scholarly journals Spraying opened sugar beet pulp silage with oregano essential oil helps to sustain quality and stability

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Çayıroğlu ◽  
G Filik ◽  
İ Coşkun ◽  
A Gül Filik ◽  
H Çayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Oregano Essential Oil ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Beet Pulp

This study was conducted to determine the effects of spraying oregano essential oil (OEO) onto sugar beet pulp silage (SBPS) on silage quality and aerobic stability after opening. A factorial experiment with three replicates of three treatments and four time periods was conducted using laboratory-type plastic silos. The treatments were an untreated control, silage sprayed with 10 ml/75 cm2 OEO, and silage sprayed with 20 ml/75 cm2 OEO. The silages were sampled at 0, 72, 120, and 168 hours after spraying. Temperature, L*, a*, and b* colour values, pH, water-soluble carbohydrates, crude nutrient contents, Fleig score, metabolizable energy (ME) value, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total live bacteria (TLB), yeast, and mould formation were assessed. Spraying OEO onto SBPS did not affect L*, a*, and b* values, pH, water-soluble carbohydrates, and Fleig score values, but decreased temperature. Spraying OEO onto the silage increased organic matter, ether extract, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin contents without affecting crude protein, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract, and ME contents. Irrespective of treatment, crude protein, ether extract, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, nitrogen free extract, Fleig score, and ME contents of silages increased with time after spraying. The OEO spraying reduced LAB, TLB, and yeast contents in silages. In conclusion, OEO spraying onto opened SBPS reduced LAB, TLB, and yeast formation and stopped mould growth up to 72 hours without affecting their nutritional properties, suggesting that OEO could be used to ensure the stability of SBPS. Keywords: aerobic stability, mould growth, silage microbiology, nutrients, feeding management

scholarly journals Amino acid contents and intestinal digestibility of lucerne in ruminants as influenced by growth stage

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Homolka ◽  
V. Koukolová ◽  
Z. Němec ◽  
Z. Mudřík ◽  
B. Hučko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Amino Acid Contents ◽  
Intestinal Digestibility

Lucerne (<I>Medicago sativa</I> L. var. Palava), harvested at four successive dates over a 30-day period, was evaluated for chemical composition (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen-free extract, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin), amino acid contents and intestinal digestibility in dairy cows. Dry matter (<I>r</I> = 0.78), organic matter (<I>r</I> = 0.95), crude fibre (<I>r</I> = 0.91), neutral detergent fibre (<I>r</I> = 0.94), acid detergent fibre (<I>r</I> = 0.79) and acid detergent lignin (<I>r</I> = 0.48) presented positive linear correlation coefficients (<I>r</I>) with growth stage, whereas crude protein (<I>r</I> = –0.96), ether extract (<I>r</I> = –0.86) and nitrogen-free extract (<I>r</I> = –0.70) showed negative relationships. Total essential amino acid content decreased (<I>r</I> = –0.94) from 84.1 to 55.3 g/kg of dry matter with maturity, with <I>r</I>-values higher than –0.90 obtained between growth stage and contents of lysine, methionine, threonine and valine. With the exception of tyrosine (<I>r</I> = –0.68), r-values between growth stage and individual non-essential amino acids were all higher than –0.90. Total amino acid (<I>r</I> = –0.98) and nitrogen (<I>r</I> = –0.99) contents presented comparable tendencies with successive sampling times. Whereas no definite trends were detected for the amino acid composition of rumen incubated (16 hours) lucerne samples, the intestinal digestibility of total essential (<I>r</I> = –0.78), total non-essential (<I>r</I> = –0.58) and total (<I>r</I> = –0.69) amino acids as well as nitrogen (<I>r</I> = –0.99) decreased with growth. However, due to a small sample size (<I>n</I> = 4), most linear relationships between constituents and growth stage were insignificant. It can be concluded that, although limited in the sample size, this report presents information on the decrease in amino acid contents and intestinal amino acid digestibility as growth proceeds in lucerne (var. Palava) produced in the Czech Republic, which could be utilized in the feeding of ruminants.

