THE EFFECT OF REPEATED HALF-YEARLY DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE MASS TREATMENT ON WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI INFECTION AND TRANSMISSION IN TWO EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITIES WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ENDEMICITY

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL E. SIMONSEN ◽  
DAN W. MEYROWITSCH ◽  
ERLING M. PEDERSEN ◽  
RWEHUMBIZA T. RWEGOSHORA ◽  
DUNSTAN A. MUKOKO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Mass Treatment ◽  
East African ◽  
Different Levels

scholarly journals Snapshots About East Africa’s Education System

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4.) ◽  
pp. 66-81
Author(s):  
Gabriella Hideg
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
East African ◽  
School Students ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Different Levels

This paper focuses on the East African country, Kenya, and its education system, which is exotic from the Hungarian point of view.The aim of my study was to present the historical development of education in Kenya, and the odds and limits appearing within it, based on the available literature. It becomes visible that access to education is not given equally to everyone, regardless of which level of education we examine. This becomes really interesting and unique if we ask primary school students and college students about fair play and its content in such an imbalanced and even unequal system.As a test method, I used the analysis of literature and a questionnaire survey, which was based on a random sampling method. The questionnaire contains 17 questions including 15 closed and 2 open questions. Questions covers the content of fair play, interest in sport, and in addition to these, the responses about behaving in different competitive situations and judging actions as well. The data obtained were summarized with simple mathematical and statistical methods.As an expected result, we get closer to a foreign, unknown country in an educational/ historical and pedagogical point of view. The results of the questionnaire survey, which measure the segments of the two different levels of the Kenyan education system, show the opinion of students about fair play.

Variation in the vector competence of Aedes polynesiensis for Wuchereria bancrofti

Parasitology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-B. Failloux ◽  
M. Raymond ◽  
A. Ung ◽  
P. Glaziou ◽  
P. M. V. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mosquito Mortality ◽  
Aedes Polynesiensis ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYThe vector competences of 6 geographic strains of Aedes polynesiensis for Wuchereria bancrofti were studied using two types of experimental infections. Experimental infection of laboratory-bred mosquitoes fed on the carriers' forearms with different levels of microfilaraemia showed that microfilariae (mf) uptake was directly proportional to the carrier's mf density and, as mf densities decreased, concentration capacity of Ae. polynesiensis increased. It was also shown that infection has an important effect on mosquito mortality, and that the mortality rate differed among mosquito strains. In infections using artificial feeders, the mf uptake was closely regulated, thus showing differences in the vectorial efficiency of Ae. polynesiensis related to the geographic origin of the mosquito strain. The mosquitoes from the Society archipelago were more efficient intermediate hosts than geographically distant strains when infected with W. bancrofti from an island within the archipelago (Tahiti). Mosquito strains from the Society archipelago developed the highest proportion of infective-stage larvae and exhibited the lowest mortality rate when infected with sympatric Tahitian W. bancrofti.

Teachers, Scholars and Educationists: The Impact of Hadrami-'Alawi Teachers and Teachings on Islamic Education in Zanzibar ca. 1870–1930

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 457-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Bang
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
East African ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Hadrami scholars have long been recognized as well as been influential teachers of East African Islam, especially in the late 18th and early 19th century. is article traces the role of Hadrami teachers and scholars on Islamic education in Zanzibar between c. 1870 and 1930. The article analyses different levels of Islamic education and traces the texts and teachers who came to influence generations of Muslims in the British-Bū Saīdī protectorate.

scholarly journals Bancroftian Filariasis Transmission Parameters after the Fifth Year of Filiariasis Mass Drug Administration in Pekalongan City

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tutik Ida Rosanti ◽  
Sugeng Juwono Mardihusodo ◽  
Wayan Artama
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Mass Treatment ◽  
Immunochromatographic Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Transmission Parameters ◽  
Filarial Worm ◽  
Circulating Antigen

