scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory effect of neo-lignan isoamericanin A via suppression of NF-κB in liposaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1857-1862
Author(s):  
Ji Yun Yeo ◽  
Kwang Woo Hwang ◽  
So-Young Park
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Active Constituent ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Purpose: To investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of the seeds of Opuntina humifusa and its active constituents.Methods: The extract of O. humifusa seeds was tested for the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in liposaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells using Griess reagent. The active constituents were isolated using bioassay-guided isolation methods. The effects of the active constituent on NO, proinflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor (IκB) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot analysis.Results: The seed extract of O. humifusa significantly attenuated LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells (p < 0.05). Bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of isoamericanin A as an active constituent. Isoamericanin A reduced LPS-induced production of NO, iNOS, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the effect was accompanied by decreased translocation of NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus and the decreased phosphorylation of IκB in the cytosol induced by LPS (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The seed extract of O. humifusa and its active constituent, isoamericanin A, have antiinflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting that they have potentials as antiinflammatory agents. Keywords: Opuntia humifusa seeds, Isoamericanin A, Nitric oxide, RAW 264.7 cells, NF-kappa B

scholarly journals In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of a sterol-enriched fraction from freshwater green alga, Spirogyra sp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
You-Jin Jeon ◽  
Jae-Il Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Green Alga ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Background Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as arthritis and atherosclerosis. In the present study, we evaluated anti-inflammatory activity of sterol-rich fraction prepared from Spirogyra sp., a freshwater green alga, in an effort to find bioactive extracts derived from natural sources. Methods The sterol content of ethanol extract of Spirogyra sp. (SPE) was enriched by fractionation with hexane (SPEH), resulting 6.7 times higher than SPE. Using this fraction, the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and zebrafish. Results SPEH effectively and dose-dependently decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). SPEH suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β through downregulating nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. The in vivo test results indicated that SPEH significantly and dose-dependently reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cell death, and NO production in LPS-stimulated zebrafish. Conclusions These results demonstrate that SPEH possesses strong in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities and has the potential to be used as healthcare or pharmaceutical material for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF TINOCRISPOSIDE BY INHIBITING NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES-STIMULATED RAW 264.7 CELLS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adek Zamrud Adnan ◽  
Muhammad Taher ◽  
Tika Afriani ◽  
Annisa Fauzana ◽  
Dewi Imelda Roesma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

 Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of tinocrisposide using lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Tinocrisposide is a furano diterpene glycoside that was isolated in our previous study from Tinospora crispa.Methods: Anti-inflammatory effect was quantified spectrometrically using Griess method by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production after the addition of Griess reagent.Results: The sample concentrations of 1, 5, 25, 50, and 100 μM and 100 μM of dexamethasone (positive control) have been tested against the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and the results showed NO level production of 39.23, 34.00, 28.9, 20.25, 16.3, and 13.68 μM, respectively, and the inhibition level of 22.67, 33.00, 43.03, 60.10, 68.00, and 73%, respectively.Conclusions: From the study, it could be concluded that tinocrisposide was able to inhibit the formation of NO in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in concentration activity-dependent manner, with half-maximal inhibition concentration 46.92 μM. It can be developed as anti-inflammatory candidate drug because NO is a reactive nitrogen species which is produced by NO synthase. The production of NO has been established as a mediator in inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 4-((1R,2R)-3-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenol Isolated from Juglans mandshurica Maxim. in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Zebrafish Larvae Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 771
Author(s):  
Su-Hyeon Cho ◽  
SeonJu Park ◽  
Hoibin Jeong ◽  
Song-Rae Kim ◽  
Myeong Seon Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Juglans Mandshurica ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Juglans mandshurica Maxim., a traditional folk medicinal plant, is widely distributed in Korea and China. In our previous study, we isolated a new phenylpropanoid compound, 4-((1R,2R)-3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (HHMP), from J. mandshurica. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of HHMP on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and zebrafish larvae. HHMP significantly inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 production in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, HHMP treatment considerably suppressed LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. We also demonstrated the mechanisms of HHMP inhibition of inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells via Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, HHMP significantly inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated zebrafish larvae. Consequently, we established that HHMP significantly inhibited the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and MAPK and the nuclear translocation of p65 in RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the effect of HHMP on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its potential to be used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.

scholarly journals Chemical Profiles and Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Essential Oils from Seseli gummiferum and Seseli corymbosum subsp. corymbosum

