Identification of mealybugs, soft scale insects and their predators in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
A.M. Zongoma ◽  
D.B. Dangora ◽  
M. Sétamou ◽  
M.D. Alegbejo ◽  
O.J. Alabi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Grapevine Virus ◽  
Maconellicoccus Hirsutus ◽  
Anagyrus Kamali ◽  
Leafroll Disease ◽  
Ecological Region

Insect-vectored viruses are a major threat to grapevine production but there is a dearth of information on the occurrence and distribution of key grapevine pests in Nigeria. The recent detection of grapevine leafroll associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1), a known insect-vectored ampelovirus, in Nigeria elevates the importance of the identification of its potential vectors as a precursor to assessing the risk of grapevine leafroll disease spread. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and diversity of potential vectors of grapevine viruses and their natural enemies in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria. Forty vineyard and nursery locations were surveyed during 2016 and 45 arthropod samples were collected. The samples were first morphologically identified, and DNA barcoding was conducted on a subset of 16 representative samples using universal primers specific to the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene of most insects. The results indicated the presence of two species of scale insects (Parasaissetia nigra and Saissetia coffeae) and two mealybug species (Maconellicoccus hirsutus and Ferrisia virgata), some ofwhich are potential grapevine virus vectors, in Nigerian vineyards. In addition, the natural enemies of these insect species were detected which includes three species of parasitoids (Anagyrus kamali, Anagyrus pseudococci and Encarsia inaron) and one predator (Hyperaspidius mimus). While the detection of mealybugs and scale insects underscore the risk of vector-mediated virus spread in Nigerian vineyards, the identification of their natural enemies indicates presence of natural biological control agents to facilitate an integrated management of economically important grapevine virus diseases in the country. Keywords: Mealybugs; scale insects; parasitoids and predators; insect vectors; grapevine viruses.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses in British Columbia

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. 2088-2097 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Poojari ◽  
J. Boulé ◽  
N. DeLury ◽  
D. T. Lowery ◽  
M. Rott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Relative Incidence ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Family ◽  
Leafroll Disease ◽  
Composite Samples

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is a complex associated with one or more virus species belonging to the family Closteroviridae. The majority of viruses in this complex are vectored by one or more species of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) and/or scale insects (Coccidae). Grape-growing regions of British Columbia (BC), including Okanagan, Similkameen, and Fraser valleys and Kamloops (BC central interior), Vancouver, and Gulf islands, were surveyed during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons for the presence of four major grapevine leafroll-associated viruses, including Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1), GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, and GLRaV-4. In total, 3,056 composite five-vine samples were collected from 153 Vitis vinifera and three interspecific hybrid vineyard blocks. The results showed GLRaV-3 to be the most widespread, occurring in 16.7% of the composite samples, followed by GLRaV-4 (3.9%), GLRaV-1 (3.8%), and GLRaV-2 (3.0%). Mixed infections of two or more GLRaVs were found in 4.1% of the total samples. The relative incidence of GLRaVs differed among regions and vineyard blocks of a different age. Characterization of partial CO1 region from a total of 241 insect specimens revealed the presence of Pseudococcus maritimus, Parthenolecanium corni, and other Pulvinaria sp. in BC vineyards. Spatial patterns of GLRaV-3 infected grapevines in three vineyard blocks from three different regions in the Okanagan Valley showed variable degrees of increase in disease spread ranging from 0 to 19.4% over three growing seasons. Regional differences in the relative incidence and spread of GLD underline the need for region-based management programs for BC vineyards.

scholarly journals Population fluctuations in the pink hibiscus mealybug and its natural enemies in Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) in Roraima, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo NEGRINI ◽  
Elisangela G. F. MORAIS ◽  
Jéssica S. R. BATISTA ◽  
Edvan A. CHAGAS
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
South American ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Annona Squamosa ◽  
Maconellicoccus Hirsutus ◽  
Anagyrus Kamali ◽  
Pink Hibiscus Mealybug ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
South American Continent

ABSTRACT Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae), a species of economic interest, especially for fruit plants, is expanding on the South American continent. Information about the population dynamics of this pest associated with control by natural enemies and cultural practices is fundamental for its management. Our objective was to study the population fluctuations in M. hirsutus and its natural enemies in a sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) orchard in Roraima, northern Brazil. Trees were evaluated monthly over a 12-month period. Infestation rates by M. hirsutus and its parasitism were also estimated for potential host plants around the study area. Highest infestation occurred in August and February-March. Alternative hosts were infested during the off-season, mainly fruit. Lacewings and the parasitoid Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) were abundant natural enemies. Average parasitism by A. kamali in fruits was 50%, with highest rates in periods of greatest infestation by M. hirsutus. Fruitification pruning reduced M. hirsutus populations.

