Policy Initiation for Development of Slow Charging Station Infrastructure and E-rickshaw Vehicle Registration Process in India

This paper is to enclave, a policy initiation for development of slow charging station infrastructure and E-rickshaw vehicles registration process in India. EV’s (Electric Vehicles) as the new green nonpolluting vehicle for last mile connectivity within the city limits. At the E-rickshaw market a no of models available, but there is no study done for governing method, rules to follow and provision for charging infrastructure. E-rickshaw are being considered as a priority option towards sustainable development. These vehicles are the smart choice and encouraged as feeder system for last mile connectivity. E-rickshaw mode has been excluded from NMT (Non-motorized Transport) category and included in Motor Vehicles Act (2014) as special purpose battery operated vehicle. The main objective of the paper is to creating a space for building the charging infrastructure with different tariff and to setup governing rules for E-rickshaw operators.

Experimental Performance of Solar Air Heaters for Drying Applications

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on an indirect active type of solar dryer, using two distinct solar air collector and their impacts on drying agricultural products. The thermal performance of the proposed collectors has been evaluated using the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Experimental observations were done in climatic conditions Gödöllő, Hungary on the 2nd and 9th of October 2017. The experiments were also carried out to dry 2 kg of sliced apples spread over the drying trays. The mas flow rate of air was maintained as 0.038 kg/s and the dryer was operated from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. When a double-pass solar air collector's results are compared to a single-pass solar air collector's, it's evident that the double-pass solar air collector produces much more energy and efficiency. The experimental results showed that single-pass and double-pass collectors have daily efficiencies of 42.77% and 56.10%, respectively, with average exergy efficiency values ranging from 31% to 49% for single-pass and 51% to 67% for double-pass. The most significant aspect determining the collectors' thermal efficiency was the temperature rise between the collector outlet and inlet. The average drying efficiencies of the solar dryer for the single and double-pass collectors were evaluated as 12.16% and 16.45%, respectively. The maximum temperature rise for double-pass was determined to be 20 °C, whereas single-pass was found to be 6.5 °C. Furthermore, the highest drying rate was achieved when sliced apples were dried with a double-pass collector mode. It reduced 52% of the water content in the apple in the same amount of time as single-pass drying, compared to 35% in the case of single-pass drying.

Electric Power Amplification in Fusion Power Plants

Fusion power concepts that are heated by electrical devices for the purpose of producing high levels of electrical output are in effect electric power amplifiers. Three systems are considered: A hypothetical electric power version of the ITER experiment, the ARIES-1 fusion reactor design, and a modified version of ARIES-1 with stainless steel structural material. We find that an ITER power plant with a reasonable electric power conversion system would produce no net electric power at its target energy amplification factor of 10. The ARIES-1 conceptual power plant, as conceived, would have an energy amplification of 22 and an electric amplification of 6. If stainless steel were substituted for the SiC composite material assumed, the ARIES-1 electric power amplification would drop to roughly 3. We conclude that practical fusion power plants will likely require a near-ignition operating mode and qualified high temperature materials as prerequisites for commercial viability.

Minimum Harmonic Distortion Losses and Power Quality Improvement of Grid Integration Photovoltaic-Wind Based Smart Grid Utilizing MOPSO

Increased usage of combined PV-Wind renewable energy sources is seen as a positive step toward reducing air pollution and carbon emissions. However, since non-linear loads have increased dramatically, voltage quality and harmonic distortion concerns have arisen, affecting the operation of combined PV-Wind RES and smart-grid electrical transmission structures. This study shows how a Shunt active power filter may improve energy quality in a microgrid structure at the distribution level. The major goal of this article is to find an appropriate controller approach for improving the shunt active power filter's compensating capacity. This paper simulates a PV-Wind hybrid renewable energy system that operates in the presence of unpredictably variable solar and wind energy resources. The objective is to allow the construction of an electrical control structure that produces the right duty cycle. It will aid in the regulation and stabilization of voltages at dc/dc energy conversion plant. Simulation is used to assess the proposed control system's ability to enhance power quality. The device's compensating capability is mostly determined by the DC link capacitor voltage control. The closed loop functioning of a proportional integral controller is used to attain this voltage regulation in the past. To increase the functioning of a shunt active power filter, the MOPSO procedure approach has been presented. The performance of suggested approaches and the comparison of different pulse generating strategies have been validated in the SIMULINK/MATLAB model environment. The suggested technology successfully improves power quality on the grid and maintains a steady voltage on the grid despite variations in RE output and load.

