SPRING SOIL WATER, PRECIPITATION, AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER: EFFECT ON BARLEY YIELD

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. BOLE ◽  
U. J. PITTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
Fertilizer Effect ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

Results of a 5-yr field experiment were used to develop a regression model (R = 0.94) describing barley yield as a function of available soil water in the spring (Ws), growing season precipitation (GSP), and N fertilizer. Yields on independent fertility plots having Ws and GSP levels within the scope of the data used in deriving the equation were in close agreement with those predicted by the model. Equations were developed for Ws defined as soil water on either 15 May or 1 June and GSP from then until 31 July. Including rainfall received after 31 July in GSP decreased the accuracy of the model. At the levels of GSP occurring in the study, GSP and Ws affected yield to a similar degree, but with the long-term average GSP and Ws levels at Lethbridge, Ws was only about half as effective as GSP on stubble and one-third as effective on summer fallow. Growing season precipitation had a three times greater effect on barley response to N fertilizer than Ws. The model would allow a producer to base his fertilizer N rate on a gravimetrically determined Ws level at seeding and use the GSP probability as his risk level. Using the current cost:price ratio of N fertilizer and barley, he can optimize his N fertilizer level based on the measured Ws.

Influence of crop residues and nitrogen fertilizer on soil water repellency and soil hydrophobicity under long-term no-till

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Miller ◽  
M.L. Owen ◽  
B.H. Ellert ◽  
X.M. Yang ◽  
C.F. Drury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Organic C ◽  
No Till ◽  
Soil Hydrophobicity

Crop residues and N fertilizer under no-till may increase soil water repellency (SWR) and soil hydrophobicity, but few studies have examined these two treatment factors and their interaction. A laboratory study was conducted using a long-term (since 1999) field experiment on a clay loam soil to determine the effect of three crop residues and two N fertilizer levels on SWR and soil hydrophobicity under no-till within the Dark Brown soil zone of the semi-arid Canadian prairies. The three residue treatments were residues removed from soil (Rx0), residues returned to soil (Rx1), and residues supplemented to soil (Rx2). The two fertilizer N treatments were 0 (N0) and 45 kg N ha−1 (N1). Surface (0–10 cm) soil samples were taken in the spring of 2017 after 17 yr. Laboratory measurements were conducted on air-dried and sieved (<2 mm) soil to determine SWR using the repellency index method (RI), soil organic C, hydrophobic CH and hydrophilic CO functional groups, and soil hydrophobicity (CH/CO ratio). Mean RI values ranged from 2.19 to 2.75, indicating subcritical (RI > 1.95) SWR. Similar (P > 0.05) RI values were found for the three residue and two N fertilizer treatments, but the trend was for greater RI with increased residue addition (by 12%–26%) and N fertilizer (by 8%). Soil hydrophobicity was significantly greater by 47%–82% for straw returned or supplemented than straw removed treatments, and by 33% for fertilized than unfertilized treatments. Overall, greater residues and N fertilizer had no effect on SWR, but significantly increased soil hydrophobicity.

scholarly journals Using an “Index of Merit” to Evaluate Winterhardy Pea Lines

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Azize Homer ◽  
Robin W. Groose
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Standardized Index ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

<p>Winter feed pea (<em>Pisum sativum</em> ssp. arvense) might serve as a partial or complete replacement for fallow in the winter wheat-summer fallow (WW-SF) system with potential to integrate cereal and livestock production in the Central Great Plains (CGP). The objective of this study was to evaluate advanced winter pea lines bred in the Wyoming environment in comparison with existing winter feed pea cultivars that were bred elsewhere. Six elite lines, one a blend of two lines, and three check cultivars were compared for overall merit, based on yield for forage and seed, and in two different production systems, dryland and irrigated, and at two locations (Lingle WY and Laramie WY) during the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 growing seasons. Indices of merit, calculated in two ways: a mean-adjusted index and a standardized index, were used to simultaneously evaluate lines/cultivars for forage and seed yield. Based on the results from both indices, five Wyoming-bred elite lines (one a blend of two lines) ranked in the top five lines of 10 lines/cultivars tested. Importantly, three Wyoming-bred lines (Wyo#11, Wyo#11 +Wyo#13, and Wyo#13) all ranked significantly higher for overall merit than any existing winter feed pea cultivar tested in this study: ‘Common’, ‘Specter’ and ‘Windham’. Because four measures of merit in the both indices are positively correlated no serious compromises or “trade-offs” are manifested among these four traits. This research shows that winter pea has potential value for forage and seed yield, mostly depending on growing season precipitation in the CGP.</p>

