scholarly journals The Readiness Investigation of The Ground Soil Temperature for Underground Heat Exchange Systems Installation in Hot Climates

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mohammed H. Ali ◽  
Zoltán Kurják ◽  
Janos Beke
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Difference

This present article investigates the possibility of the use of ground soil of hot climates for the investiture of it for cooling and heating aims by using it as an underground heat exchange. The study region is Al-Najaf city, 168.83 km south of Baghdad the capital of Iraq. This heat exchange represents one of the sustainable energy types which depends on the difference between the ambient air and ground soil temperature, which can lead to reducing the exhaustion of fossil fuels. To measure the soil temperatures during all the months of the year, A hole drilled to a depth of 5 meters, seven thermocouples has been installed at each depth (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 m), and at the ground surface. The new experiment result of variation of the soil temperature with depth and during the year has been compared and evaluated in order to estimate the possibility of using Earth to Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) for heating or cooling purposes along the year. The result shows that the average temperature difference between the ground surface and ground soil temperature during the months increasing as the underground depth increases. The results have let it a perfect referral for the priorities of the use that location at equal to or more than 3 m depth for cooling during summer months (the temperature differences reach to 16.17 oC) rather than heating during winter months (the temperature differences reach to 10.76 oC). The less than 3 m depths can use it for precooling and preheating purposes because it is directly affected by the ambient temperature, which reduces the possibility of using it in a better way. The most significant results were the important negative temperature variances for testing location that becomes an emboldening factor in designing and researching other factors for the build clean, cheap, and efficient ground source heat exchange systems.

The impact of increased temperatures on germination patterns of semi-aquatic plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-209
Author(s):  
Jade Dessent ◽  
Susan Lawler ◽  
Daryl Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractFuture climate change predictions indicate that there will be an increase in ambient air temperature. Increases in ambient air temperature will result in a corresponding increase in soil temperature. The consequences of further increases in soil temperature will potentially be detrimental for the soil seed bank of plants in terms of length of dormancy and viability of seeds. This experiment investigated the effect of different exposure temperatures and duration of exposure on the germination of semi-aquatic plant species. Seeds of four species (Alternanthera denticulata, Juncus usitatus, Persicaria lapathifolia and Persicaria prostrata) were exposed to temperatures ranging from 25 to 100°C for durations between 1 and 14 days, before being germinated in an incubator for 6 weeks. Germination occurred in all four species after exposure to temperatures ranging from 25 to 60°C. These temperatures appeared to promote germination as the temperature and duration of exposure increased. However, in P. lapathifolia and P. prostrata, the number of seeds germinating declined when exposed to 70°C and there was no germination for temperatures exceeding this. In contrast, A. denticulata and J. usitatus only began to decline when exposed to 80°C, with no germination at higher temperatures. These results suggest that soil temperatures exceeding potential threshold temperatures of 70 and 80°C will result in a decline in the number of seeds germinating and may potentially see a change in species distributions. As such soil temperatures are already being experienced throughout Australia, some species may already be close to their thermal threshold.

ESTIMATION OF MANITOBA SOIL TEMPERATURES FROM ATMOSPHERIC METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. REIMER ◽  
C. F. SHAYKEWICH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Damping Factor ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Estimation Equations ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
The Difference

Soil-temperature studies were conducted under forage and zero tillage conditions at the Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment (WNRE), Pinawa, Manitoba, as part of the plant radiation ecology research program. The objective was to develop estimation equations for monthly mean and daily mean soil surface temperatures from atmospheric meteorological measurements. Subsoil temperatures were estimated from predicted soil surface temperatures by applying an appropriate damping factor. Monthly mean soil surface temperatures were estimated for summer and winter months from regression equations with meteorological predictors. Daily mean soil surface temperatures were predicted from regression equations with meteorological predictors combined with best-fit Fournier-series seasonal curves. Daily mean subsoil temperatures at 10 cm were estimated from predicted soil surface temperatures by applying an appropriate damping factor. The standard deviation of the difference between predicted and observed temperatures was generally less than 1 °C for daily and monthly estimates. A good estimate of the seasonal subsoil temperature at 10, 50, 100 and 200 cm was found from a periodic function with damping and phase paramaters. The explained variance was 95% or more. With appropriate assumptions regarding soil thermal properties and mean annual soil temperature, accurate results were obtained quickly and economically.

