol) and semi-dwarf (PX104) varieties. Results of the cross correlation analysis showed, that the best interrelationships between air and soil temperature were achieved in 2 hours delay for the soil temperature in 0.05 m, 4 hour delay for 0.10 m and 7 hour delay for 0.20 m for standard varieties. For semi-dwarf variety, this delay reached 6 hour for the soil temperature in 0.05 m, 7 hour delay for 0.10 m and 11 hour for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient (R2) reached values from 0.67 to 0.95 for 0.05 m, 0.50 to 0.84 for 0.10 m in variety Sherpa during all experimental years. For variety PX104 this coefficient reached values from 0.51 to 0.72 in 0.05 m depth and from 0.39 to 0.67 in 0.10 m depth in the year 2014. The determination coefficient in the 0.20 m depth was lower for both varieties; its values were from 0.15 to 0.65 in variety Sherpa. In variety PX104 the values of R2 from 0.23 to 0.57 were determined. When using multiple regressions with quadratic spacing (modelling of hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and modelled soil temperatures in the depth of 0.05 m was -3.92 to 3.99°C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modelling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.95).

scholarly journals EFEITOS DO FOGO SOBRE ALGUMAS VARIÁVEIS MICROMETEOROLÓGICAS EM UMA FLORESTA DE BRACATINGA (Mimosa scabrella, Benth.), NO MUNICÍPIO DE COLOMBO, PR

FLORESTA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leocadio Grodzki ◽  
Ronaldo Viana Soares ◽  
Antonio Carlos Batista ◽  
Paulo Henrique Caramori
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Surface Albedo ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Energetic Balance ◽  
Vegetation Regeneration

O sistema agroflorestal da bracatinga utiliza queima após o corte e retirada da madeira, dando lugar à semeadura de espécies agrícolas. A queima controlada altera a temperatura do ar e do solo. A mudança de refletividade da superfície é mais rápida que dos reflorestamentos próximos. A transformação das folhas e galhos secos em cinza após a queima, faz com que haja mudanças do albedo, alterando o balanço energético. Os resultados mostram temperaturas do ar de 600ºC por 20-40 segundos a 1 cm do solo e de 100 a 300°C a 60 e 160cm do solo, respectivamente, durante 1 minuto. Temperaturas de 100ºC ao nível do solo residiram por mais de 3 minutos. A temperatura do solo não foi afetada a 2,5cm de profundidade. Durante a queima, a temperatura se elevou em 1ºC. O albedo de 0,24 antes da queima, passou para 0,21 logo após a queima. Após 60 dias, o albedo voltou a 0,24 devido a recomposição da vegetação. FIRE EFECTS ON SOME MICROMETEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES IN A BRACATINGA (Mimosa scabrella, Benth.) FOREST, COLOMBO, PR Abstract The bracatinga agriculture-forest systems adopted by farmers consists on burning the residues after wood’s harvesting prior to sowing the crops. This procedure is repeated each 6 to 8 years in the same area. The prescribed burning changes air and soil temperatures. Changes in reflectivity are faster then in the surrounding forest areas. Transforming leaves and branches into ashes after burning changes the albedo of the surface, altering the energetic balance. Results showed air temperatures of 600°C during 20 to 40 seconds, 1cm above the soil surface, and 100 to 300°C at 60 and 160cm above the soil surface, during 1 minute. Temperatures over 100°C on the soil surface were observed for more than 3 minutes. Soil temperature was not affected at 2.5cm depth; during burning, the temperature raised only 1ºC. The surface albedo that was 0,24 before the burning changed to 0,21 after burning and returned to 0.24 sixty days after the burning due to the vegetation regeneration.

scholarly journals Analysis of soil temperature at various depths by Fourier technique

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-274
Author(s):  
B.S. LAMBA ◽  
N.N. KHAMBETE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Harmonic Analysis ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fourier Technique ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Phase Angles

Harmonic analysis of weekly means of soil temperatures at 5,.15 and 30 cm; depths have been done for seven stations of .India. The corresponding amplitudes and phase angles In respect of different harmonics are presented-    The warmest soil near the soil surface (5 cm depth) occurs during the period 16th to 19th week. While the  highest maximum occurs during the period 20th to 26th week (30 cm depth).  