Short-term effects of tillage of long-term no-till on nitrous oxide emissions from two contrasting Canadian prairie soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-462
Author(s):  
B.M.R. Shahidi ◽  
M. Dyck ◽  
S.S. Malhi ◽  
D. Puurveen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Prairie Soils ◽  
No Till ◽  
Gray Luvisol

The reduction in net CO2 emissions from increased carbon sequestration in soil and slower decomposition of soil organic matter under most long-term no-till (NT) situations can potentially be offset by a concomitant increase in nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions after tillage reversal on long-term NT soils. The objective of this work was to quantify N2O emissions after tillage reversal on two contrasting western Canadian Prairie soils managed under long-term (∼30 yr) NT. We measured one growing season (2010) of soil N2O emissions on a Black Chernozem and Gray Luvisol at Ellerslie and Breton, AB, respectively, following 30 yr of NT and N fertilizer application at two rates (0 and 100 kg N ha−1) subjected to tillage reversal and no disturbance (i.e., continuing NT). Tillage reversal after long-term NT was associated with higher N2O emissions in both soils but was significant only in the Gray Luvisol with 0 kg N ha−1. Long-term N fertilizer applications of 100 kg N ha−1 were associated with higher growing season soil N2O emissions and higher levels of soil N (i.e., a positive, long-term soil N balance) at both sites. Regardless of tillage, the difference in growing season nitrous oxide emissions from the 0 and 100 kg N ha−1 plots on the Gray Luvisol were much greater than the Black Chernozem. A modest increase in N2O emissions upon tillage reversal on a long-term NT soils could translate to a significant increase to agricultural greenhouse gas inventories in the event of large-scale tillage reversal on agricultural land in western Canada.

EFFECT OF SOIL PROFILE TYPE AND FERTILIZER ON MOISTURE USE BY WHEAT GROWN ON FALLOW OR STUBBLE LAND

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. de Jong ◽  
D. A. Rennie
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Functions ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Lower Slope ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation ◽  
Upper Slope

Equations describing yield as a function of moisture use arc reported for fallow-seeded wheat for the years 1960 to 1965, inclusive, and for wheat seeded on stubble land from 1964 to 1967. In general, yields increased linearly with water use; second-degree functions did not greatly increase the correlation, but represent more realistic yield functions. The increase in yield per cm water used was larger on fallow than on stubble land, and increased with fertilization. Growing season precipitation ranged from 5 to 26 cm during the study period; the long-term average is 19 cm. Mean yields for unfertilized and fertilized fallow and stubble wheat were 1,500 and 1,860 kg/ha, and 1,340 and 1,720 kg/ha, respectively.Yield, water used, and water use efficiency varied somewhat, depending on whether the crop was grown on a knoll, upper slope, lower slope, or in depressional areas.

scholarly journals Stocking rate impacts performance and economics of grazing beef steers on mixed-grass prairies of the Southern Great Plains1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A Beck ◽  
Matthew R Beck ◽  
Stacey A Gunter ◽  
Jon T Biermacher ◽  
Robert L Gillen
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