scholarly journals Mealybug Transmission of Grapevine Leafroll Viruses: An Analysis of Virus–Vector Specificity

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 830-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Wei Tsai ◽  
Adib Rowhani ◽  
Deborah A. Golino ◽  
Kent M. Daane ◽  
Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Virus Vector ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Vector Transmission ◽  
Planococcus Ficus ◽  
Grapevine Leafroll Disease ◽  
Leafroll Disease

To understand ecological factors mediating the spread of insect-borne plant pathogens, vector species for these pathogens need to be identified. Grapevine leafroll disease is caused by a complex of phylogenetically related closteroviruses, some of which are transmitted by insect vectors; however, the specificities of these complex virus–vector interactions are poorly understood thus far. Through biological assays and phylogenetic analyses, we studied the role of vector-pathogen specificity in the transmission of several grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs) by their mealybug vectors. Using plants with multiple virus infections, several virus species were screened for vector transmission by the mealybug species Planococcus ficus and Pseudococcus longispinus. We report that two GLRaVs (-4 and -9), for which no vector transmission evidence was available, are mealybug-borne. The analyses performed indicated no evidence of mealybug–GLRaV specificity; for example, different vector species transmitted GLRaV-3 and one vector species, Planococcus ficus, transmitted five GLRaVs. Based on available data, there is no compelling evidence of vector–virus specificity in the mealybug transmission of GLRaVs. However, more studies aimed at increasing the number of mealybug species tested as vectors of different GLRaVs are necessary. This is especially important given the increasing importance of grapevine leafroll disease spread by mealybugs in vineyards worldwide.

scholarly journals Exotic urban trees conserve similar natural enemy communities to native congeners but have fewer pests

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Frank ◽  
Kristi M. Backe ◽  
Casey McDaniel ◽  
Matthew Green ◽  
Sarah Widney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Exotic Trees ◽  
Exotic Tree ◽  
Native Tree Species ◽  
Arthropod Pest

Urban trees serve a critical conservation function by supporting arthropod and vertebrate communities but are often subject to arthropod pest infestations. Native trees are thought to support richer arthropod communities than exotic trees but may also be more susceptible to herbivorous pests. Exotic trees may be less susceptible to herbivores but provide less conservation value as a consequence. We tested the hypotheses that native species in Acer and Quercus would have more herbivorous pests than exotic congeners and different communities of arthropod natural enemies. The density of scale insects, common urban tree pests, was greatest on a native Acer and a native Quercus than exotic congeners in both years of our research (2012 and 2016) and sometimes reached damaging levels. However, differences in predator and parasitoid abundance, diversity, and communities were not consistent between native and exotic species in either genus and were generally similar. For example, in 2012 neither predator nor parasitoid abundance differed among native and exotic Acer congeners but in 2016 a native species, A. saccharum, had the least of both groups. A native, Q. phellos, had significantly more predators and parasitoids in 2012 than its native and exotic congeners but no differences in 2016. Parasitoid communities were significantly different among Acer species and Quercus species due in each case to greater abundance of a single family on one native tree species. These native and exotic tree species could help conserve arthropod natural enemies and achieve pest management goals.

Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3291 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS HODGSON
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Phenacoccus Solenopsis ◽  
Maconellicoccus Hirsutus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Family ◽  
Male Morphology

