Developmental Cell Biology in Adult Stem Cells Death and Autophagy to Trigger a Preventive Allergic Reaction to Common Airborne Allergens under Synchrotron Radiation Using Nanotechnology for Therapeutic Goals in Particular Allergy Shots (Immunotherapy)

2017 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Heidari
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Goals ◽  
Airborne Allergens ◽  
Cells Death

Realistic Prospects for Stem Cell Therapeutics

Hematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 398-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Q. Daley ◽  
Margaret A. Goodell ◽  
Evan Y. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
The Media ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Studies of the regenerating hematopoietic system have led to the definition of many of the fundamental principles of stem cell biology. Therapies based on a range of tissue stem cells have been widely touted as a new treatment modality, presaging an emerging new specialty called regenerative medicine that promises to harness stem cells from embryonic and somatic sources to provide replacement cell therapies for genetic, malignant, and degenerative conditions. Insights borne from stem cell biology also portend development of protein and small molecule therapeutics that act on endogenous stem cells to promote repair and regeneration. Much of the newfound enthusiasm for regenerative medicine stems from the hope that advances in the laboratory will be followed soon thereafter by breakthrough treatments in the clinic. But how does one sort through the hype to judge the true promise? Are stem cell biologists and the media building expectations that cannot be met? Which diseases can be treated, and when can we expect success? In this review, we outline the realms of investigation that are capturing the most attention, and consider the current state of scientific understanding and controversy regarding the properties of embryonic and somatic (adult) stem cells. Our objective is to provide a framework for appreciating the promise while at the same time understanding the challenges behind translating fundamental stem cell biology into novel clinical therapies.

scholarly journals The evolving biology of small molecules: controlling cell fate and identity

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1575) ◽  
pp. 2208-2221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jem A. Efe ◽  
Sheng Ding
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Short Period

Small molecules have been playing important roles in elucidating basic biology and treatment of a vast number of diseases for nearly a century, making their use in the field of stem cell biology a comparatively recent phenomenon. Nonetheless, the power of biology-oriented chemical design and synthesis, coupled with significant advances in screening technology, has enabled the discovery of a growing number of small molecules that have improved our understanding of stem cell biology and allowed us to manipulate stem cells in unprecedented ways. This review focuses on recent small molecule studies of (i) the key pathways governing stem cell homeostasis, (ii) the pluripotent stem cell niche, (iii) the directed differentiation of stem cells, (iv) the biology of adult stem cells, and (v) somatic cell reprogramming. In a very short period of time, small molecules have defined a perhaps universally attainable naive ground state of pluripotency, and are facilitating the precise, rapid and efficient differentiation of stem cells into somatic cell populations relevant to the clinic. Finally, following the publication of numerous groundbreaking studies at a pace and consistency unusual for a young field, we are closer than ever to completely eliminating the need for genetic modification in reprogramming.

scholarly journals Advances and Applications in Stem Cell Biology

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Shamoli Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Basic Biology

ABSTRACT Mesenchymal stem cells have shown great promise as the source of adult stem cells for regenerative medicine. Present research efforts are directed at isolating these cells from various sources, growing them in vitro and maintaining their pluripotency as well as capacity for self renewal. It is crucial to identify the regulatory molecules which directly or indirectly control the proliferative status or influence the niche microenvironment. The main challenge is to understand the basic biology of the stem cells and manipulate them for further therapeutic applications. Considering their malignant potential, stem cells may be a double edged sword. While the benefits of these cells need to be harnessed judiciously, a significant amount of research is required before embarking on widespread use of this tool for the benefit of humanity. How to cite this article Bhattacharyya S. Advances and Applications in Stem Cell Biology. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(2):75-80.

scholarly journals Effect of Age and Lipoperoxidation in Rat and Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Mario F. Muñoz ◽  
Sandro Argüelles ◽  
Francesco Marotta ◽  
Mario Barbagallo ◽  
Mercedes Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

A wide range of clinical applications in regenerative medicine were opened decades ago with the discovery of adult stem cells. Highly promising adult stem cells are mesenchymal stem/stromal cells derived from adipose tissue (ADSCs), primarily because of their abundance and accessibility. These cells have multipotent properties and have been used extensively to carry out autologous transplants. However, the biology of these cells is not entirely understood. Among other factors, the regeneration capacity of these cells will depend on both their capacity of proliferation/differentiation and the robustness of the biochemical pathways that allow them to survive under adverse conditions like those found in damaged tissues. The transcription factors, such as Nanog and Sox2, have been described as playing an important role in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Also, the so-called longevity pathways, in which AMPK and SIRT1 proteins play a crucial role, are essential for cell homeostasis under stressful situations. These pathways act by inhibiting the translation through downregulation of elongation factor-2 (eEF2). In order to deepen knowledge of mesenchymal stem cell biology and which factors are determinant in the final therapeutic output, we evaluate in the present study the levels of all of these proteins in the ADSCs from humans and rats and how these levels are affected by aging and the oxidative environment. Due to the effect of aging and oxidative stress, our results suggest that before performing a cell therapy with ADSCs, several aspects reported in this study such as oxidative stress status and proliferation and differentiation capacity should be assessed on these cells. This would allow us to know the robustness of the transplanted cells and to predict the therapeutic result, especially in elder patients, where probably ADSCs do not carry out their biological functions in an optimal way.

scholarly journals Bmi1 lineage tracing identifies a self-renewing pancreatic acinar cell subpopulation capable of maintaining pancreatic organ homeostasis