Abstract Stocking rate is a fundamental management factor that has major impacts on animal performance, profitability, and long-term sustainability of native range ecosystems. This research was conducted to determine the effects of stocking rate on performance and economics of growing steers grazing a mixed-grass prairie on a rolling upland red shale ecological site at the Marvin Klemme Range Research Station (35° 25′ N 99° 3′ W). The recommended sustainable stocking rate at this location is suggested to be 25 animal unit days (AUD)/ha. Steers [n = 836, initial body weight (BW) ± SD = 216 ± 11.7 kg] grazed at seven stocking rates ranging from 4.13 ha/steer to 1.83 ha/steer over a 7-yr period, from 1990 to 1996, with year considered the random replication. During the experimental period, overall climatic conditions were favorable for forage production with average growing season precipitation of 118% of the long-term average over the 7-yr experiment, and only 1 yr (1994 with only 57% of the long-term average) with growing season precipitation substantially less than the long-term average. Over the entire summer grazing season, average daily gain (ADG) decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) with increasing stocking rate, such that for each additional hectare available per steer ADG increased by 0.05 kg/d (R2 = 0.88). Contrary to ADG, BW gain per hectare over the grazing season increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) with increasing stocking rate, as stocking rate increased from 4.13 ha/steer to 1.83 ha/steer BW gain per hectare doubled from 33.1 kg/ha to 66.8 kg/ha, respectively. With land costs included in the economic analysis, net return per hectare increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) from $13 [U.S. Dollars [USD]) at the 4.13 ha/steer to $52/ha at the 1.83 ha/steer. For each additional hectare per steer, net return was reduced by $15.80 (USD)/steer and $15.70 (USD)/ha. In favorable climatic conditions, such as during this 7-yr experiment, economically optimal stocking rates can be more than doubled compared with the stocking rate recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Conservation Service. Increasing stocking rates decrease individual animal performance but maximize BW gain per hectare, which leads to the increasing economic returns observed. Research is needed to determine the long-term implications of these stocking rates during unfavorable growing conditions and setting stocking rates based on seasonal weather patterns and extended weather outlook predictions.

scholarly journals Drought suppresses soil predators and promotes root herbivores in mesic, but not in xeric grasslands

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (26) ◽  
pp. 12883-12888 ◽  
Author(s):  
André L. C. Franco ◽  
Laureano A. Gherardi ◽  
Cecilia M. de Tomasel ◽  
Walter S. Andriuzzi ◽  
Katharine E. Ankrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Spatial Gradient ◽  
Functional Composition ◽  
Nematode Abundance ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation ◽  
Term Map

Precipitation changes among years and locations along gradients of mean annual precipitation (MAP). The way those changes interact and affect populations of soil organisms from arid to moist environments remains unknown. Temporal and spatial changes in precipitation could lead to shifts in functional composition of soil communities that are involved in key aspects of ecosystem functioning such as ecosystem primary production and carbon cycling. We experimentally reduced and increased growing-season precipitation for 2 y in field plots at arid, semiarid, and mesic grasslands to investigate temporal and spatial precipitation controls on the abundance and community functional composition of soil nematodes, a hyper-abundant and functionally diverse metazoan in terrestrial ecosystems. We found that total nematode abundance decreased with greater growing-season precipitation following increases in the abundance of predaceous nematodes that consumed and limited the abundance of nematodes lower in the trophic structure, including root feeders. The magnitude of these nematode responses to temporal changes in precipitation increased along the spatial gradient of long-term MAP, and significant effects only occurred at the mesic site. Contrary to the temporal pattern, nematode abundance increased with greater long-term MAP along the spatial gradient from arid to mesic grasslands. The projected increase in the frequency of extreme dry years in mesic grasslands will therefore weaken predation pressure belowground and increase populations of root-feeding nematodes, potentially leading to higher levels of plant infestation and plant damage that would exacerbate the negative effect of drought on ecosystem primary production and C cycling.

