Cylinder-Pressure-Based Engine Control Using Pressure-Ratio-Management and Low-Cost Non-Intrusive Cylinder Pressure Sensors

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Sellnau ◽  
Frederic A. Matekunas ◽  
Paul A. Battiston ◽  
Chen-Fang Chang ◽  
David R. Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Cylinder Pressure

In-Cylinder Pressure Measurement: Requirements for On-Board Engine Control

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Ponti
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Denox Catalysts

During these last years, passenger vehicles have been equipped with an increasing number of sensors, in an effort to monitor and control their behavior in terms of global performance and emissions. This, together with constantly increasing electronic control unit computing power and data storage capabilities, allowed the development of more efficient engine-vehicle control strategies. In this perspective, new sensors will be employed as soon as their use will be shown to be necessary to design new engine control and diagnostic strategies, and their cost and expected life will be compatible with on-board application. A sensor that has been largely studied in recent years is the in-cylinder pressure one: advanced engine control strategies that make use of the signal coming from such a sensor have been investigated, while reliable and low-cost sensors are being developed to survive for the vehicle life the harsh on-board environment. The signal coming from the in-cylinder pressure is, in fact, very rich in information and could be used, for example, to improve engine torque management (by directly computing the instantaneous indicated torque), to improve air∕fuel ratio control, misfire and knock detection capabilities, engine emission estimation (to be used for DeNOx catalysts purging management as an example), residual gas fraction estimation, etc. Many sensor concepts have been developed, although none seems to actually fully meet both the precision and low-cost requirements necessary for on-board application. This work deals with defining the sensor precision characteristics necessary to effectively implement the aforementioned engine control and diagnostic capabilities improvements. In particular, it will be shown that only the low-frequency signal content has to be precisely measured and is critical for certain application. In addition, the importance of a correct reference of the in-cylinder pressure signal is discussed, and a novel methodology to quickly obtain this information once the engine has been setup with a proper in-cylinder pressure sensor is discussed.

Development of a Methodology for Engine Performance Investigation Through Double Crankshaft Speed Measurement

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Ponti ◽  
Vittorio Ravaglioli ◽  
Matteo De Cesare
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Engine Management System ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Combustion Control ◽  
Speed Measurement ◽  
Simultaneous Acquisition ◽  
Key Factor

Optimal combustion control has become a key factor in modern automotive applications to guarantee low engine out emissions and good driveability. To meet these goals, the engine management system has to guarantee an accurate control of torque delivered by the engine and optimal combustion phasing. Both quantities can be calculated through a proper processing of in-cylinder pressure signal. However, in-cylinder pressure on-board installation is still uncommon, mainly due to problems related to pressure sensors' reliability and cost. Consequently, the increasing request for combustion control optimization spawned a great amount of research in the development of remote combustion sensing methodologies, i.e., algorithms that allow extracting useful information about combustion effectiveness via low-cost sensors, such as crankshaft speed, accelerometers, or microphones. Based on the simultaneous acquisition of two crankshaft speed signals, this paper analyses the information that can be extracted about crankshaft's torsional behavior through a proper processing of the acquired signals. In particular, the correlations existing between such information and indicated quantities (torque delivered by the engine and combustion phasing) have been analyzed. In order to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, each speed measurement has been performed at an end of the crankshaft, i.e., in correspondence of the flywheel and the distribution wheel. The presented approach has been applied to a light-duty L4 diesel engine mounted in a test cell. Nevertheless, the methodology is general, and it can be applied to engines with a different number of cylinders, both compression ignition (CI) and spark ignition (SI).

scholarly journals Experimental Assessment of a Methodology for the Indirect in-Cylinder Pressure Evaluation in Four-Stroke Internal Combustion Engines

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Romani ◽  
Alessandro Bianchini ◽  
Giovanni Vichi ◽  
Alessandro Bellissima ◽  
Giovanni Ferrara
Keyword(s):  
Cylinder Head ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Low Temperature Combustion ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions

