Response of growing chicks to supplementation of low protein diets with leucine, valine and glycine-glutamic acid

This experiment was conducted to determine the interaction effects that resulted from supplementation of low-protein diets with leucine (Leu), valine (Val), and glycine-glutamic acid (Gly-Glu) on growing broiler chicks from 11 to 24 days old. Two levels of digestible Leu (1.07 and 1.50%) and three levels of digestible Val (0.64, 0.74, and 0.84%) were investigated as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 12 replicates. The diet with 1.07% digestible Leu and 0.84% digestible Val was supplemented with 0.34% Gly and 1.32% Glu as an additional treatment (T7). At 24 days old, 0.84% Val significantly improved feed conversion with 1.07% Leu, but 0.74% Val was sufficient with 1.50% Leu. The T7 diet further improved feed conversion. Increasing dietary Val from 0.64% to 0.74% significantly increased bone density and strength at the lower level of dietary Leu, while T7 significantly increased tibia breaking strength. There were significant Leu × Val interactions for villus height, crypt depth, and goblet cell numbers. Val at 0.84% maximized the development of the jejunum at the lower Leu level, while goblet cell number and crypt depth were impaired by increments of Val at the higher level of Leu. In conclusion, increasing the level of Val in low-protein grower diets significantly improved performance, bone and jejunum development of broilers, and its interaction with Leu was important. Therefore, these two amino acids (AAs) and the possibility of Gly-Glu fortification must be considered when formulating low-protein broiler diets. Keywords: bone traits, branched-chain amino acids, broilers, gut histology, performance

Download Full-text

Starch and protein digestive dynamics in low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an17296 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (11) ◽

pp. 2250 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

S. Y. Liu ◽

P. H. Selle

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Production Systems ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Meat Production ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Low Protein ◽

Commercial Chicken ◽

Crystalline Amino Acids ◽

Protein Diets

Digestive dynamics of starch and protein is defined as digestion of starch and protein, absorption of glucose and amino acids from the gut lumen and their transition across enterocytes to enter the portal circulation. Digestive dynamics consider the extent, rate and site of nutrient digestion along the small intestine and the bilateral, post-enteral bioavailability of glucose and amino acids. The underlying premise is that glucose and amino acids should be made available in appropriately balanced quantities at the sites of protein synthesis for efficient protein deposition and growth performance. Previous studies have suggested that feed conversion efficiency may be enhanced by rapidly digestible protein and that crystalline amino acids could be considered sources of ‘rapid protein’. At present, crystalline lysine, methionine and threonine are routinely included in broiler diets; moreover, an increasing array of both essential and non-essential crystalline amino acids is becoming commercially available. Despite unrestricted feed access in commercial chicken-meat production systems during the period of illumination, it appears that the intermittent feed consumption patterns of broiler chickens still provide scope for asynchronies in digestion and absorption of nutrients, which affects broiler performance. A better understanding of the post-enteral, bilateral bioavailability of glucose and amino acids in low-protein diets containing high levels of synthetic amino acids is clearly desirable and this applies equally to the relationship between crystalline and protein-bound amino acids.

Download Full-text

The effect of dietary protein quality on free amino acids in plasma, muscle and liver of growing chickens

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100006930 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 309-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

I. Fernández-Figares ◽

M. Lachica ◽

L. Pérez ◽

R. Nieto ◽

J. F. Aguilera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Free Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Sole Source ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets

AbstractFree amino acid (AA) levels in plasma, muscle and liver were measured in growing chickens given either high or low protein diets varying in quality. In experiment 1, they were force-fed once a day (09.00 h), for 4 days, at about 1·5 × M level, a nitrogen-free (NF) diet and then, on day 5, they were given either diet NF or isoenergetic (13·1 kj metabolizable energy (ME) per g dry matter (DM)) and isonitrogenous high protein diets (200 g crude protein (CP) per kg) based on casein (C), lupin (L), soya bean (SB), faba bean (FB), field pea (FP), vetch (V) or bitter vetch (B) as the sole source of protein. In experiment 2, chickens were force-fed twice a day (09.00 h and 18.00 h), for 3 days, at about 1·9 × M level, with four isoenergetic (13·1 k) ME per kg DM) and isonitrogenous low protein diets (120 g CP per kg) based on SB, FP, V or B as the sole source of protein. On days 5 (experiment 1) and 4 (experiment 2) samples of plasma, muscle and liver were taken for AA analysis over 3 to 4h after morning meal.In general, within experiments, no significant differences in AA concentrations in plasma, muscle or liver among diets were found. However, there was a qualitative but not a quantitative agreement between the AA abundance in tissues and the AA rank of dietary protein. Moreover, when pooling data from experiments 1 and 2, significant regressions were found between the levels of threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and proline in plasma, of lysine, alanine, glutamic acid, glycine and proline in muscle or that of proline in liver and the corresponding amounts ingested with the different diets. Under the conditions of these experiments, however, it was not possible to establish conclusively a direct relationship between the level of free amino acids in tissues and dietary protein quality.