EFFECTS OF SAWDUST USED AS A MULCH AND AS A SOIL AMENDMENT ON SOIL TEMPERATURES UNDER IRRIGATED AND UNIRRIGATED CONDITIONS

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Webster ◽  
R. M. Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

Soil temperature readings were taken at 7.30 a.m., noon, and 5 p.m. over a 3-year period (2 years without and 1 year with irrigation) at a point 4 inches below the surface of sawdust-mulched, sawdust-incorporated and check plots. The effect of blackened sawdust mulch on soil temperatures was also studied. Marked differences between soil temperatures in the various treatments were found, the greatest being during July when the difference between the average maximum and minimum air temperature was also greatest. Soil temperatures were lower in the sawdust-mulched than in the check plots, except at 7.30 a.m. under irrigation when readings were higher throughout the season in the mulched plot. After August under irrigated conditions and after October without irrigation a reversal took place, and the soil temperatures became higher under the mulch than in the check due to the slower heat loss from the mulched soil. Incorporating sawdust had only a slight effect upon soil temperatures, but blackening the mulch markedly reduced the soil temperature differences between mulched and unmulched treatments.

scholarly journals Soil temperatures at the birch treeline (Betula pubsescens ssp. czerepanovii) - a 21-year record in the Swedish Scandes and a contribution to general treeline theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-182
Author(s):  
Leif Kullman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Global Minimum ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Climate Control ◽  
Tree Ring Chronology ◽  
Treeline Ecotone ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Soil Temperatures

This study addresses the issue of climate control of the elevational treeline, foremost the role of soil temperatures. During the period 1999 to 2020, soil temperatures were recorded over the year at a depth of 10 cm in a sparse stand (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) within the upper treeline ecotone of the Swedish Scandes. Over the years 2010 to 2020, the birch stand was repeatedly photographed. This endeavor, in combination with measurements of the tree heights provided an apprehension of individual responses to recent climate variability. This view was taken a step further by analyzing tree-ring patterns more than 100 years back in time. A main result was that the obtained growing season soil temperature of 7.1±0.7 degrees Celsius (°C) is well in accordance with earlier estimates of a global minimum threshold for tree growth at the treeline. Soil temperature was 2.7 °C lower than ambient air temperature. The tree-ring chronology displayed steadily increasing growth between 1880 and the late 1930s. It may be inferred that up to the latter date, the concerned birches were climatically suppressed specimens, entirely snow-covered during the winter. Thereafter, growth progression towards tree-size was initiated from the early 1940s and onwards, in response to climate warming. This process appears to be still in progress as temperatures remain fairly high.

scholarly journals Temporal Variation and Respons of Mangrove Soil on Solar Illumination Changes

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Christophil Medellu ◽  
. Soemarno ◽  
. Marsoedi ◽  
Sigfried Berhimpon
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Mangrove Soil ◽  
Illumination Changes ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Difference

Research on soil temperature in mangrove forest is a part of the mangrove ecosystem microclimate research. Studieson microclimate variables interaction, including soil temperature is important and interesting because it is associatedwith ecosystem and environmental changes, and the biota living in it. This study developed a mathematical modelingof soil temperatures and solar illumination in mangrove forest and the surrounding environment. Mathematicalmodeling function was constructed using data measured on three transects which different in ecosystem condition.The results showed that the mathematical modeling parameters produced the parameters of solar illumination andsoil temperatures that were difference for the three transects. Time lag of soil temperature on solar illumination wasalso diference in the three transects due to the difference of penetration of sun radiation and soil inundation by seawater. These parameters also showed the differences between the soil temperature in mangrove with the soiltemperature in terrestrial forest as studied by the former researcher. Our research demonstrated the charachteristicof soil temperature in mangrove, that was not merely controlled by sun radiation, but also it was contribute by thesea water and other factors.[How to Cite: Medellu C, Soemarno, Marsoedi and S Berhimpon. 2012. Temporal Variation and Respons of Mangrove Soil on Solar Illumination Changes. J Trop Soils 17 (2) : 67-74. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.2.165][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.540/jts.2012.17.2.165]

Global Warming and Its Multiple Causes

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romdhane Ben Slama
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Heat Released ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases

The global warming which preoccupies humanity, is still considered to be linked to a single cause which is the emission of greenhouse gases, CO2 in particular. In this article, we try to show that, on the one hand, the greenhouse effect (the radiative imprisonment to use the scientific term) took place in conjunction with the infrared radiation emitted by the earth. The surplus of CO2 due to the combustion of fossil fuels, but also the surplus of infrared emissions from artificialized soils contribute together or each separately,  to the imbalance of the natural greenhouse effect and the trend of global warming. In addition, another actor acting directly and instantaneously on the warming of the ambient air is the heat released by fossil fuels estimated at 17415.1010 kWh / year inducing a rise in temperature of 0.122 ° C, or 12.2 ° C / century.

scholarly journals Simulation of Daily Mean Soil Temperatures for Agricultural Land Use Considering Limited Input Data

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Philipp Grabenweger ◽  
Branislava Lalic ◽  
Miroslav Trnka ◽  
Jan Balek ◽  
Erwin Murer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Limited Input Data

