Nematode infections of Clariid and Claroteid catfish species in River Galma, Zaria, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Z.A. Ibrahim ◽  
T. Aken’Ova ◽  
S.A. Luka
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Heterobranchus Longifilis ◽  
Larger Sample

Two clariids, Heterobranchus bidorsalis (65) and Heterobranchus longifilis (15), and two claroteids, Auchenoglanis occidentalis (31), and  Chrysichthys auratus (19) from River Galma were examined for gastrointestinal nematodes from May 2016 to February 2017. Overall, five species of nematodes were recovered from the clariids and claroteids. The nematodes were distributed as follows: in Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Procamallanus laevionchus (12.31%), Paracamallanus cyathopharynx (9.23%) and Rhabdochona sp. (1.54%); in Heterobranchus longifilis;  Paracamallanus cyathopharynx (6.67%); in Auchenoglanis occidentalis: Procamallanus laevionchus (25.81%); in Chrysichthys auratus: Procamallanus laevionchus (5.26%), Contracaecum sp. (5.26%) and Spirocamallanus spiralis (15.79%). Nematode prevalence in C. auratus was higher in the wet than in the dry season; however, prevalence of infection in A. occidentalis, H. longifilis and H. bidorsalis was higher in the dry than in the wet season. Prevalence of nematode infection was also higher in male than in female H. longifilis while it was higher in female A. occidentalis, C. auratus and H. bidorsalis than males of the same species. Nematode prevalence was higher in larger (24.0-31.9cm) Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Auchenoglanis occidentalis. Prevalence of infection was higher in smaller (8.0- 15.9cm) Chrysichthys auratus. It is recommended that a larger sample size of especially Heterobranchus longifilis and Chrysichthys auratus, of which only 15 and 19 specimens respectively, were examined during the period of this study, be examined, to have a clearer picture of their infection by nematodes in River Galma. Keywords: Nematode; catfish; clariid; claroteid; infection; prevalence.

Cestode infections of two clariid and two claroteid catfish species in River Galma, Zaria, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Z.A. Ibrahim ◽  
T. Aken’Ova ◽  
S.A. Luka
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Standard Length ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Cestode Species ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Heterobranchus Longifilis ◽  
Larger Sample

Four catfish (Siluriformes) species comprising two clariids, Heterobranchus bidorsalis (65) and Heterobranchus longifilis (15) and two claroteids, Auchenoglanis occidentalis (31) and Chrysichthys auratus (19) from River Galma Zaria, Nigeria, were examined for gastrointestinal cestodes between May 2016 and February 2017. Helminths recovered were stained, dehydrated, cleared and mounted in Canada balsam for microscopic examination. A total of seven cestode species were recovered from the clariids and claroteids. The cestodes were distributed among the fish examined as follows: in C. auratus: Wenyonia longicauda (26.32%), W. virilis (10.53%), and W. minuta (5.26%); in H. bidorsalis: W. acuminata (3.08%), W. virilis (18.46%), Monobothrioides woodlandi (6.15%), Proteocephalus sp. (1.54%) and Tetracampos ciliotheca (4.62%); in H. longifilis: M. woodlandi (6.67%), W. longicauda (6.67%) and W. acuminata (6.67%). Prevalence of cestode infection in C. auratus was higher in the wet than in the dry season; however, prevalence of infection in H. longifilis and H. bidorsalis was higher in the dry than in the wet season. The prevalence was higher in male than in female H. longifilis while higher in female than in male C. auratus and H. bidorsalis. Prevalence decreased with increase in standard length of C. auratus, H. longifilis and H. bidorsalis. A seemingly posteriorly deformed W. minuta was recovered from C. auratus. None of the 31 A. occidentalis examined in this study was infected by cestodes. All the fish used in this study were collected mostly on the basis of availability. It is therefore  recommended that larger sample of assorted sizes be obtained, especially of H. longifilis (15) and C. auratus (19), of which very few specimens were examined during the period of this study to obtain a clearer picture of infection by the cestodes from RiverGalma, Zaria, Nigeria. Keywords: Cestodes; catfish; clariid claroteid; siluriformes; infection; prevalence; intensity.

scholarly journals Helminthofauna of Three Wild Achatina Species from a Rural Community of South Eastern Nigeria: A Potential Public Health Problem