Download Full-text

The effect of low crude protein diets supplemented with DL-methionine and L-lysine hydrochloride on male broiler performance

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200010760 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2005 ◽

pp. 165-165

Author(s):

N. Eila ◽

H. R. Semnani

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Protein Level ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Broiler Performance ◽

Low Protein ◽

Limiting Amino Acids ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Crude Protein Level

Crude protein is an expensive nutrient in broiler diets and the supply of essential amino acids is more important than crude protein. Therefore it’s possible to reduce crude protein level by supplementing diets with methionine and lysine as limiting amino acids. The object of this study was assaying low protein diets supplemented with DL-methionine and L-lysine hydrochloride on male broiler chicks.

Download Full-text

Research Note: Putrescine Effects on Performance of Male Broiler Chicks Fed Low-Protein Diets Supplemented with Essential Amino Acids

Poultry Science ◽

10.3382/ps.0710211 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 211-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

GERALDO L. COLNAGO ◽

LEO S. JENSEN

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Research Note ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets

Download Full-text

Response of broilers to supplementation of branched-chain amino acids blends with different valine contents in the starter period under summer conditions

Animal Bioscience ◽

10.5713/ajas.19.0828 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 295-305

Author(s):

Canan Kop-Bozbay ◽

Ahmet Akdag ◽

Helin Atan ◽

Nuh Ocak

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Low Protein ◽

Hot Climate ◽

Branched Chain ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Water Holding

Objective: The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of normal and low protein content (PC) of starter diet supplemented or not with blends of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on growth performance of broilers under summer conditions and to investigate whether these effects altered some quality traits and the characteristics of gastrointestinal tract.Methods: A total of 768 mixed-sex broiler chicks (Ross 308, one-d-old) with an average initial body weight (BW) of 47.6±1.03 g were allocated into six treatments with four replications in 2×3 factorial arrangement. Factors were: PC, normal (N, 22% to d 15); and low (L, 20% to d 15); and added BCAA blends, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine at zero (0L:0I:0V); 1.0, 0.25, and 0.25 (4L:1I:1V); or 1.0, 0.25, 0.75 (4L:1I:3V) g/kg of diet. Hence, six dietary treatments were named as N0L:0I:0V, N4L:1I:1V, N4L:1I:3V, L0L:0I:0V, L4L:1I:1V, and L4L:1I:3V. Average indoor temperature and humidity were 32.8°C±1.7°C and 61.1%±4.12%, respectively.Results: BW, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass weight were not affected by PC, BCCA and their interaction (p>0.05). The L diets decreased the water holding capacity of the breast (p = 0.002) and thigh (p = 0.050) meats and dressing percentage (p = 0.005) compared to the N diets. The 4L:1I:1V diet decreased breast yield compared to the 0L:0I:0V diets (p = 0.041). The effect of PC on feed intake, mortality and gastrointestinal trait weight were depended on the L:I:V ratios under summer conditions due to interactions between factors (p<0.05). The FI and mortality of L4L:1I:1V broilers were lower than those of N4L:1I:1V birds (p<0.05).Conclusion: It was concluded that the blends of BCAAs used failed to improve performance and to promote breast yields, because diets with normal or with reduced protein supplemented or not with BCAAs up to d 15 produced a similar BW and FCR in broilers raised in hot-climate conditions.

Download Full-text

Growth, carcass traits, and plasma amino acid concentrations of gilts fed low-protein diets supplemented with amino acids including histidine, isoleucine, and valine

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/2003.8161529x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 81 (6) ◽

pp. 1529 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

J. L. Figueroa ◽

A. J. Lewis ◽

P. S. Miller ◽

R. L. Fischer ◽

R. M. Diedrichsen

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Carcass Traits ◽

Plasma Amino Acid ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Amino Acid Concentrations

Download Full-text

PSIV-6 Effect of a Phytogenic Water Additive on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Gene Expression of Amino Acids Transporters in Nursery Pigs Fed with Low Protein Diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.507 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 281-282

Author(s):

Cedrick N Shili ◽

Mohammad Habibi ◽

Julia Sutton ◽

Jessie Barnes ◽

Jacob Burchkonda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Amino Acids ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Mrna Abundance ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Blood Calcium ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Standard Protein