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (17) ◽  
pp. 7101-7106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Sangiorgi ◽  
Mario R. Capecchi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Exocrine Pancreas ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Acinar Cell ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Pancreatic Acinar Cells ◽  
Cell Subpopulation ◽  
Self Renewal

A central question in stem cell biology is whether organ homeostasis is maintained in adult organs through undifferentiated stem cells or self-duplication of specialized cell populations. To address this issue in the exocrine pancreas we analyzed the Bmi1-labeled cell lineage of pancreatic acinar cells. Previously, we had shown that inducible linage tracing with Bmi1-Cre-estrogen receptor (ER) in the small intestine specifically, labels “classical” undifferentiated intestinal stem cells. In this article we demonstrate that the Bmi1-Cre-ER system labels a subpopulation of differentiated acinar cells in the exocrine pancreas whose derivatives are still present, at a steady-state level, 1 year after a single TM pulse. This study suggests that Bmi1 is a marker for a subpopulation of self-renewing acinar cells, indicating that self-renewal is not an exclusive feature of adult undifferentiated stem cells. Further, the extended period that Bmi1-labeled acinar cells retain a pulse of BrdU suggests that some of this subpopulation of cells are not continuously replicating, but rather are set aside until needed. This cellular behavior is again reminiscent of behavior normally associated with more classical adult stem cells. Setting aside cells capable of self-renewal until needed retains the advantage of protecting this subpopulation of cells from DNA damage induced during replication.

scholarly journals LncRNAs in Stem Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Hu ◽  
Ge Shan
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Special Position ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Functional Mechanisms

Noncoding RNAs are critical regulatory factors in essentially all forms of life. Stem cells occupy a special position in cell biology and Biomedicine, and emerging results show that multiple ncRNAs play essential roles in stem cells. We discuss some of the known ncRNAs in stem cells such as embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, adult stem cells, and cancer stem cells with a focus on long ncRNAs. Roles and functional mechanisms of these lncRNAs are summarized, and insights into current and future studies are presented.

scholarly journals Developments and Opportunities for 3D Bioprinted Organoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 364
Author(s):  
Ya Ren ◽  
Xue Yang ◽  
Zhengjiang Ma ◽  
Xin Sun ◽  
Yuxin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
And Function ◽  
Further Development

Organoids developed from pluripotent stem cells or adult stem cells are three-dimensional cell cultures possessing certain key characteristics of their organ counterparts, and they can mimic certain biological developmental processes of organs in vitro. Therefore, they have promising applications in drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative repair of tissues and organs. However, the construction of organoids currently faces numerous challenges, such as breakthroughs in scale size, vascularization, better reproducibility, and precise architecture in time and space. Recently, the application of bioprinting has accelerated the process of organoid construction. In this review, we present current bioprinting techniques and the application of bioinks and summarize examples of successful organoid bioprinting. In the future, a multidisciplinary combination of developmental biology, disease pathology, cell biology, and materials science will aid in overcoming the obstacles pertaining to the bioprinting of organoids. The combination of bioprinting and organoids with a focus on structure and function can facilitate further development of real organs.

Defining Adult Stem Cells by Function, not by Phenotype

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 1015-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Clevers ◽  
Fiona M. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Open Approach ◽  
Physical Entity ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
A Cell

Central to the classical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) paradigm is the concept that the maintenance of blood cell numbers is exclusively executed by a discrete physical entity: the transplantable HSC. The HSC paradigm has served as a stereotypic template in stem cell biology, yet the search for rare, hardwired professional stem cells has remained futile in most other tissues. In a more open approach, the focus on the search for stem cells as a physical entity may need to be replaced by the search for stem cell function, operationally defined as the ability of an organ to replace lost cells. The nature of such a cell may be different under steady state conditions and during tissue repair. We discuss emerging examples including the renewal strategies of the skin, gut epithelium, liver, lung, and mammary gland in comparison with those of the hematopoietic system. While certain key housekeeping and developmental signaling pathways are shared between different stem cell systems, there may be no general, deeper principles underlying the renewal mechanisms of the various individual tissues.

The Revolution of Human Organoids in Cell Biology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
New Research ◽  
Self Organizing ◽  
The Revolution

Organoids are a new research tool derived from human pluripotent or adult stem cells or somatic cells in vitro to form small, self-organizing 3-dimensional structures that simulate many of the functions of native organs

scholarly journals CFP and YFP, but Not GFP, Provide Stable Fluorescent Marking of Rat Hepatic Adult Stem Cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rouzbeh R. Taghizadeh ◽  
James L. Sherley
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Yellow Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Reporter ◽  
Green Fluorescent

The stable expression of reporter genes in adult stem cells (ASCs) has important applications in stem cell biology. The ability to integrate a noncytotoxic, fluorescent reporter gene into the genome of ASCs with the capability to track ASCs and their progeny is particularly desirable for transplantation studies. The use of fluorescent proteins has greatly aided the investigations of protein and cell function on short-time scales. In contrast, the obtainment of stably expressing cell strains with low variability in expression for studies on longer-time scales is often problematic. We show that this difficulty is partly due to the cytotoxicity of a commonly used reporter, green fluorescent protein (GFP). To avoid GFP-specific toxicity effects during attempts to stably mark a rat hepatic ASC strain and, therefore, obtain stable, long-term fluorescent ASCs, we evaluated cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), in addition to GFP. Although we were unable to derive stable GFP-expressing strains, stable fluorescent clones (up to 140 doublings) expressing either CFP or YFP were established. When fluorescently marked ASCs were induced to produce differentiated progeny cells, stable fluorescence expression was maintained. This property is essential for studies that track fluorescently marked ASCs and their differentiated progeny in transplantation studies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document