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Michael O. Elom ◽  
Ifeoma A. Okpara-Elom
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Land Snails ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Almost All

A total of 405 land snails were collected by hand picking from the study area between November 2018 and August 2019. The snails were morphologically identified using standard procedures. Shannon Weiner index was used to determine the distribution of the snail species during sampling. Light and teasing methods were used to isolate some of the parasites from the snails. The snails were dissected and different parts of the viscera were examined for parasites, using standard parasitological techniques. The isolated parasites were identified using parasitological guides. Achatina achatina was the most abundant snail species while A. marginata was the least abundant. Greater numbers of snails were collected in the wet season than in the dry season, with no observed complete dominance of any of the species. In the dry season, A. fulica was infected by almost all the parasites, with an overall highest prevalence of 32.69%. More snails were infected in wet season in comparison with the dry season, with higher prevalence of (46.91%vs 32.69%). There was co-infection of the snails with at least two of the parasite species. In both wet and dry seasons, A. marginata had an overall least infection prevalence of 11.77% and 4.55% respectively while A. Fulica was infected most with prevalence of (46.91%vs 32.69%). Proper cooking of snails, proper washing of vegetables, public health education and provision of good toilet facilities are recommended for control of snail-borne parasites especially the zoonotic ones.

scholarly journals Epidemiological studies of parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes, cestodes and coccidia infections in cattle in the highveld and lowveld communal grazing areas of Zimbabwe

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Pfukenyi ◽  
A.L. Willingham ◽  
S. Mukaratirwa ◽  
J. Monrad
Keyword(s):  
General Trend ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Rainfall Pattern ◽  
Strategic Control ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Faecal Samples

Between January 1999 and December 2000 faecal samples from 16 264 cattle at 12 dipping sites in the highveld and nine in the lowveld communal grazing areas of Zimbabwe were examined for gastrointestinal (GI) nematode and cestodes eggs, and coccidia oocysts. Strongyle larvae were identified following culture of pooled faecal samples collected at monthly intervals. The effects of region, age, sex and season on the prevalence of GI nematodes, cestodes and coccidia were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts showed an overall prevalence of GI nematodes of 43 %, coccidia 19.8 % and cestodes 4.8 %. A significantly higher prevalence of infection with GI nematodes, cestodes and coccidia was recorded in calves (P < 0.01) than in adults. Pregnant and lactating cows had significantly higher prevalences than bulls, oxen and non-lactating (dry cows) (P < 0.01). The general trend of eggs per gram (epg) of faeces and oocysts per gram (opg) of faeces was associated with the rainfall pattern in the two regions, with high epg and opg being recorded during the wet months. The most prevalent genera of GI nematodes were Cooperia, Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus in that order. Strongyloides papillosus was found exclusively in calves. Haemonchus was significantly more prevalent during the wet season than the dry season (P < 0.01). In contrast, Trichostrongylus was present in significantly (P < 0.01) higher numbers during the dry months than the wet months, while Cooperia and Oesophagostomum revealed no significant differences between the wet and dry season. These findings are discussed with reference to their relevance for strategic control of GI parasites in cattle in communal grazing areas of Zimbabwe.

scholarly journals Relative economic benefits of tactical anthelmintic treatment and urea-molasses block supplementation of Boer goats raised under extensive grazing conditions at Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.F. Vatta ◽  
R.C. Krecek ◽  
R.A. Pearson ◽  
M.F. Smith ◽  
M.O. Stenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Nutritional Supplementation ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Extensive Grazing ◽  
Boer Goats

The potential economic benefits of combining tactical anthelmintic treatment for gastrointestinal nematodes and nutritional supplementation with urea-molasses blocks were examined in Boer goats raised under extensive grazing conditions in the summer rainfall area of South Africa. Eight groups of nine goats were monitored over a 12-month period from 1 October 2002 to 9 October 2003. Ad libitum nutritional supplementation with urea-molasses blocks was provided when the goats were housed at night, during the summer (wet season -December 2002 to February 2003), and / or the winter (dry season -June 2003 to August 2003). All the goats were treated symptomatically for Haemonchus contortus infection when deemed necessary by clinical examination of the conjunctiva for anaemia using the FAMACHA© system. Half the groups were tactically treated for gastrointestinal nematodes in mid-summer (28 January 2003). Under the symptomatic treatment, climatic and extensive grazing conditions encountered during the trial, feed supplementation in the winter dry season had the greatest economic benefit and is therefore recommended. Tactical anthelmintic treatment afforded no additional advantage, but the nematode challenge was lo

