scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of the immune responses of seven chicken ecotypes to vaccination against Newcastle disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-164
Author(s):  
Edilu Jorga Sarba ◽  
Endashaw Kemal ◽  
Eyob Galan ◽  
Teshale Sori ◽  
Yilkal Asfaw Woube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Booster Immunization

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry with high mortality. The local velogenic viral pool of the ND strains  influences its severity and occurrence. ND vaccination is the most feasible approach to control the disease. However, some ND-vaccinated groups within chicken populations are susceptible to velogenic ND infection developing outbreaks with marked pathological lesions and shedding of the virus. Vaccine strain-related factors as well as inadequate vaccine application and delivery methods during vaccination might explain the suboptimum ND vaccine efficacy. In this study, however, we propose that host factors may contribute to the suboptimal vaccine efficacy in vaccinated chickens. We, therefore, compared the immune response of five Ethiopian chicken ecotypes to ND  immunization in the presence of two reference breeds (Fayoumi and Bovans). All chickens received initial immunization at age of 21 days with HB1 ND vaccine followed by two-times LaSota booster immunization at age 50 and 120 days. Subsequently, serum was collected fortnightly post-vaccination at age 35, 65, and 135 days for immune response analysis using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. HIantibody was significantly higher at days 135 > 65 > 35 in each ecotype following the third, second, and first vaccination, respectively. The different chicken ecotypes had significant differences in HI antibody response to the ND vaccination. Accordingly, the HI titer was  significantly higher in Jarso > Cheffe > Fayoumi > Arsi > Bovans > Tepi > Horro suggesting antibody titer and ND vaccine efficacy of the ND vaccine depends on host factors. Moreover, some chicken groups within each ecotype had low HI titer. Chicken ecotypes with weak immune responses may not completely clear the virus from their body; thus, they can serve as a reservoir host by maintaining the ND  virus. We conclude that herd immunity level and blanket vaccination program based on the results of a single host genetic group can be misleading during developing and recommending a new vaccine. Hence, understanding the host determinant factors in the immune response during vaccination can lead to improved efficacy and protection against ND in chicken populations.

scholarly journals Optimization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gag Expression by Newcastle Disease Virus Vectors for the Induction of Potent Immune Responses

2008 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 584-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Carnero ◽  
Wenjing Li ◽  
Antonio V. Borderia ◽  
Bruno Moltedo ◽  
Thomas Moran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Insertion Site ◽  
Gag Protein ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT One attractive strategy for the development of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is the use of viral vectors with a proven safety profile and an absence of preexisting immunity in humans, such as Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Several NDV vaccine vectors have been generated, and their immunogenicities have been investigated with different animal models. However, a systematic study to evaluate the optimal insertion site of the foreign antigens into NDV that results in enhanced immune responses specific to the antigen has not yet been conducted. In this article, we describe the ability of NDV expressing HIV Gag to generate a Gag-specific immune response in mice. We also have determined the optimal insertion site into the NDV genome by generating recombinant NDV-HIVGag viruses in which HIV gag was located at different transcriptional positions throughout the NDV viral genome. All recombinant viruses were viable, grew to similar titers in embryonated chicken eggs, and expressed Gag in a stable manner. Our in vivo experiments revealed that higher HIV Gag protein expression positively correlates with an enhanced CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune response and protective immunity against challenge with vaccinia virus expressing HIV Gag. We also inserted a codon-optimized version of HIV gag in the described best location, between the P and M genes. Virus expressing the codon-optimized version of HIV gag induced a higher expression of the protein and an enhanced immune response against HIV Gag in mice. These results indicate that strategies directed toward increasing antigen expression by NDV result in enhanced immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of SCB-2019 COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to Four Approved Vaccines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Ambrosino ◽  
Htay Htay Han ◽  
Branda Hu ◽  
Joshua Liang ◽  
Ralf Clemens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Original Strain ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Binding Antibody ◽  
Alpha Variant ◽  
Efficacy Studies