Abstract Moderately low protein (MLP) diets can help decrease nutrient excretion from the swine production. However, MLP diets negatively impact growth performance. We hypothesized that supplementing MLP diets with phytogenics may reduce the negative effects of these diets on growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a phytogenic water additive (PWA; Herbanimal®) on growth performance, blood metabolite and gene expression of amino acids transporters in pigs fed with MLP diets. Forty-eight weaned barrows were allotted to six dietary treatments (n = 8) for 4 weeks: >CON-NS: standard protein diet-no PWA; CON-LS: standard protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); CON-HS: standard protein diet-high PWA dose (8 ml/L); LP-NS: low protein diet-no PWA; LP-LS: low protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); LP-HS: low protein diet- high PWA dose (8 ml/L). Feed intake and body weight were recorded daily and weekly, respectively. At week 4, blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed for metabolites using a chemistry analyzer and amino acid transporters using qPCR, respectively. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM (SPSS®) and the means were separated using paired Student’s t-test corrected by Benjamini-Hochberg. Pigs fed CON-HS improved the average daily gain and serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations compared to CON-NS. Pigs fed LP-LS had higher serum phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen compared to the pigs fed with LP-NS. The mRNA abundance of SLC7A11 in the jejunum was lower in CON-LS and CON-HS compared to CON-NS. Additionally, mRNA abundance of SLC6A19 in the jejunum of pigs fed with LP-LS was higher compared to LP-NS and lower in CON-HS relative to pigs fed with CON-LS. In conclusion, PWA improved the growth performance of pigs fed standard protein diets but not low protein diets. Further, the PWA improved the concentrations of blood calcium and phosphorous in pigs fed MLP diets. Funding: Agrivida and Animal Health and Production and Animal Products: Improved Nutritional Performance, Growth, and Lactation of Animals from the USDA-NIFA.

Download Full-text

Effects of wet feeding and enzyme supplementation on nutritional value of wheat screenings for broiler chickens

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an16202 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (9) ◽

pp. 1906

Author(s):

Ghorbanali Sadeghi ◽

Ahmad Karimi ◽

Soosan Mohammadi ◽

Asaad Vaziry ◽

Mahmood Habibian

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Bodyweight Gain ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Entire Study ◽

Crypt Depth ◽

Enzyme Supplementation ◽

Digesta Viscosity

The effects of wet feeding and a multi-enzyme preparation on the nutritional value of wheat screenings (WS) for broiler chicks were investigated. In total, 540 1-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were fed a corn–soybean meal-based diet up to 29 days of age. At that time, the birds were randomly assigned to nine diets in a completely randomised design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement, including three levels of WS (0%, 25% and 50%, WS0, WS25 and WS50 respectively) and three processing methods (no processing, enzyme supplementation and wet feeding). The enzyme mixture contained endo-1, 4-β-xylanase (200 FXU/g), endo-1, 4-β-glucanase (50 FBG/g), endo-1, 8-β-glucanase (21 FBG/g), hemicellulase (3000 VHCU/g), α-galactosidase (3 GALU/g) and protease (260 U/g) and was supplemented at a level of 6 g/kg of diet. The inclusion of water in wet diets was in the extent of 1.2 kg/kg of diet. During the period from 29 to 49 days of age, feed intake was not affected (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of WS in the diet, whereas chicks fed the WS25 diet had a higher (P < 0.05) bodyweight gain than did those on WS0 diet. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of WS in the diet throughout the study. The feed intake was increased (P < 0.05) by enzyme supplementation to WS50 diet, while bodyweight gain was increased (P < 0.05) by wet feeding. Enzyme supplementation did not affect (P > 0.05) FCR, whereas wet feeding resulted in lower (P < 0.05) FCR over the entire study. The plasma concentration of glucose was increased (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of WS in the diet. The viscosity of the ileal digesta was higher (P < 0.05) in chicks receiving the WS50 diet than that in chicks receiving the other diets. The jejunal villus height was increased (P < 0.05) and the jejunal crypt depth was decreased (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of WS in diet. The jejunal crypt depth was greater (P < 0.05) in chicks receiving the wet diets than in chicks receiving the enzyme-supplemented diets (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the results from the present study indicated that broiler growth performance was improved by the inclusion of WS in the diet and also by wet feeding. These effects were largely compatible with the changes that occurred in the small intestine morphology, but not with those observed for ileal digesta viscosity.

Download Full-text

Performance of Broilers Fed Low Protein Diets with Lysine and Methionine Supplements

Science and Humanities Journal ◽

10.47773/shj.1998.061.4 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 47-59

Author(s):

Nancy Montilla ◽

◽

Lolito Bestil ◽

Sulpecio Bantugan ◽

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Content ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Amino Acid Supplementation ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Broiler Performance ◽

Acid Supplementation ◽

Low Protein

A feeding trial with broilers was conducted to evaluate the effects of amino acids (lysine and methionine) supplementation of diets low in protein content on the voluntary intake, feed conversion efficiency, broiler performance, and cost and return of broiler production. Results showed cumulative voluntary feed intake was not significantly affected by lowering the protein content of the diet. Cumulative weight gain of broilers was lower with diet when supplemented iwht lysine and methionine to meet requirements. Birds fed with diets low in protein has less efficient feed converstion, but became comparable with those receiveing diets high in protein when supplemented with amino acids. Feed cost per kilogram broiler produced was not significantly affected by diets used in the study, although the low-protien diet with amino acid supplement had the lowest values. In terms of return above feed and chick cost, broilers fed with high-protein diet had the greatest value, but not significantly different from birds fed with low-protien diet with amino acid supplementation which gave about P10 per bird higher returns than those fed low-protein diet without amino acid supplementation.

Download Full-text