Planning the Size of Clinical Trials with Allowance for Patient Noncompliance

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (03) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Moussa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
Survival Functions ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Patient Noncompliance ◽  
Event Rates ◽  
Larger Sample

AbstractVarious approaches are considered for adjustment of clinical trial size for patient noncompliance. Such approaches either model the effect of noncompliance through comparison of two survival distributions or two simple proportions. Models that allow for variation of noncompliance and event rates between time intervals are also considered. The approach that models the noncompliance adjustment on the basis of survival functions is conservative and hence requires larger sample size. The model to be selected for noncompliance adjustment depends upon available estimates of noncompliance and event rate patterns.

Augmentation Strategies for Clozapine-Resistant Patients with Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-227
Author(s):  
Yi-Hang Chiu ◽  
Chia-Yueh Hsu ◽  
Mong-Liang Lu ◽  
Chun-Hsin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Augmentation Strategies ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Augmentation Strategy ◽  
Larger Sample

Background: Clozapine has been used in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. However, only 40% of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia have response to clozapine. Many augmentation strategies have been proposed to treat those clozapine-resistant patients, but the results are inconclusive. In this review, we intended to review papers dealing with the augmentation strategies in the treatment of clozapineresistant patients with schizophrenia. Method: We reviewed randomized, double-blind, placebo- or sham-controlled trials (RCT) for clozapine-resistant patients with schizophrenia in Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and PubMed database from January 1990 to June 2019. Results: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, brain stimulation, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and other strategies, were used as an augmentation in clozapine-resistant patients with schizophrenia. Except for better evidence in memantine with 2 RCTs and cognitive behavior therapy in 2 studies to support its effectiveness, we found that all the other effective augmentations, including sulpiride, ziprasidone, duloxetine, mirtazapine, ECT, sodium benzoate, ginkgo biloba, and minocycline, had only one RCT with limited sample size. Conclusion: In this review, no definite effective augmentation strategy was found for clozapine-resistant patients. Some potential strategies with beneficial effects on psychopathology need further studies with a larger sample size to support their efficacy.

scholarly journals ‘Statistical Irreproducibility’ Does Not Improve with Larger Sample Size: How to Quantify and Address Disease Data Multimodality in Human and Animal Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Abigail R. Basson ◽  
Fabio Cominelli ◽  
Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Data Visualization ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Random Number Generation ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Multimodal Distributions ◽  
Disease Subtypes ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Larger Sample

Poor study reproducibility is a concern in translational research. As a solution, it is recommended to increase sample size (N), i.e., add more subjects to experiments. The goal of this study was to examine/visualize data multimodality (data with >1 data peak/mode) as cause of study irreproducibility. To emulate the repetition of studies and random sampling of study subjects, we first used various simulation methods of random number generation based on preclinical published disease outcome data from human gut microbiota-transplantation rodent studies (e.g., intestinal inflammation and univariate/continuous). We first used unimodal distributions (one-mode, Gaussian, and binomial) to generate random numbers. We showed that increasing N does not reproducibly identify statistical differences when group comparisons are repeatedly simulated. We then used multimodal distributions (>1-modes and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods of random sampling) to simulate similar multimodal datasets A and B (t-test-p = 0.95; N = 100,000), and confirmed that increasing N does not improve the ‘reproducibility of statistical results or direction of the effects’. Data visualization with violin plots of categorical random data simulations with five-integer categories/five-groups illustrated how multimodality leads to irreproducibility. Re-analysis of data from a human clinical trial that used maltodextrin as dietary placebo illustrated multimodal responses between human groups, and after placebo consumption. In conclusion, increasing N does not necessarily ensure reproducible statistical findings across repeated simulations due to randomness and multimodality. Herein, we clarify how to quantify, visualize and address disease data multimodality in research. Data visualization could facilitate study designs focused on disease subtypes/modes to help understand person–person differences and personalized medicine.