Abstract A significant correlation has been shown between the binding antibody responses against original SARS-CoV-2-S-protein all performed in one laboratory and vaccine efficacy of four approved COVID-19 vaccines. We therefore assessed the immune response against original SARS-CoV-2 elicited by the adjuvanted S-Trimer vaccine, SCB-2019 + CpG/alum, in the same assay and laboratory. When compared with four approved vaccines immune responses to SCB-2019 predicted 81% − 94% efficacy against the original strain and 75–94% against the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7). Immunogenicity comparisons to original strain and variants of concern (VOC) should be considered as a basis for authorization of vaccines because efficacy studies now have predominantly VOC cases.

scholarly journals Receptor-Dependent Immune Responses in Pigs after Oral Immunization with F4 Fimbriae

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 520-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Van den Broeck ◽  
Eric Cox ◽  
Bruno M. Goddeeris
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Mucosal Protection ◽  
Mucosal Immunization ◽  
Oral Vaccines ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Etec Infection

ABSTRACT F4 receptor-positive (F4R+) and F4 receptor-negative (F4R−) pigs were orally vaccinated with purified F4 fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA responses were readily detected in F4R+ animals, whereas immune responses were not detected in F4R− animals. Even after a subsequent oral infection with virulent F4+ ETEC and a booster immunization with F4, the F4R− animals remained F4 seronegative whereas the unvaccinated F4R+ pigs exhibited clear IgA and IgG responses. These results clearly demonstrate that F4Rs are a prerequisite for an immune response following oral immunization. Furthermore, indications that oral F4 vaccination can induce mucosal protection were obtained, since the experimental ETEC infection did not induce a systemic booster response or fecal ETEC excretion in orally vaccinated F4R+ pigs, in contrast to the clear immune response and ETEC excretion of unvaccinated F4R+ animals. F4-specific IgA antibodies could be found in the feces of the vaccinated F4R+ pigs. They are secreted at the intestinal mucosal surface and appear to prevent ETEC infection. The F4R-dependent induction of a mucosal immune response can be used as a model to better understand mucosal immunization and mucosal immune responses and can contribute to the development of oral vaccines in veterinary as well as in human medicine.

scholarly journals Impact of Toll-Like Receptor-Specific Agonists on the Host Immune Response to the Yersinia pestis Plague rF1V Vaccine

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Biryukov ◽  
Jennifer L. Dankmeyer ◽  
Zain Shamsuddin ◽  
Ivan Velez ◽  
Nathaniel O. Rill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Pneumonic Plague ◽  
Plague Vaccine

Relatively recent advances in plague vaccinology have produced the recombinant fusion protein F1-V plague vaccine. This vaccine has been shown to readily protect mice from both bubonic and pneumonic plague. The protection afforded by this vaccine is solely based upon the immune response elicited by the F1 or V epitopes expressed on the F1-V fusion protein. Accordingly, questions remain surrounding its efficacy against infection with non-encapsulated (F1-negative) strains. In an attempt to further optimize the F1-V elicited immune response and address efficacy concerns, we examined the inclusion of multiple toll-like receptor agonists into vaccine regimens. We examined the resulting immune responses and also any protection afforded to mice that were exposed to aerosolized Yersinia pestis. Our data demonstrate that it is possible to further augment the F1-V vaccine strategy in order to optimize and augment vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals Cellular Immune Response to COVID-19 and Potential Immune Modulators

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Zhou ◽  
Qing Ye
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Type I ◽  
Immune Modulators ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Kinetics Of

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Droplets and contacts serve as the main route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The characteristic of the disease is rather heterogeneous, ranging from no symptoms to critical illness. The factors associated with the outcome of COVID-19 have not been completely characterized to date. Inspired by previous studies on the relevance of infectious diseases, viral and host factors related to clinical outcomes have been identified. The severity of COVID-19 is mainly related to host factors, especially cellular immune responses in patients. Patients with mild COVID-19 and improved patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit a normal immune response to effectively eliminate the virus. The immune response in patients with fatal severe COVID-19 includes three stages: normal or hypofunction, hyperactivation, and anergy. Eventually, the patients were unable to resist viral infection and died. Based on our understanding of the kinetics of immune responses during COVID-19, we suggest that type I interferon (IFN) could be administered to patients with severe COVID-19 in the hypofunctional stage, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and glucocorticoid therapy could be administered in the immune hyperactivation stage. In addition, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) anticoagulation therapy and anti-infective therapy with antibiotics are recommended in the hyperactivation stage.