Recent innovations in engine control and diagnostics are providing room for development of innovative combustion approaches (e.g., low-temperature combustion) able to minimize the creation of pollutants. To ensure the constant fulfillment of the prescribed thermodynamic conditions, however, a fast real-time monitoring of the in-cylinder pressure is needed. To this end, dynamic pressure sensors, flush-mounted on the cylinder head, are commonly used. With this approach, the measurement accuracy is high, but the durability is limited by the harsh working conditions. The installation on the cylinder head is also complex. The development of robust and effective indirect measurement systems could then represent the enabler of a further development of this technology. In the present study, an innovative methodology to measure the in-cylinder pressure has been conceived and extensively tested on a four-stroke single-cylinder engine. The proposed approach is based on the analysis of the mechanical stress on the engine studs by means of a piezoelectric strain washer. This solution allows the user for a rapid and cost-effective sensor installation, described in the paper along with the signal post-processing techniques. Results showed good accuracy and robustness of the methodology, making the results of practical use for engine control.

scholarly journals Integrated cylinder pressure measurement for gas engine control

2011 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Stefan NEUMANN
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Measurement ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Pressure Curve ◽  
Closed Loop Control ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Amount Of Information

Closed loop control based on cylinder pressure measurement has been investigated for over 20 years. The aim has been to improve combustion control and online engine diagnostics. However the price of cylinder pressure sensors and the high demands on processor capacity have been preventing the development. Lately however sensor technologies have improved and as a result costs have been reduced. The purpose of this work is to show the large amount of information that can be read out from the cylinder pressure curve and to evaluate a cylinder pressure based closed loop engine control.

Semi-empirical estimation model of in-cylinder pressure for compression ignition engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (12) ◽  
pp. 2862-2877
Author(s):  
Youngbok Lee ◽  
Seungha Lee ◽  
Kyoungdoug Min
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Combustion Control ◽  
Compression Stroke ◽  
Engine Dynamic

There have been significant efforts in recent years to comply with automotive emission regulations. To resolve the issue, researchers have strived to reduce the emissions through combustion control. The heat release rate, or in-cylinder pressure information, is necessary to model engine-out emissions, and can also be used to optimize efficiency and emissions by controlling combustion and estimating torque for torque-based engine dynamic control. Piezoelectric pressure sensors are widely used. However, because of cost and durability issues, there have been studies which estimate the in-cylinder pressure using data available only from the engine control unit to reduce engine costs. Therefore, in this study, in-cylinder pressure was predicted, without additional pressure sensors, in light-duty diesel engines. A variable polytropic exponent model was first adopted during the compression stroke, assuming a polytropic process. A Wiebe function was then applied for describing cumulative heat release rate during the combustion phase. Using the in-cylinder pressure model, it was possible to calculate combustion-related parameters which are frequently used such as ignition delay, combustion duration, peaked pressure, and MFB50 (mass fraction burned: timing when 50% of the fuel is burned) without pressure sensors. Notwithstanding the simplification of the model which is targeting real-time applications, the model can predict the in-cylinder pressure at steady-state conditions. The pressure at the end of compression stroke, at start of main combustion timing, and when it has a peaked value by the main combustion were estimated with accuracy of R2 0.996, 0.993, and 0.956, respectively, in test engine. The model was also validated against a second engine. This study can contribute to emission models that need to calculate in-cylinder temperature using pressure data, and other studies to establish engine control strategies, including optimization through combustion control and torque prediction, which can be applied to engine dynamic control.