A one-dimensional simulation model that simulates daily mean soil temperature on a daily time-step basis, named AGRISOTES (AGRIcultural SOil TEmperature Simulation), is described. It considers ground coverage by biomass or a snow layer and accounts for the freeze/thaw effect of soil water. The model is designed for use on agricultural land with limited (and mostly easily available) input data, for estimating soil temperature spatial patterns, for single sites (as a stand-alone version), or in context with agrometeorological and agronomic models. The calibration and validation of the model are carried out on measured soil temperatures in experimental fields and other measurement sites with various climates, agricultural land uses and soil conditions in Europe. The model validation shows good results, but they are determined strongly by the quality and representativeness of the measured or estimated input parameters to which the model is most sensitive, particularly soil cover dynamics (biomass and snow cover), soil pore volume, soil texture and water content over the soil column.

scholarly journals In Vitro Co-Exposure to CeO2 Nanomaterials from Diesel Engine Exhaust and Benzo(a)Pyrene Induces Additive DNA Damage in Sperm and Cumulus Cells but Not in Oocytes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Martina Cotena ◽  
Mélanie Auffan ◽  
Virginie Tassistro ◽  
Noémie Resseguier ◽  
Jérôme Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a recognized reprotoxic compound and the most widely investigated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in ambient air; it is widespread by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels along with cerium dioxide nanomaterials (CeO2 NMs), which are used in nano-based diesel additives to decrease the emission of toxic compounds and to increase fuel economy. The toxicity of CeO2 NMs on reproductive organs and cells has also been shown. However, the effect of the combined interactions of BaP and CeO2 NMs on reproduction has not been investigated. Herein, human and rat gametes were exposed in vitro to combusted CeO2 NMs or BaP or CeO2 NMs and BaP in combination. CeO2 NMs were burned at 850 °C prior to mimicking their release after combustion in a diesel engine. We demonstrated significantly higher amounts of DNA damage after exposure to combusted CeO2 NMs (1 µg·L−1) or BaP (1.13 µmol·L−1) in all cell types considered compared to unexposed cells. Co-exposure to the CeO2 NMs-BaP mixture induced additive DNA damage in sperm and cumulus cells, whereas no additive effect was observed in rat oocytes. This result could be related to the structural protection of the oocyte by cumulus cells and to the oocyte’s efficient system to repair DNA damage compared to that of cumulus and sperm cells.

Desaturation of exhaled air in camels

1981 ◽  
Vol 211 (1184) ◽  
pp. 305-319 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Exhaled Air ◽  
Body Core

We have found that camels can reduce the water loss due to evaporation from the respiratory tract in two ways: (1) by decreasing the temperature of the exhaled air and (2) by removal of water vapour from this air, resulting in the exhalation of air at less than 100% relative humidity (r. h.). Camels were kept under desert conditions and deprived of drinking water. In the daytime the exhaled air was at or near body core temperature, while in the cooler night exhaled air was at or near ambient air temperature. In the daytime the exhaled air was fully saturated, but at night its humidity might fall to approximately 75% r. h. The combination of cooling and desaturation can provide a saving of water of 60% relative to exhalation of saturated air at body temperature. The mechanism responsible for cooling of the exhaled air is a simple heat exchange between the respiratory air and the surfaces of the nasal passageways. On inhalation these surfaces are cooled by the air passing over them, and on exhalation heat from the exhaled air is given off to these cooler surfaces. The mechanism responsible for desaturation of the air appears to depend on the hygroscopic properties of the nasal surfaces when the camel is dehydrated. The surfaces give off water vapour during inhalation and take up water from the respiratory air during exhalation. We have used a simple mechanical model to demonstrate the effectiveness of this mechanism.

Thermodynamic Estimate of Minimal Dissipation for Heat Exchange System

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei A. Akhremenkov ◽  
Anatoliy M. Tsirlin ◽  
Vladimir Kazakov
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
Heat Exchange System ◽  
Heat Exchange Surface ◽  
Minimal Dissipation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Exchange Surface

In this paper we consider heat exchange system from point of view of Finite-time thermodynamics. At first time the novel estimate of the minimal entropy production in a general-type heat exchange system with given heat load and fixed heat exchange surface is derived. The corresponding optimal distribution of heat exchange surface and optimal contact temperatures are also obtained. It is proven that if a heat flow is proportional to the difference of contacting flows’ temperatures then dissipation in a multi-flow heat exchanger is minimal only if the ratio of contact temperatures of any two flows at any point inside heat exchanger is the same and the temperatures of all heating flows leaving exchanger are also the same. Our result based on those assumptions: 1. heat transfer law is linear (17); 2. summary exchange surface is given; 3. heat load is given; 4. input tempretures for all flows are given; 5. water equivalents for all flows are given.

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