scholarly journals A review of leading COVID-19 vaccines, the quest for immune protection, and its key challenges. Part 3: Covid-19 vaccines – Key challenges and translational science

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Hartshorne ◽  
Pierre Johannes Truter de Villiers
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Neutralising Antibodies ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Antibody Titres

Rationale• Developing and deploying safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines are faced with many challenges and unanswered questions.• Massive amounts of heterogenic scientific data are being generated that are needed rapidly to advance vaccine development, protect people and restore normality. • The purpose of Part 3 of this four-part series is to review the scientific considerations related to key challenges associated with COVID-19 vaccines and immune protection with the focus of making this data more meaningful and open for clinicians.Key points• The primary immunogen (antigen) required to induce neutralising antibodies (humoral) and T cell (cellular) immune responses is the S-protein fragment of SARS-CoV-2. • Currently, the evidence is firmly pointing towards neutralising antibodies, being more critical for protection.• Long-term protective or durable immune memory is driven by virus-specific T cell and B cell responses (adaptive immunity).• Circulating antibody titres are not predictive of T cell immune memory.• Durable immune memory is a crucial factor to sustain herd immunity.• Adjuvants are added to certain vaccines to provoke a more robust and durable immune response.• Adjuvants that provoke TH1-biased immune responses are preferred. • 90% of adults are seropositive for 'common cold' CoV strains.• There is a cross-reactivity between specific T cell of SARS-CoV-2 and 'common cold' CoV's.• Prior infection with 'common cold' can play a potentially protective role.• Seropositive individuals present with a rapid and higher antibody immune response after a single dose with an mRNA vaccine.• Vaccine-induced immune responses resulting in non-neutralising antibodies, low antibody titres, and abnormal T cell responses (TH2- biased) are potential risks for serious enhanced disease events but unlikely events.• Vaccine strategies aimed at inducing high titres on neutralising antibodies and TH1- biased immune responses reduce the risk of serious adverse events.• Emerging variants of concern are extremely infectious, highly transmissible and threatens the protective efficacy of current vaccines.Public health implications• A rapid global vaccination campaign combined with standard mitigation measures to stop transmission is the best defence against the emergence of further SARS-CoV-2 variants and the safest way to attain herd immunity.• Booster immunisations may be required to promote or improve the durability and strength of vaccine immunity.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES BETWEEN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES IMMUNIZED WITH COMMERCIAL BRUCELLA ABORTUS STRAIN RB51 VACCINE IN BANGLADESH

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Mohamud ◽  
A. A. Mohamud ◽  
M. S. Rahman ◽  
M. A. Ehsan ◽  
A. A. Maruf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Humoral Immune

Background: The effective control and eradication of brucellosis can be achieved by rapid and accurate diagnosis and effective vaccination but both have limitations. Therefore, brucellosis research is currently focused on the improvement of the diagnosis and vaccine induced prophylaxis. Moreover, diagnostic tests and immunization have not been thoroughly studied in buffaloes and even not compared with cattle. Therefore, the comparative evaluation of the immunological responses of Brucella vaccinated cattle and buffaloes would be required for both the diagnosis and vaccine induced efficacy. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to compare the humoral immune response (HIR) between cattle and buffalo cows immunized with B. abortus RB51 vaccine by using indirect ELISA Materials and Methods: Each of the three randomly selected B. abortus sero-negative native cows and three buffaloes received 2.0 ml imported commercial B. abortus SRB51 vaccine subcutaneously in the neck region at day 0 and then booster dose at 60 days after first vaccination with similar dose and route. Each of the collected serum samples of both the cattle and buffaloes was tested to detect the antibody status by using commercial indirect ELISA kit. Results: The results showed that the OD value of the serum of cows and buffalos before inoculation of RB51 B. abortus vaccine was 0.088 ± 0.009 and 0.096  0.011 at 0 week and 0.124 ± 0.018 and 0.111  0.010 at 1st week, near about the negative control OD value (0.106). After that, the OD value started to rise from the 2nd week (OD value (0.144 ± 0.023 and 0.1333  0.007) and reached to a peak level at 90 days (OD value 0.376  0.0080 and 0.316  0.219) and then started to decline from 120 days (OD value 0.2963  0.0416 and 0.2863  0.070) to 180 days (OD value 0.1943 0.073 and 0.176 0.172) in cows and buffalos respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that the RB51 vaccination has induced satisfactory HIR with initial inoculation but significantly higher immune responses with booster immunization which enhancing immunity against both in the cattle and buffaloes. The CMI plays major role in protection against brucellosis needs further investigation in both cattle and buffaloes in Bangladesh. Keywords: Brucellosis, SRB51 vaccine, Humoral immune response (HIR), I-ELISA, Cattle and Buffaloes