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601101
Author(s):  
Alev Tosun ◽  
Jaemoo Chun ◽  
Igor Jerković ◽  
Zvonimir Marijanović ◽  
Maurizio A. Fenu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Gene Assay ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils from Seseli corymbosum subsp. corymbosum Pall. ex Sm. (SC) and Seseli gummiferum Boiss. & Heldr. subsp. corymbosum (SG) was investigated for the first time on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The main constituents (determined by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses) were germacrene D (54.1%) and sabinene (22.4%) in SG oil and β-phellandrene (29.2%), α-phellandrene (8.2%) and germacrene D (2.5%) in SC oil. SC and SG oils inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production with IC50 values of 56.1 and 108.2 μg/mL, respectively. The oils also inhibited prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with IC50 values of 49.4 μg/mL (SC oil) and 95.5 μg/mL (SG oil). The inhibitory effect of SC and SG oils was accompanied by dose-dependent decreases of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expressions in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The research of the reporter gene assay on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) showed that SC and SG oils inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activity. The obtained results suggest that SC and SG oils exert the anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by suppressing NF-κB activation.

scholarly journals Auraptene, a Monoterpene Coumarin, Inhibits LTA-Induced Inflammatory Mediators via Modulating NF-κB/MAPKs Signaling Pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Chih-Hsuan Hsia ◽  
Thanasekaran Jayakumar ◽  
Wan-Jung Lu ◽  
Joen-Rong Sheu ◽  
Chih-Wei Hsia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Objective. Oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory events involve in the progress of several diseases such as asthma, cancers, and multiple sclerosis. Auraptene (AU), a natural prenyloxycoumarin, possesses numerous pharmacological activities. Here, the anti-inflammatory effects of AU were investigated in lipoteichoic acid- (LTA-) induced macrophage cells (RAW 264.7). Methods. The expression of cyclooxygenase (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), heme oxygenase (HO-1), p65, and IκBα were all identified by western blotting assay. The level of nitric oxide (NO) was measured by spectrometer analysis. The nuclear translocation of p65 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was assessed by the confocal microscopic staining method. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed to perceive the activity of antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT). Results. AU expressively reduced NO production and COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1 β, and iNOS expression in LTA-stimulated cells. AU at higher concentration (10 µM) inhibited ERK and JNK, but not p38 phosphorylation induced by LTA. Moreover, AU blocked IκB and p65 phosphorylation, and p65 nuclear translocation. However, AU pretreatment was not effective on antioxidant HO-1 expression, CAT activity, and reduced glutathione (GSH, a nonenzymatic antioxidant), in LTA-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion. The findings of this study advocate that AU shows anti-inflammatory effects via reducing NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ribes diacanthum Pall Mediated via Regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages and a TPA-Induced Dermatitis Animal Model

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 622
Author(s):  
Na Yeon Kim ◽  
Sun Hee Cheong ◽  
Kun Jong Lee ◽  
Dai-Eun Sok ◽  
Mee Ree Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Ribes diacanthum Pall (RDP) is a Mongolian traditional medicine used to treat renal inflammation. In the present study, we initially investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action of ethylacetate extract of RDP (EARDP) in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced dermatitis in mice. We demonstrated that EARDP protected against LPS-induced cell death by inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, as well as the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β. EARDP inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α) and the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, indicating that the anti-inflammatory effect of EARDP was mediated via the suppression of NF-κB nuclear translocation. In addition, EARDP induced the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), indicating that EARDP induced HO-1 via the Nrf2 pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, EARDP significantly suppressed the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, ZnPP, a specific inhibitor of HO-1, reversed the EARDP-mediated inhibition of NO and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. EARDP blocked the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In the in vivo animal model, EARDP significantly and dose-dependently reduced TPA-induced secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in mouse ear. Based on these results, EARDP represents a promising natural compound, protective against oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Selenium deficiency increases the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in RAW 264.7 macrophages: role of nuclear factor-κB in up-regulation

2002 ◽  
Vol 366 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sandeep PRABHU ◽  
Faith ZAMAMIRI-DAVIS ◽  
Jennifer B. STEWART ◽  
Jerry T. THOMPSON ◽  
Lorraine M. SORDILLO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Inos Expression ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Se Status

The inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is implicated in atherosclerosis, malignancy, rheumatoid arthritis, tissue and reperfusion injuries. A key determinant of the pro-oxidant versus protective effects of NO is the underlying redox status of the tissue. Selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) and thioredoxin reductases, are key components of cellular defence and promote optimal antioxidant/oxidant balance. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between Se status, iNOS expression and NO production in Se-deficient and Se-supplemented RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines. The cellular GPx activity, a measure of Se status, was 17-fold lower in Se-deficient RAW 264.7 cells and the total cellular oxidative tone, as assessed by flow cytometry with 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, was higher in the Se-deficient cells than the Se-supplemented cells. Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of these cells in culture, we found significantly higher iNOS transcript and protein expression levels with an increase in NO production in Se-deficient RAW 264.7 cells than the Se-supplemented cells. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)—luciferase reporter assays and Western blot analyses indicate that the increased expression of iNOS in Se deficiency could be due to an increased activation and consequent nuclear localization of the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB. These results suggest an inverse relationship between cellular Se status and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and provide evidence for the beneficial effects of dietary Se supplementation in the prevention and/or treatment of oxidative-stress-mediated inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals A medicinal plant Cudrania tricuspidata ameliorates allergic inflammation in mouse