In-Cylinder Pressure Measurement: Requirements for On-Board Engine Control

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Ponti
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Denox Catalysts

During these last years, passenger vehicles have been equipped with an increasing number of sensors, in an effort to monitor and control their behavior in terms of global performance and emissions. This, together with constantly increasing Electronic Control Unit (ECU) computing power and data storage capabilities, allowed the development of more efficient engine–vehicle control strategies. In this perspective, new sensors will be employed as soon as their use will be shown to be necessary to design new engine control and diagnostic strategies, and their cost and expected life will be compatible with on-board application. A sensor that has been largely studied in recent years is the in-cylinder pressure one: advanced engine control strategies that make use of the signal coming from such a sensor have been investigated, while reliable and low-cost sensors are being developed to survive for the vehicle life the harsh on-board environment. The signal coming from the in-cylinder pressure is in fact very rich in information and could be used for example to improve engine torque management (by directly computing the instantaneous indicated torque), to improve Air/Fuel Ratio (AFR) control, misfire and knock detection capabilities, engine emission estimation (to be used for DeNOX catalysts purging management as an example), residual gas fraction estimation, … Many sensor concepts have been developed, although none seems to actually meet both the precision and low-cost requirements necessary for on-board application. This work deals with defining the sensor precision characteristics necessary to effectively implement the aforementioned engine control and diagnostic capabilities improvements. In particular it will be shown that only the low-frequency signal content has to be precisely measured and is critical for certain application. In addition the importance of a correct reference of the in-cylinder pressure signal is discussed, and a novel methodology to quickly obtain this information once the engine has been setup with a proper in-cylinder pressure sensor is discussed.

Development of a Methodology for Engine Performance Investigation Through Double Crankshaft Speed Measurement

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ponti ◽  
V. Ravaglioli ◽  
M. De Cesare
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Engine Management System ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Combustion Control ◽  
Speed Measurement ◽  
Simultaneous Acquisition ◽  
Key Factor

Optimal combustion control has become a key factor in modern automotive applications to guarantee low engine out emissions and good driveability. In order to meet these goals, the engine management system has to guarantee an accurate control of torque delivered by the engine and optimal combustion phasing. Both quantities can be calculated through a proper processing of in-cylinder pressure signal. However, in-cylinder pressure on-board installation is still uncommon, mainly due to problems related to pressure sensors’ reliability and cost. Consequently, over the last years, the increasing request for combustion control optimization spawned a great amount of research in the development of remote combustion sensing methodologies, i.e. algorithms that allow extracting useful information about combustion effectiveness via low cost sensors, such as crankshaft speed, accelerometers or microphones. Based on the simultaneous acquisition of two crankshaft speed signals, this paper analyses the information that can be extracted about crankshaft’s torsional behavior through a proper processing of the acquired signals. In particular, the correlations existing between such information and indicated quantities (torque delivered by the engine and combustion phasing) have been analysed. In order to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, each speed measurement has been performed at an end of the crankshaft, i.e. in correspondence of the flywheel and the distribution wheel. The presented approach has been applied to a light-duty L4 Diesel engine mounted in a test cell. Nevertheless, the methodology is general, and it can be applied to engines with a different number of cylinders, both CI and SI.

scholarly journals 5 MW Closed Cycle Gas Turbine

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Mason ◽  
Anthony Pietsch ◽  
Theodore R. Wilson ◽  
Allen D. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Solid Fuels ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustor

A novel closed-cycle gas turbine power system is now under development by the GWF Power Systems Company for cogeneration applications. Nominally the system produces 5 megawatts (MW) of electric power and 80,000 lb/hr (36,287 kg/hr) of 1000 psig (6895 kPa) steam. The heat source is an atmospheric fluidized bed combustor (AFBC) capable of using low-cost solid fuels while meeting applicable emission standards. A simple, low-pressure ratio, single spool, turbomachine is utilized. This paper describes the system and related performance, as well as the development and test efforts now being conducted. The initial commercial application of the system will be for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) of the heavy crudes produced in California.

Ultrasensitive, flexible, and low-cost nanoporous piezoresistive composites for tactile pressure sensing

Nanoscale ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2779-2786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Li ◽  
Santiago Orrego ◽  
Junjie Pan ◽  
Peisheng He ◽  
Sung Hoon Kang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Nanoporous Carbon ◽  
Pressure Sensing ◽  
Etching Method ◽  
Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors

We report a facile sacrificial casting–etching method to synthesize nanoporous carbon nanotube/polymer composites for ultra-sensitive and low-cost piezoresistive pressure sensors.

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