Design Optimization and Simulation of an Ice Plant Working by Solar Adsorption Technology

This research presents a design optimization of a solar adsorption ice plant using activated carbon and methanol as working pairs in the climate of Makkah to produce a ton of ice per day. The plant consists of six adsorption refrigeration units. Each unit has 72 separate cylindrical adsorbent beds connected with its own condenser, valve, and evaporator. The unit is heated by seven evacuated-tube collectors connected in parallel. Then the total number of collectors are 42 collectors. The beds are filled by estimated amount of 540 kg of activated carbon with 178 kg of methanol. Selection and dimensioning of each component were carried out based on previous recommended values. A mathematical model and simulation were developed to validate the system performance along the year. The results showed that plant could produce up to ton of ice daily along the year. The coefficient of performance can reach 0.9 with condenser and evaporator temperatures of 35°C and -5°C respectively. The performance of the system is greatly affected by ambient temperature than solar radiation. Therefore, the best performance and largest amount of ice was found in the winter season.

Public Acceptance of ITER-Tokamak Fusion Power

One of the U.S. Electric Power Research Institute’s criteria for practical fusion power is public acceptance. In this analysis we consider the potential public acceptance of ITER-tokamak fusion power. Because ITER-like reactors are not likely to be commercially ready before mid-century, a forecast of public acceptance is very difficult. We break “the public” down into four entities: 1) Rank and file consumers, 2) Governments [local, state, & federal including regulators], 3) NGOs including environmental groups, and 4) Electric utilities. We assert that ITER-tokamaks will be evaluated in the context of fission power because both are nuclear processes. We observe that ITER-tokamak fusion will present radioactive hazards and be extremely expensive. Three possible futures for fission nuclear mid-century are: 1) full acceptance, 2) middling acceptance, and 3) rejection. If fission power is accepted mid-century, then ITER-tokamak fusion stands the best chance of being publicly acceptable, its largest drawback being very high cost. If fission power is of middling acceptance, then ITER-tokamak fusion might be marginally more acceptable because of its much shorter life radioactive waste. If fission power is unacceptable, then ITER-tokamak fusion acceptance will be very difficult.

Optimal Frequency stability Control Strategy for a Grid-Connected Wind/PV/FC/BESS Coordinated with Hydroelectric Power Plant Storage Energy System Using Variable Structure Control

Because of the growing nonlinear and complexity nature of microgrid systems for example battery energy storage systems, wind-turbine fuel cell, photovoltaic, and micro hydro power plants (BESSs/FC/WT/PV/ Micro Hydro), load-frequency management has been a difficulty. The development of a load-frequency controller based on Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) for an autonomous microgrid (MG) with hydro, wind, and PV RES is shown in this article. The suggested LFC goal is to retain the frequency of the micro hydro power plant under variable load situations by controlling the sharing of output power constant generator between the dummy loads and consumer. Using an adaptive fuzzy logic controller to govern nearly the generating unit`s whole operation, the suggested control technique optimally chooses PID settings for each load value. The suggested fuzzy logic-based controller regulates the plant's frequency output despite fluctuating user loads and manages energy distribution by separating the micro network into separate departures connected in priority order. The suggested frequency controller uses a centralised LFC approach centred on a combination of smart load and Battery Energy Storage System to manage the MG frequency (BESS). It regulates MG frequency by providing active power balancing for a variety of events that such systems face in real-world settings, such as energy surplus generation and energy shortage. In Simulink/MATLAB, the suggested structure is simulated. The simulation results clearly demonstrate the proposed frequency controller's ability to dump extra power when the customer load varies while maintaining a consistent supply frequency.