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1213-1220
Author(s):  
Y.S. Kim ◽  
◽  
A.R. Ryu ◽  
C.R. Yoon ◽  
J.W. Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Mouse Serum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Cudrania Tricuspidata ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Aim: This study aims at investigating the effect of ethanol extract of Cudrania tricuspidata twigs on in vitro and in vivo allergic inflammation. Methodology: The ethanol extract of twigs from Cudrania tricuspidata (CTE) was prepared. The effects of CTE on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in Raw 264.7 cells were examined. 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced allergic inflammation model of mouse was constructed for in vivo study. The anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of CTE were examined through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis. Results: The LPS-induced NO level was significantly reduced by Cudrania tricuspidata application in Raw 264.7 cells. LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was also reduced by CTE, showing CTE’s anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, CTE reduced DNCB-induced IgE level in the mouse serum. The suppressive effect on the allergic inflammation stimulated by DNCB in the mouse model was investigated in terms of IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α level and PAR-2 expression. Interpretation: The ethanol extract of Cudrania tricuspidata twigs can be developed as a potent therapeutics for allergic inflammation.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effects of Aucklandia lappa Decne. Extract on Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses in LPS-Treated Macrophages

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1336
Author(s):  
Jae Sung Lim ◽  
Sung Ho Lee ◽  
Sang Rok Lee ◽  
Hyung-Ju Lim ◽  
Yoon-Seok Roh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Aucklandia lappa Decne., known as “Mok-hyang” in Korea, has been used for the alleviation of abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and stress gastric ulcers in traditional oriental medicine. We investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of the ethanol extract of Aucklandia lappa Decne. (ALDE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. ALDE significantly inhibited the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 cells. The production of other proinflammatory mediators, including COX-2, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, was reduced by ALDE in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of ALDE was elucidated to be the suppression of LPS-induced nuclear translocation of p65, followed by the degradation of IκB and the inhibition of the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). In addition, ALDE showed enhanced radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant effect of ALDE was caused by the enhanced expression of heme oxygenase (HO-1) via stabilization of the expression of the nuclear transcription factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Collectively, these results indicated that ALDE not only exerts anti-inflammatory effects via the suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways but also has an antioxidative effect through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

IN-VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS FROM BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH MARINE SPONGES: THEONELLA SP.

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Aisha Mohd Radzi ◽  
Yosie Andriani ◽  
Habsah M. ◽  
Tengku Sifzizul Tengku Mohamad ◽  
Jasnizat Saidin
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Marine Organism ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

In recent years, high numbers of research focusing on secondary metabolites produced by terrestrial bacteria towards anti-inflammatory properties but, minority of them used bacteria associated to marine organism. In this study, 25 bacteria colonies were isolated from sponge Theonella sp. which was collected from Bidong Island, Terengganu. Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of secondary metabolites produced by these bacteria were studied using macrophage cell lines: RAW 264.7 .Macrophage plays a role in mammalian immune system by providing defense against a foreign harmful substance for example Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which induces production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO). Inhibition of NO production in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells is highly established assay to screen for anti-inflammatory activity. All isolates were cultured and supernatants were collected for the extraction of secondary metabolites using diaion HP-20 to obtain crude extracts. Evaluations of the cytotoxicity effect of the extracts on RAW 264.7 were done using MTT assay. The highest concentration sample producing lowest toxicity effect was used for anti-inflammatory assay. Macrophages were induced with LPS before treated with different concentrations of crude metabolites in anti-inflammatory assay. The effects of crude secondary metabolites extracted to the induced macrophage were monitored by observing the inhibition level of Nitric Oxide (NO) released by RAW 264.7 into supernatant and estimated from nitrate standard curve. A preliminary assay revealed that isolate label with TM1.8 and TM 1.9 possesses anti-inflammatory activities of 112.06% and 109.7% respectively for every 1ug/L sample. The result suggested that these two crude extracts were more effective in inhibiting NO production compared to positive control N-Monomethyl-L-arginine Monoacetate (L-NMMA) which showed an inhibitory activity at 87.41% for every 1ug/L sample.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document