scholarly journals Transcutaneous Immunization with Cross-Reacting Material CRM197 of Diphtheria Toxin Boosts Functional Antibody Levels in Mice Primed Parenterally with Adsorbed Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccine

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1766-1773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stickings ◽  
Marisa Peyre ◽  
Laura Coombes ◽  
Sylviane Muller ◽  
Rino Rappuoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Diphtheria Toxoid ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Transcutaneous Immunization ◽  
Antibody Levels

ABSTRACT Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) capitalizes on the accessibility and immunocompetence of the skin, elicits protective immunity, simplifies vaccine delivery, and may be particularly advantageous when frequent boosting is required. In this study we examined the potential of TCI to boost preexisting immune responses to diphtheria in mice. The cross-reacting material (CRM197) of diphtheria toxin was used as the boosting antigen and was administered alone or together with either one of two commonly used mucosal adjuvants, cholera toxin (CT) and a partially detoxified mutant of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (LTR72). We report that TCI with CRM197 significantly boosted preexisting immune responses elicited after parenteral priming with aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed diphtheria toxoid (DTxd) vaccine. In the presence of LTR72 as an adjuvant, toxin-neutralizing antibody titers were significantly higher than those elicited by CRM197 alone and were comparable to the functional antibody levels induced after parenteral booster immunization with the adsorbed DTxd vaccine. Time course study showed that high levels of toxin-neutralizing antibodies persisted for at least 14 weeks after the transcutaneous boost. In addition, TCI resulted in a vigorous antigen-specific proliferative response in all groups of mice boosted with the CRM197 protein. These findings highlight the promising prospect of using booster administrations of CRM197 via the transcutaneous route to establish good herd immunity against diphtheria.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 variants: A double-edged sword?

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110141
Author(s):  
Manasi P Jogalekar ◽  
Anurag Veerabathini ◽  
Prakash Gangadaran
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Local Strains ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Main Target

Since the worldwide emergence of the COVID-19 outbreak, there have been international concerns about the possible viral evolution into variants with underlying mutations that may contribute to their increased transmissibility, disease severity, risk of death, and their potential escape from the immune response or may even lead to its extinction. Rigorous surveillance has revealed the variants harboring mutations in the spike protein, the main target of neutralizing antibodies generated through vaccination or herd immunity. In this review, we have highlighted major SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as other local strains along with their specific mutations, suspected changes in their characteristics, and their impact on the current pandemic and vaccine efficacy. We have also emphasized the need to develop widely protective interventions to curb further transmission of variants.

Oral Immune Activation by Disgust and Disease-Related Pictures

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Stevenson ◽  
Deborah Hodgson ◽  
Megan J. Oaten ◽  
Luba Sominsky ◽  
Mehmet Mahmut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Image Set

Abstract. Both disgust and disease-related images appear able to induce an innate immune response but it is unclear whether these effects are independent or rely upon a common shared factor (e.g., disgust or disease-related cognitions). In this study we directly compared these two inductions using specifically generated sets of images. One set was disease-related but evoked little disgust, while the other set was disgust evoking but with less disease-relatedness. These two image sets were then compared to a third set, a negative control condition. Using a wholly within-subject design, participants viewed one image set per week, and provided saliva samples, before and after each viewing occasion, which were later analyzed for innate immune markers. We found that both the disease related and disgust images, relative to the negative control images, were not able to generate an innate immune response. However, secondary analyses revealed innate immune responses in participants with greater propensity to feel disgust following exposure to disease-related and disgusting images. These findings suggest that disgust images relatively free of disease-related themes, and disease-related images relatively free of disgust may be suboptimal cues for generating an innate immune response. Not only may this explain why disgust propensity mediates these effects, it may also imply a common pathway.

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