scholarly journals The seasonal changes of the gut microbiome of the population living in traditional lifestyles are represented by characteristic species-level and functional-level SNP enrichment patterns

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Zhu ◽  
Jiyue Qin ◽  
Chongyang Tan ◽  
Kang Ning
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Genome Level ◽  
Prevalent Species

Abstract Background Most studies investigating human gut microbiome dynamics are conducted on humans living in an urban setting. However, few studies have researched the gut microbiome of the populations living traditional lifestyles. These understudied populations are arguably better subjects in answering human-gut microbiome evolution because of their lower exposure to antibiotics and higher dependence on natural resources. Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania have exhibited high biodiversity and seasonal patterns in their gut microbiome composition at the family level, where some taxa disappear in one season and reappear later. Such seasonal changes have been profiled, but the nucleotide changes remain unexplored at the genome level. Thus, it is still elusive how microbial communities change with seasonal changes at the genome level. Results In this study, we performed a strain-level single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis on 40 Hadza fecal metagenome samples spanning three seasons. With more SNP presented in the wet season, eight prevalent species have significant SNP enrichment with the increasing number of SNP calling by VarScan2, among which only three species have relatively high abundances. Eighty-three genes have the most SNP distributions between the wet season and dry season. Many of these genes are derived from Ruminococcus obeum, and mainly participated in metabolic pathways including carbon metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and glycolysis. Conclusions Eight prevalent species have significant SNP enrichments with the increasing number of SNP, among which only Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium hallii and Ruminococcus obeum have relatively high species abundances. Many genes in the microbiomes also presented characteristic SNP distributions between the wet season and the dry season. This implies that the seasonal changes might indirectly impact the mutation patterns for specific species and functions for the gut microbiome of the population that lives in traditional lifestyles through changing the diet in wet and dry seasons, indicating the role of these variants in these species’ adaptation to the changing environment and diets.

scholarly journals Seasonal Climate Impacts on Vocal Activity in Two Neotropical Nonpasserines

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Cristian Pérez-Granados ◽  
Karl-L. Schuchmann
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Calling Behavior ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Focal Species ◽  
Calling Activity ◽  
Vocal Activity

Climatic conditions represent one of the main constraints that influence avian calling behavior. Here, we monitored the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou (Crypturellus undulatus) and the Chaco Chachalaca (Ortalis canicollis) during the dry and wet seasons in the Brazilian Pantanal. We aimed to assess the effects of climate predictors on the vocal activity of these focal species and evaluate whether these effects may vary among seasons. Air temperature was positively associated with the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season. However, the vocal activity of both species was unrelated to air temperature during the wet season, when higher temperatures occur. Daily rainfall was positively related to the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season, when rainfall events are scarce and seem to act as a trigger for breeding phenology of the focal species. Nonetheless, air temperature was negatively associated with the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou during the wet season, when rainfall was abundant. This study improves our understanding of the vocal behavior of tropical birds and their relationships with climate, but further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the associations found in our study.

scholarly journals Inorganic Nitrogen Production and Removal along the Sediment Gradient of a Stormwater Infiltration Basin

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Qianyao Si ◽  
Mary G. Lusk ◽  
Patrick W. Inglett
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Stormwater Infiltration

Stormwater infiltration basins (SIBs) are vegetated depressions that collect stormwater and allow it to infiltrate to underlying groundwater. Their pollutant removal efficiency is affected by the properties of the soils in which they are constructed. We assessed the soil nitrogen (N) cycle processes that produce and remove inorganic N in two urban SIBs, with the goal of further understanding the mechanisms that control N removal efficiency. We measured net N mineralization, nitrification, and potential denitrification in wet and dry seasons along a sedimentation gradient in two SIBs in the subtropical Tampa, Florida urban area. Net N mineralization was higher in the wet season than in the dry season; however, nitrification was higher in the dry season, providing a pool of highly mobile nitrate that would be susceptible to leaching during periodic dry season storms or with the onset of the following wet season. Denitrification decreased along the sediment gradient from the runoff inlet zone (up to 5.2 μg N/g h) to the outermost zone (up to 3.5 μg N/g h), providing significant spatial variation in inorganic N removal for the SIBs. Sediment accumulating around the inflow areas likely provided a carbon source, as well as maintained stable anaerobic conditions, which would enhance N removal.

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