Risk simulation of the economics of manure application to restore eroded wheat cropland

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian S. Freeze ◽  
C. Webber ◽  
C. W. Lindwall ◽  
J. F. Dormaar
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Animal ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Animal Wastes ◽  
Risk Simulation ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

The economics of hauling manure as an amendment for restoring the productivity of artificially eroded wheat cropland was investigated using a simulation model. The model incorporated data on the long-term variability of wheat price, growing season precipitation and manure moisture content, and data from manure application experiments conducted on land where topsoil had been removed in levelling. Results showed that on average over the long term, the value of manure as an amendment for restoring the productivity of slightly eroded wheat cropland (< 20 cm soil lost/removed) is sufficient to allow manure to be hauled 3–5 km further than would be the case on non-eroded soils. On heavily eroded wheat cropland (> 80 cm soil lost/removed), hauling distance can be extended approximately 20 km. The disposal market for feedlot manure can be expected to extend to a distance of about 55 km from its source. Results are applicable to the dryland wheat areas of the dark brown soil zone of the Canadian prairies. Key words: Feedlot manure, fertilizer economics, eroded soil, animal wastes

Agronomic practices for bioethanol production from spring triticale in Alberta

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. McKenzie ◽  
E. Bremer ◽  
A. B. Middleton ◽  
B. Beres ◽  
C. Yoder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Spring Triticale ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

McKenzie, R. H., Bremer, E., Middleton, A. B., Beres, B., Yoder, C., Hietamaa, C., Pfiffner, P., Kereliuk, G., Pauly, D. and Henriquez, B. 2014. Agronomic practices for bioethanol production from spring triticale in Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 15–22. Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is an attractive crop for biofuel production due to its high grain yield potential, weed competitiveness, and drought tolerance. Field plot studies were conducted at seven locations across Alberta from 2008 to 2010 to determine optimum agronomic practices (seeding date, seeding rate and N fertilizer rate) for grain and starch production of spring triticale. The yield penalty from delayed seeding was variable, with an average yield decline of only 0.1% per day. Significant yield benefits from increasing seeding rates from 100 to 500 viable seeds m−2 were obtained at site-years with more than 200 mm of growing season precipitation, but were inconsistent or negligible at site-years with less than 200 mm of growing season precipitation. Optimum N fertilizer rates for grain production increased with growing season precipitation, but were not correlated with pre-seeding soil extractable NO3-N levels. Starch concentrations were either unaffected or only slightly affected by seeding date, seeding rate or N fertilizer rate. Thus, agronomic practices that were optimum for triticale grain production were also optimum for starch production. Under good growing conditions, grain production of spring triticale was optimum when seeded at 350 to 450 seeds m−2 and N fertilizer rates of 90 to 150 kg N ha−1.

scholarly journals Characterizing Growing Season Length of Subtropical Coniferous Forests with a Phenological Model

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Yuan Gong ◽  
Christina L. Staudhammer ◽  
Susanne Wiesner ◽  
Gregory Starr ◽  
Yinlong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Phenological Model

Understanding plant phenological change is of great concern in the context of global climate change. Phenological models can aid in understanding and predicting growing season changes and can be parameterized with gross primary production (GPP) estimated using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. This study used nine years of EC-derived GPP data from three mature subtropical longleaf pine forests in the southeastern United States with differing soil water holding capacity in combination with site-specific micrometeorological data to parameterize a photosynthesis-based phenological model. We evaluated how weather conditions and prescribed fire led to variation in the ecosystem phenological processes. The results suggest that soil water availability had an effect on phenology, and greater soil water availability was associated with a longer growing season (LOS). We also observed that prescribed fire, a common forest management activity in the region, had a limited impact on phenological processes. Dormant season fire had no significant effect on phenological processes by site, but we observed differences in the start of the growing season (SOS) between fire and non-fire years. Fire delayed SOS by 10 d ± 5 d (SE), and this effect was greater with higher soil water availability, extending SOS by 18 d on average. Fire was also associated with increased sensitivity of spring phenology to radiation and air temperature. We found that interannual climate change and periodic weather anomalies (flood, short-term drought, and long-term drought), controlled annual ecosystem phenological processes more than prescribed fire. When water availability increased following short-term summer drought, the growing season was extended. With future climate change, subtropical areas of the Southeastern US are expected to experience more frequent short-term droughts, which could shorten the region’s growing season and lead to a reduction in the longleaf pine ecosystem’s carbon sequestration capacity.

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