Energy values in pig nutrition:II. The prediction of energy values from dietary chemical analysis

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Morgan ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Dietary Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYEighteen individual feedstuffs and 19 mixed diets were used in a study attempted to relate determined energy values to various chemically determined measures. For cereals the level of fibre could be used to predict digestible and metabolizable energy (DE and ME). In the case of DE the relationships with crude fibre and modified acid detergent fibre (MADF) based on 14 feeds were:DE (kcal/kg D.M.) = 4179–86 MADF (%): r =–0·96; P < 0·01,DE (kcal/kg D.M.) = 4228–140 x crude fibre (%): r =–0·97; P < 0·01.For all feeds the following equations gave the best prediction of energy values from dietary analysis (on the basis of correlation coefficients and residual standard deviations):DE (kcal/kg D.M.) = 109·9 x crude protein (%) + 149·3 x acid ether extract (%) + 90·1 x nitrogen-free extract (%)–5030: R = 0·95; P < 0.01.ME (kcal/kg D.M.) = 99·5 x crude protein (%) + 144·7 x acid ether extract (%) + 87·8 x nitrogen-free extract (%)–4795: R = 0·94; P < 0·01.Digestible nutrients were closely related to DE and ME, e.g.DE (kcal/kg D.M.) = 52·9 x digestible crude protein (%) + 108·3 x digestible ether extract (%) + 39·4 x digestible crude fibre (%) + 39·9 x digestible nitrogen-free extract (%) + 183·7: R = 0·99; P < 0·01.

scholarly journals Content of nutrients and energy in pasture vegetation and their apparent digestibility in Old Kladruber horses

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Eva Straková ◽  
Pavel Suchý
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Pure Protein ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

This study focuses on the determination of apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation nutrients in horses of the Old Kladruber breed through a balance indicator method (determination of acid insoluble ash). When evaluating the nitrogenous substances, their determination was based on the content of pure protein (sum of amino acids) which is more accurate than crude protein. There were differences in the chemical composition of dry matter from pasture vegetation and horse excrements. Regarding crude fat, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, ash, P and Mg, the average values in dry matter of horse excrements were significantly (P≤ 0.01) higher; on the contrary, we found significantly (P≤ 0.01) lower mean values of nitrogen-free extract, organic matter and Ca ​​in the dry mass of pasture grass. The highest coefficient of apparent digestibility for organic nutrients was determined in the nitrogen-free extract (73%) followed with organic matter (71%), pure protein (68%), crude protein (65%) and crude fat (61%). In case of fibre and its fractions, the apparent digestibility coefficients decreased as follows: crude fibre (66%), neutral detergent fibre (66%), acid detergent fibre (63%) and acid detergent lignin (42%). Significantly lower values were determined for coefficients of apparent digestibility for minerals P (16%) and Mg (50%), which highlights the need for their regular supplementation in horses on pasture. This study extends the current state of knowledge regarding the apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation which is a prerequisite for optimal nutrition of horses.

Australian and Spanish scientists are collaborating in the domestication of tedera: young Merino sheep grazing a monoculture of tedera in autumn showed preference for certain accessions but no signs of ill health

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Oldham ◽  
D. Real ◽  
H. J. Bailey ◽  
D. Thomas ◽  
A. Van Burgel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Index ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Relative Preference ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

We hypothesised (i) that sheep grazing a monoculture of tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirton var. albomarginata and var. crassiuscula) would not show signs of photosensitisation or ill health, and (ii) that when given free grazing choice they would show a repeatable preference for certain accessions of tedera related to their chemical composition. We tested this by grazing a group of young merino wethers on a monoculture containing seven accessions of tedera for 21 days. General health was assessed via daily visual checks for skin pinkness on the nose and ears, weekly measures of liveweight, condition score, and blood analysis compared with a group of control sheep fed wheaten hay ad libitum. The Chesson–Manly selection index was used to examine the relative preference of sheep for the seven accessions of tedera over the 21 days. Each accession of tedera was sampled weekly to estimate the dry matter on offer, and these samples were also analysed for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, in vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates, minerals, and concentrations of the furanocoumarins psoralen and angelicin. None of the sheep showed any signs of ill health, with all blood parameters being within the normal reference range. All sheep gained weight and body condition over the 21 days. The difference in the rate of gain in condition score in favour of the sheep grazing tedera over the 21 days (0.014 v. 0.002 unit/sheep.day) was significant (P < 0.001). Sheep showed repeated preference for accessions T31 and T43 (α >0.143). Nutritive value of all accessions of tedera was high. However, only acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre affected the relative preference of the sheep (P < 0.05) and they were only weakly correlated (r2 = 0.208 and 0.165, respectively). We conclude that there are accessions of tedera that are preferred by sheep that could be used to fill the autumn feed gap experienced in the south of Western Australia without any risk to the health of the sheep.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF VARYING CONCENTRATE: GRASS HAY RATIOS ON FEED INTAKE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY BY GROWING WEST AFRICAN FOREST SHEEP