AbstractThis study aimed to measure parasitology parameters (microfilariae rate, microfilariae density), immunology parameter (antigen prevalence), and entomology parameters (infection rate and infective rate) after the fifth year of mass treatment at Pabean Village, Pekalongan City. This study was an observational study with cross-sectional approach that was conducted in July to August 2015 in Pabean Subdistrict, Pekalongan City. The microfilaria rate and microfilariae density were determined by finger blood survey of 313 respondents. Meanwhile, the antigen prevalence was determined by calculating the circulating antigen using the immunochromatographic test (ICT) Wuchereria bancrofti method. Finally, the infective rate and infection rate were both explicitly defined by detecting filarial worm larvae in the mosquitoes of man biting mosquitos collection. The results showed that the mf rate was 0.32% with average microfilariae density of 167/mL blood, the antigen prevalence of the calculation was 0%, the infection rate was 0.06% and the infective rate was 0%. In conclusion, after the fifth year of mass treatment in Pabean Area, Pekalongan City, the area is no longer included into the filariasis-endemic areas and the transmission parameters has no potential in causing the filariasis spreading. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur parameter parasitologi (microfilaria rate, kepadatan mikrofilaria), parameter imunologi (antigen prevalence) dan parameter entomologi (infection rate dan infective rate) pada tahun kelima pelaksanaan mass drug administration di Kelurahan Pabean Kota Pekalongan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli sampai dengan Agustus 2015 di Kelurahan Pabean Kota Pekalongan. Microfilaria rate dan kepadatan mikrofilaria ditentukan dengan pemeriksaan darah jari pada 313 responden. Antigen prevalence ditentukan dengan mengukur antigen beredar menggunakan metode immunochromatographic test (ICT) Wuchereria bancrofti. Incective rate dan infection rate diukur dengan cara menemukan larva cacing filaria pada nyamuk hasil penangkapan nyamuk umpan orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mf rate sebesar 0,32% dengan kepadatan mikrofilaria 167/mL darah, antigen prevalence pada hasil 0%, infection rate sebesar 0,06% dan infective rate sebesar 0%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pasca tahun kelima pengobatan massal filariasis di Kelurahan Pabean, Kota Pekalongan tidak lagi menjadi wilayah endemis filariasis dan parameter-parameter transmisi tidak berpotensi menimbulkan penularan.

scholarly journals Immunoepidemiology of Wuchereria bancrofti Infection: Parasite Transmission Intensity, Filaria-Specific Antibodies, and Host Immunity in Two East African Communities

2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 5651-5662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter G. Jaoko ◽  
Edwin Michael ◽  
Dan W. Meyrowitsch ◽  
Benson B. A. Estambale ◽  
Mwele N. Malecela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Transmission Intensity ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
East African ◽  
Circulating Antigen ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Humoral Responses

ABSTRACT We compared the age profiles of infection and specific antibody intensities in two communities with different transmission levels in East Africa to examine the contribution of humoral responses to human immunity to the vector-borne helminth Wuchereria bancrofti. The worm intensities were higher and exhibited a nonlinear age pattern in a high-transmission community, Masaika, in contrast to the low but linearly increasing age infection profile observed for a low-transmission community, Kingwede. The mean levels of specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2, IgG4, and IgE were also higher in Masaika, but intriguingly, the IgG3 response was higher in Kingwede. The age-antibody patterns differed in the two communities but in a manner apparently contrary to a role in acquired immunity when the data were assessed using simple correlation methods. By contrast, multivariate analyses showed that the antibody response to infection may be classified into three types and that two of these types, a IgG3-type response and a response measuring a trade-off in host production of IgG4 and IgG3 versus production of IgG1, IgG2, and IgE, had a negative effect on Wuchereria circulating antigen levels in a manner that supported a role for these responses in the generation of acquired immunity to infection. Mathematical modeling supported the conclusions drawn from empirical data analyses that variations in both transmission and worm intensity can explain community differences in the age profiles and impacts of these antibody response types. This study showed that parasite-specific antibody responses may be associated with the generation of acquired immunity to human filarial infection but in a form which is dependent on worm transmission intensity and interactions between immune components.

scholarly journals Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji: I. Filariasis in northern Fiji: epidemiological evidence regarding factors influencing the prevalence of microfilaraemia of Wuchereria bancrofti infections

1971 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. U. Mataika ◽  
B. C. Dando ◽  
G. F. S. Spears ◽  
F. N. Macnamara
Keyword(s):  
Lower Risk ◽  
Ethnic Difference ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Mass Treatment ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
Northern Side

SUMMARYA survey of microfilaraemia among the population of Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Koro islands in northern Fiji was conducted in 1968 and 1969 as a prelude to a campaign of mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine.The prevalences of microfilaraemia were found in the more moist conditions of Taveuni and Koro and on the windward southern side of Vanua Levu to be higher than on the drier northern side of Vanua Levu. On both sides of Vanua Levu prevalences were lower inland than near the coast.Under apparently similar environmental conditions those of Fijian ethnic origin exhibited a higher prevalence of microfilaraemia than that shown by Indians. This ethnic difference and a difference between the prevalences in male and female Fijians are considered to be due more to higher rates of recovery from microfilaraemia in Indians and Fijian women than to diminished exposure to mosquitoes. Mathematical models have been used as an aid to the interpretation of the data, and, where appropriate, comparison has been made with the prevalence of antibodies to dengue, an arbovirus having the same vectors.Household infections were analysed by computer techniques. Infections in large households were not proportionately higher than in small households, indicating that transmission was not intrafamilial. The clustering of infections within households, though present, was not marked. Among the occupants of outlying settlements the prevalence of microfilaraemia was relatively low indicating a lower risk of infection due to isolation.

Immunoepidemiology of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in two East African communities: Antibodies to the microfilarial sheath and their role in regulating host microfilaraemia

Acta Tropica ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Simonsen ◽  
Dan W. Meyrowitsch ◽  
Walter G. Jaoko ◽  
Mwele N. Malecela ◽  
Edwin Michael
Keyword(s):  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
East African
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