Anaerobic Co-digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid waste and Septage for Sustainable Waste Treatment: A Case Study from Goa, India

India generates 0.15 million metric tons (MT) of solid waste per day out of which more than 80% is organic fraction. Apart from this, 38% of the households use septic tanks where proper disposal of faecal sludge is also need of the hour. Anaerobic co-digestion (ACD) of two different substrates has positive potential towards solving this problem. In the present study, ACD of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and septage solids (SS) was studied at three different levels, i.e., lab-scale, pilot-scale (1 m3), and full scale- capacity (325 m3). A loading rate of 1.5 kg VS/m3 was selected. The bio-methanation potential (BMP) assay showed a maximum biogas generation, i.e., 120±20.6 mL/gmVS with 68% maximum methane concentration at a 5:1 OFMSW and SS ratio. Cumulative biogas production after 30 days was 1.6 L/gmVS. The ultimate biogas production in the pilot-scale plant was 1000±100.5 L/day with 71% methane. The plant was also efficient in removing 87% of COD and 61% of VS. The full-scale anaerobic digester was set up at Mormugao Municpal Council, Goa India wherein the objective was to co-digest OFMSW and SS. This digester showed a similar removal pattern like earlier studies i.e., 94% and 45% COD and VS removal, respectively. The average methane content of the biogas was 68%. Full-scale operation of the anaerobic digester did not show any operational problems at the chosen co-digestion conditions.

Optimal Energy Management Strategy for a DC Linked Hydro–PV–Wind Renewable Energy System for Hydroelectric Power Generation Optimization

The goal of this article is to create an intelligent energy management system that will control the stand-alone microgrid and power flow of a grid associated that includes Battery Energy Storage System, Fuel Cell, Wind Turbine, Diesel Generator, Photovoltaic, and a Hydro Power Plant. Storage systems are required for high dependability, while control systems are required for the system's optimum and steady functioning. The control, operation, and planning of both energy demand and production are all part of energy management. By controlling unpredictable power and providing an appropriate control algorithm for the entire system, the suggested energy management strategy is designed to handle diverse variations in power demand and supply. Under the TOU Tariff, the problem is presented as a discrete time multi-objective optimization method to minimize grid imported energy costs. It also maximizes earnings from surplus RE sales to the grid at a pre-determined RE feed-in tariff. Simulations were run using SIMULINK/MATLAB to validate and evaluate the suggested energy management approach under various power demand and power supply scenarios. The simulations indicate that the proposed energy management can fulfill demand at all times utilizing unreliable renewables like wind, solar, and hydroelectric power plants, as well as hydrogen fuel cells and batteries, without affecting load supply or power quality.

Integrated Renewable Energy Systems in Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industries: A Systematic Review

The exponential population growth will put great pressure on natural resources, agriculture, energy systems and waste production. New business models and innovative technological approaches are necessary to tackle these challenges and achieve the energy transition targets set by the European Commission. Renewable energy technologies and processes such as solar photovoltaic, solar thermal and anaerobic co-digestion have become a subject of interest and research as a solution that could be fully implemented in industries and solve several environmental and economic problems. This paper discusses the possibility of integrating and complement these technologies to maximize renewable energy production and circularity. The review was performed with a funnel approach aiming to analyze broad to specific subjects. Beginning with a literature review on the various definitions of circular economy, bioeconomy, and circular bioeconomy, ultimately proposing a single definition according to an industrial and academic scope combination, followed by a systematization and assessment of data and literature regarding energy systems present state and projections. The next phase was to assess data and literature of the fruit and vegetable processing industry from an energy consumption and biowaste production perspective to consequently discussing technologies that could help manage problems identified throughout this review. This paper culminates in propounding an Integrated Renewable Energy System conceptual model that promotes energy and waste circularity, envisioning how industries could be designed or redesigned in the future, coupled with a circular bioeconomy business model.