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
I. O. A. Adeleye ◽  
U. J. Ikhatua
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
West African ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Gross Energy

Twelve ram lambs of the West African Forest type of between 15.7 and 24.6 kg were divided into four groups of 3 animals each. A group was assigned to one of four diets consisting of the following concentrate: grass hay ratios - 20 : 80 (A), 40 : 60 (B), 60 : 40 (C) and 80 : 20 (D). Feed intake, nutrient digestibilities and efficiency of feed utilization were measured. As the level of concentrate increased, the contents of crude protein ether extract, nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and gross energy of the diets increased, while the crude fibre and ash contents decreased almost linearly. Voluntary feed intake increased with increasing levels of concentrate, with diet C having a significantly higher (P 0.01) Relative Intake (RI) value than the other diets. Both the Nutritive Value Index (NVI) and Digestible Energy (DE) intake values were significantly higher (P. 0.01) in diets C and D than the other diets. Generally, the digestion coefficients for the gross energy, crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract increased with increasing levels of concentrate, the values being significantly higher (P 0.01) in diets C and D, while diet A showed a significantly lower (P 0.05) dry matter digestion coefficient value when compared with either diets. Although a similar trend was observed in the digestion coefficient for ether extract, the differences were not significant (P 0.05). With the exception of animals on diet C which had the highest daily weight gains, average daily weight gains and efficiency of feed utilization increased with successive substitution of concentrate for grass hay.

Rapid evaluation of pasture quality for a critically endangered mammal, the northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii)

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Woolnough ◽  
William J. Foley
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to predict the nutritive value of forage species available to the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii). Nutritive attributes of the forage successfully estimated included total nitrogen concentration, fibre (including neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid lignin), organic matter, water soluble carbohydrates and in vitro dry matter digestibility. The reported results demonstrate the seasonal variability of the forage resource available to L. krefftii in its tropical savanna habitat. Multivariate modelling of the spectra enabled the nutritive value of forage samples to be estimated with coefficients of determination (r2) of 0.770–0.995 and standard errors of the cross-validation of 0.070–2.850 using a modified partial least-squares analysis technique. The standard error of the laboratory was 0.02–1.42. This study demonstrates that broad-based NIRS predictive equations can be used to predict the nutritive value of a number of plant types available to a herbivore over time. By using NIRS the analyst can rapidly analyse large numbers of samples with limited reduction of precision, thereby enabling large-scale ecological applications that may have previously been impeded by time and costs.

scholarly journals Effects of silage sealing films on fermentation dynamics of ensiled maize and nutrient utilization by Damara rams

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
N.W. Ndleleni ◽  
I.M.M. Malebana ◽  
C.J.L. Du Toit ◽  
K.A. Nephawe ◽  
R Meeske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Nutrient Digestion ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Three Samples

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two silage sealing films on whole crop maize (WCM) fermentation, aerobic stability and nutrient digestion by rams. Prior to ensiling (day 0), triplicate samples of the WCM were collected to determine dry matter, pH, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), lactic acid (LA) bacterial counts and nutrient concentration. A single bunker silo was divided into eight sections that were ensiled using either a standard polyethylene film (PE) or an orange oxygen barrier (OB) Silostop film for 180 days. After 180 days of ensiling, six silage samples were collected from each replicate. Three samples were used for nutrient analysis and the other three to determine aerobic stability. Sixteen four-year-old Damara rams with an average live weight of ± 54 kg were housed individually in wooden pens (2.2 m2) to determine digestibility of nutrient in the silage. The digestibility study was conducted as a switchover design with four feeding phases. The silage was supplemented daily with 1% urea and fed to the rams ad libitum. Nutritional value of the silage was not (P >0.05) affected by the ensiling films. The OB-ensiled maize had higher (P <0.05) LA, lower pH, CO2 production and yeast and mould populations, and lower WSC compared with the PE-ensiled maize. Dry matter intake, nutrient digestion and nitrogen balance of rams fed the silage were not affected (P >0.05) by treatments. The OB film improved the fermentation and aerobic stability of WCM silage but did not influence its nutrient utilization by rams. Keywords: cereals, digestibility, forage, rams, nitrogen, supplementation

scholarly journals Effects of Class IIa Bacteriocin-Producing Lactobacillus Species on Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability of Alfalfa Silage