scholarly journals The Readiness Investigation of The Ground Soil Temperature for Underground Heat Exchange Systems Installation in Hot Climates

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mohammed H. Ali ◽  
Zoltán Kurják ◽  
Janos Beke
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Difference

This present article investigates the possibility of the use of ground soil of hot climates for the investiture of it for cooling and heating aims by using it as an underground heat exchange. The study region is Al-Najaf city, 168.83 km south of Baghdad the capital of Iraq. This heat exchange represents one of the sustainable energy types which depends on the difference between the ambient air and ground soil temperature, which can lead to reducing the exhaustion of fossil fuels. To measure the soil temperatures during all the months of the year, A hole drilled to a depth of 5 meters, seven thermocouples has been installed at each depth (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 m), and at the ground surface. The new experiment result of variation of the soil temperature with depth and during the year has been compared and evaluated in order to estimate the possibility of using Earth to Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) for heating or cooling purposes along the year. The result shows that the average temperature difference between the ground surface and ground soil temperature during the months increasing as the underground depth increases. The results have let it a perfect referral for the priorities of the use that location at equal to or more than 3 m depth for cooling during summer months (the temperature differences reach to 16.17 oC) rather than heating during winter months (the temperature differences reach to 10.76 oC). The less than 3 m depths can use it for precooling and preheating purposes because it is directly affected by the ambient temperature, which reduces the possibility of using it in a better way. The most significant results were the important negative temperature variances for testing location that becomes an emboldening factor in designing and researching other factors for the build clean, cheap, and efficient ground source heat exchange systems.

Effects of Soil Temperature, Seed Depth, and Cyanazine on Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Seedling Development

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Mester ◽  
Douglas D. Buhler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Weed Population ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Initial Seed

Controlled-environment experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soil temperatures of 5 to 20 C, seed depths of 0 to 6 cm, and above- or below-seed cyanazine placement on germination and seedling development of giant foxtail and velvetleaf. Giant foxtail did not germinate at 5 C and failed to emerge from 6 cm deep within 21 days at 10 C. Increasing soil temperature above 10 C increased giant foxtail germination and emergence. Velvetleaf germinated at 5 C but did not emerge within 21 days. Velvetleaf emerged within 21 days from soil depths of 2 to 6 cm at soil temperatures of 10, 15, and 20 C. Giant foxtail and velvetleaf seed germinated on a soil surface kept moist by mulch or frequent watering. Giant foxtail seedling survival was 100% after germination on the soil surface. Velvetleaf often failed to become established; only 28% of the velvetleaf that germinated at 20 C survived. Injury to giant foxtail by cyanazine increased with increasing soil temperatures and decreasing seed depths. Cyanazine placement above or below the seed did not have a consistent effect on giant foxtail injury. Cyanazine placed above the seed was more injurious to velvetleaf than placement below at 15 and 20 C. Differential responses of giant foxtail and velvetleaf seed germination and seedling survivability to initial seed depth appears to be a major factor in weed population shifts when tillage is reduced or eliminated.

MACROCLIMATIC MODEL FOR ESTIMATING MONTHLY SOIL TEMPERATURES UNDER SHORT-GRASS COVER IN CANADA

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. OUELLET
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Soil Temperatures

A macroclimatic model was developed to estimate monthly soil temperatures under short-grass cover. It involved multiple regression equations for each month and for each of six depths (1, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 150 cm). Data used were obtained from published records of soil temperature and corresponding climatic variables. They were from 41 stations over several years with station-years per regression varying from 88 to 226 according to depths and months. The climatic variables were related to air temperature, rainfall, snowfall, and potential evapotranspiration. An additional important variable was the estimated soil temperature of the previous month. The equations explain 70–96% of the soil temperature variations and the standard errors of estimate varied from 0.7 to 2.2 C. Temperatures estimated for 1 yr and eight stations with climatic data not used in the development of the equations departed from the observed values by less than 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 C in 34, 62, and 92% of the cases, respectively. Errors resulting from the estimation of monthly normals by this model are expected to be generally less than 1.0 degree C.

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