Nanomaterial carcinogenicity: Role of cancer stem cells and tumor microenvironment

2018 ◽  
Vol 08 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yon Rojanasakul
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells

scholarly journals Curcumin Suppresses Crosstalk between Colon Cancer Stem Cells and Stromal Fibroblasts in the Tumor Microenvironment: Potential Role of EMT

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e107514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanze Buhrmann ◽  
Patricia Kraehe ◽  
Cora Lueders ◽  
Parviz Shayan ◽  
Ajay Goel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Stromal Fibroblasts ◽  
Colon Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer and stem cells

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110053
Author(s):  
Wen Yin ◽  
Jialing Wang ◽  
Linling Jiang ◽  
Y James Kang
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Being the second leading cause of death globally, cancer has been a long-standing and rapidly evolving focus of biomedical research and practice in the world. A tremendous effort has been made to understand the origin of cancer cells, the formation of cancerous tissues, and the mechanism by which they spread and relapse, but the disease still remains mysterious. Here, we made an attempt to scrutinize evidences that indicate the role of stem cells in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and cancer relapse. We also looked into the influence of cancers on stem cells, which in turn represent a major constituent of tumor microenvironment. Based on current understandings of the properties of (cancer) stem cells and their relation to cancers, we can foresee that novel therapeutic approaches would become the next wave of cancer treatment.

Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Stem Cells Resistance to Radiotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahram Taeb ◽  
Milad Ashrafizadeh ◽  
Ali Zarrabi ◽  
Saeed Rezapoor ◽  
Ahmed Eleojo Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Proliferation Capacity ◽  
Chronic Disorder

Abstract: Cancer is a chronic disorder that involves several elements of both the tumor and the host stromal cells. At present, the complex relationship between the various factors presents in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor cells, as well as immune cells located within the TME, is still poorly known. Within the TME, the crosstalk of these factors and immune cells essentially determines how a tumor reacts to the treatment and how the tumor can ultimately be destroyed, remain dormant, or develop and metastasize. Also, in TME, reciprocal crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix (ECM), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) intensifies the proliferation capacity of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are subpopulation of cells that reside within the tumor bulk and have the capacity to self-renew, differentiate, and repair DNA damage. These characteristics make CSCs develop resistance to a variety of treatments, such as radiotherapy (RT). RT is a frequent and often curative treatment for local cancer which mediates tumor elimination by cytotoxic actions. Also, cytokines and growth factors that are released into TME, have been involved in the activation of tumor radioresistance and the induction of different immune cells, altering local immune responses. In this review, we discuss the pivotal role of TME in resistance of CSCs to RT.

scholarly journals Role of JAK/STAT3 Signaling in the Regulation of Metastasis, the Transition of Cancer Stem Cells, and Chemoresistance of Cancer by Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wook Jin
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Stat3 Signaling ◽  
Stat3 Signaling Pathway

The JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway plays an essential role in various types of cancers. Activation of this pathway leads to increased tumorigenic and metastatic ability, the transition of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and chemoresistance in cancer via enhancing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT acts as a critical regulator in the progression of cancer and is involved in regulating invasion, spread, and survival. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates the failure of conventional therapies due to the acquisition of CSC properties. In this review, we summarize the effects of JAK/STAT3 activation on EMT and the generation of CSCs. Moreover, we discuss cutting-edge data on the link between EMT and CSCs in the tumor microenvironment that involves a previously unknown function of miRNAs, and also discuss new regulators of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway.

The Role of Cytokines in Interactions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Breast Cancer Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hariharan Jayaraman ◽  
Nalinkanth V. Ghone ◽  
Ranjith Kumaran R ◽  
Himanshu Dashora
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Extra Cellular Matrix ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Cellular Matrix

: Mesenchymal stem cells because of its high proliferation, differentiation, regenerative capacity, and ease of availability have been a popular choice in cytotherapy. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have a natural tendency to home in a tumor microenvironment and acts against it, owing to the similarity of the latter to an injured tissue environment. Several studies have confirmed the recruitment of MSCs by tumor through various cytokine signaling that brings about phenotypic changes to cancer cells, thereby promoting migration, invasion, and adhesion of cancer cells. The contrasting results on MSCs as a tool for cancer cytotherapy may be due to the complex cell to cell interaction in the tumor microenvironment, which involves various cell types such as cancer cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and cancer stem cells. Cell to cell communication can be simple or complex and it is transmitted through various cytokines among multiple cell phenotypes, mechano-elasticity of the extra-cellular matrix surrounding the cancer cells, and hypoxic environments. In this article, the role of the extra-cellular matrix proteins and soluble mediators that acts as communicators between mesenchymal stem cells and cancer cells has been reviewed specifically for breast cancer, as it is the leading member of cancer malignancies. The comprehensive information may be beneficial in finding a new combinatorial cytotherapeutic strategy using MSCs by exploiting the cross-talk between mesenchymal stem cells and cancer cells for treating breast cancer.

scholarly journals Cancer Stem Cells Are Possible Key Players in Regulating Anti-Tumor Immune Responses: The Role of Immunomodulating Molecules and MicroRNAs

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1674
Author(s):  
Sara Tomei ◽  
Ola Ibnaof ◽  
Shilpa Ravindran ◽  
Soldano Ferrone ◽  
Cristina Maccalli
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Immunological Profile ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Antigen Processing And Presentation

Cancer cells endowed with stemness properties and representing a rare population of cells within malignant lesions have been isolated from tumors with different histological origins. These cells, denominated as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer initiating cells (CICs), are responsible for tumor initiation, progression and resistance to therapies, including immunotherapy. The dynamic crosstalk of CSCs/CICs with the tumor microenvironment orchestrates their fate and plasticity as well as their immunogenicity. CSCs/CICs, as observed in multiple studies, display either the aberrant expression of immunomodulatory molecules or suboptimal levels of molecules involved in antigen processing and presentation, leading to immune evasion. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that can regulate either stemness properties or their immunological profile, with in some cases dual functions, can provide insights into these mechanisms and possible interventions to develop novel therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs/CICs and reverting their immunogenicity. In this review, we provide an overview of the immunoregulatory features of CSCs/CICs including miRNA profiles involved in the regulation of the interplay between stemness and immunological properties.

scholarly journals The CXCL12 Crossroads in Cancer Stem Cells and Their Niche

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 469
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos López-Gil ◽  
Laura Martin-Hijano ◽  
Patrick C. Hermann ◽  
Bruno Sainz
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Stem Cell Support ◽  
Cell Support ◽  
Tumor Entities

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subpopulation of “stem”-like cells within the tumor with unique characteristics that allow them to maintain tumor growth, escape standard anti-tumor therapies and drive subsequent repopulation of the tumor. This is the result of their intrinsic “stem”-like features and the strong driving influence of the CSC niche, a subcompartment within the tumor microenvironment that includes a diverse group of cells focused on maintaining and supporting the CSC. CXCL12 is a chemokine that plays a crucial role in hematopoietic stem cell support and has been extensively reported to be involved in several cancer-related processes. In this review, we will provide the latest evidence about the interactions between CSC niche-derived CXCL12 and its receptors—CXCR4 and CXCR7—present on CSC populations across different tumor entities. The interactions facilitated by CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axes seem to be strongly linked to CSC “stem”-like features, tumor progression, and metastasis promotion. Altogether, this suggests a role for CXCL12 and its receptors in the maintenance of CSCs and the components of their niche. Moreover, we will also provide an update of the therapeutic options being currently tested to disrupt the CXCL12 axes in order to target, directly or indirectly, the CSC subpopulation.

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