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1575
Author(s):  
Fuhou Li ◽  
Zitong Ding ◽  
Adegbola T. Adesogan ◽  
Wencan Ke ◽  
Yun Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

The effects of two strains of class IIa bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus delbrueckii F17 and Lactobacillus plantarum (BNCC 336943), or a non-bacteriocin Lactobacillus plantarum MTD/1 (NCIMB 40027), on fermentation quality, microbial counts, and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage were investigated. Alfalfa was harvested at the initial flowering stage, wilted to a dry matter concentration of approximately 32%, and chopped to 1 to 2 cm length. Chopped samples were treated with nothing (control, CON), Lactobacillus delbrueckii F17 (F17), Lactobacillus plantarum (BNCC 336943) (LPB), or Lactobacillus plantarum MTD/1 (NCIMB 40027) (LPN), each at an application rate of 1 × 106 colony-forming units/g of fresh weight. Each treatment was ensiled in quadruplicate in vacuum-sealed polyethylene bags packed with 500 g of fresh alfalfa per bag and ensiled at ambient temperature (25 ± 2 °C) for 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days. The samples were then subjected to an aerobic stability test after 60 days of ensiling. Compared with the CON silage, the inoculants reduced the pH after 14 days of ensiling. After 60 days, pH was lowest in the LPB-treated silage, followed by the F17 and LPN-treated silages. Inoculation of F17 increased concentrations of lactic acid in silages fermented for 7, 14, 30, and 60 days relative to other treatments, except for the LPN-treated silages ensiled for 30 and 60 days, in which the lactic acid concentrations were similar to that of F17 silage. Application of F17 and LPB decreased the number of yeast and mold relative to CON and LPN-treated silages. Compared with the CON silage, inoculant-treated silages had greater aerobic stability, water-soluble carbohydrate, and crude protein concentrations, and lower neutral detergent fiber, amino acid nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen concentrations. The LPB-treated silage had the greatest aerobic stability followed by the F17-treated silage. Both class IIa bacteriocin producing inoculants improved alfalfa silage fermentation quality, reduced the growth of yeasts and molds, and improved the aerobic stability of the ensiled forage to a greater extent than the proven LPN inoculant. However, higher crude protein concentration and lower ammonia nitrogen concentration were observed in LPN-treated silage relative to other treatments.

Insulin response to feeding forage with varying crude protein and amino acid content in horses at rest and after exercise

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ringmark ◽  
A. Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Plasma Insulin Response

This study assessed the insulin response to forage intake with varying crude protein (CP) content in horses at rest and after exercise. Six geldings were fed three grass haylage-only diets for 7 days according to a 3×3 Latin square design. On day 7, blood samples were collected before and for 120 min after feeding 15% of the daily allowance before exercise (feeding A) and after standardised exercise (feeding B). Feed samples were collected before each feeding. Dry matter (DM) and nutrient content varied (DM: 37-58%, water-soluble carbohydrates minus fructans (WSC-f): 3-12% of DM, CP: 10-15% of DM) which resulted in a variation in nutrient intake within haylage batches. Based on individual CP and WSC-f intakes, intake groups were therefore formed (low and high CP intake; ≤ and ≯180 g CP/100 kg body weight, respectively and low and high WSC-f intake; ≤ and ≯100 g/100 kg body weight, respectively). Amino acids were analysed and intakes were generally higher in the high CP group than in the low CP group. An ANOVA model including horse, CP group and WSC-f intake explained 95% of the variation in plasma insulin response compared to 87% using a model including horse and WSC-f group alone. The plasma insulin area under curve (AUC) following feeding A tended to be higher in the high CP group than in the low CP group (P=0.08), but there was no difference after feeding B. Plasma glucose AUC was not affected by CP group (P≯0.05). The study indicates that the post-prandial plasma insulin response in horses fed a forage-only diet is increased by high WSC-f intake but may also be increased by high CP intake, at least at rest. However, due to the low number of observations further studies are needed.

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