In the past, the morphology of adult males of Coccoidea has provided strong support for diagnosing the higher taxonstatus of scale insects (Coccoidea). In particular, studies on adult male morphology have produced some of the stron-gest evidence for considering the Putoidae and Eriococcidae (as then defined) as separate families from the Pseudo-coccidae. This paper uses adult male morphology to assess the relationships of the Pseudococcidae and the hypogaeicand myrmecophilous mealybugs. The latter most often are classified as a subfamily (Rhizoecinae) of the Pseudococ-cidae. In order to diagnose the latter taxa, the adult males of fifteen named species of hypogaeic rhizoecine mealybugs(Kissrhizoecus hungaricus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton), Rh. coffeae Laing, Rh.dianthi Green, Rh. falcifer Künckel d’Herculais, Rh. kazachstanus Matesova, Ripersiella cryphia (Williams), Ri.hibisci (Kawai & Takagi), Ri. kondonis (Kuwana), Ri. malschae (Williams), Ri. puhiensis (Hambleton), Capitisetellamigrans (Green) and Pseudorhizoecus proximus Green) plus two unidentified Ripersiella species are described. Inaddition, the adult males of a Xenococcus sp., three Eumyrmococcus spp. and two Neochavesia spp. are illustratedfrom previously published papers and the adult male of another Neochavesia sp. is described and illustrated. In orderto compare the diagnoses of the above taxa with that of adult males of Pseudococcidae (minus the Rhizoecinae), theadult males of two apterous pseudococcid mealybugs are described or redescribed: Asaphococcus agninus Cox andthe myrmecophilous Promyrmococcus dilli Williams, both belonging to the Pseudococcinae. In addition, threemacropterous Pseudococcidae, namely Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Phenacoccinae), Planococcus glaucus(Maskell) and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcinae) are also described and/or illustrated. Prior to thisstudy, the hypogaeic and myrmecophilous mealybugs generally were included in the subfamily Rhizoecinae of thePseudococcidae, with the hypogaeic mealybugs in tribe Rhizoecini and the myrmecophilous mealybugs in Xenococ-cini. Based on the present study and on phylogenetic data, it is concluded that the rhizoecine mealybugs form a sepa-rate family from the Pseudococcidae — Rhizoecidae Williams. This family is considered here to include twosubfamilies, Rhizoecinae Williams and Xenococcinae Tang. Based on adult male characters, there is little support forthe present generic divisions of the Rhizoecinae. Keys are given for separating the adult males of Rhizoecidae from those of Pseudococcidae, and for separating the known adult males within each subfamily.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 in Two Ornamental Grapevine Cultivars in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Karthikeyan ◽  
O. J. Alabi ◽  
R. A. Naidu
Keyword(s):  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Grapevine Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Vitis Species ◽  
Grapevine Virus A ◽  
One Step ◽  
Leafroll Disease

Roger's Red, an interspecific hybrid between wild grape (Vitis californica, native to northern California) and the V. vinifera cv. Alicante Bouschet (1), and Claret Vine (V. vinifera cv. Purpurea Nana) are grown for their ornamental value in home gardens and other settings. We collected potted grapevines of Roger's Red and Claret Vine showing dull green-to-scarlet red leaves from two different retail nurseries in the Richland-Kennewick area and Prosser, WA, respectively. Since these symptoms ‘mimic’ grapevine leafroll disease, we tested petiole samples from four grapevines per cultivar for a panel of grapevine-infecting viruses by single-tube one-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (4). All samples tested positive only for Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1; genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae). To further confirm these results, total RNA was subjected to RT-PCR to amplify a portion of the heat shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h), coat protein duplicate 2 (CPd2), and ORF 9 (p24) of GLRaV-1. RT was performed at 52°C for 60 min, followed by 35 cycles of PCR (30 s denaturation at 94°C, 45 s annealing at 55°C, and 30 s extension at 72°C) and a 5 min final extension step at 72°C. Primers specific to HSP70h (HSP70h/416F: 5′-CAGGCGTCGTTTGTACTGTG and HSP70h/955R: 5′-TCGGACAGCGTTTAAGTTCC), CPd2 (CPd2/F: 5′-GTTACGGCCCTTTGTTTATTATGG and CPd2/R: 5′-CGACCCCTTTATTGTTTGAGTATG) and ORF 9 (p24/F: 5′-CGATGGCGTCACTTATACCTAAG and p24/R (5′-CACACCAAATTGCTAGCGATAGC) were designed based on GLRaV-1 sequence (GenBank Accession No. AF195822) to amplify 540, 398, and 633 base pair (bp) DNA fragments, respectively. To verify that the amplified products were specific to the genome of GLRaV-1, the amplicons were cloned into pCR2.1 vector (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, CA) and three independent clones for each amplicon were sequenced in both directions. Pairwise comparison of HSP70h (Accession Nos. HQ833472 and HQ833473), CPd2 (Accession Nos. HQ833474 and HQ833475), and p24 (Accession Nos. HQ833476 and HQ833477) sequences from Roger's Red and Claret Vine showed 100, 96, and 99% identities, respectively, between them, and 86 to 100, 80 to 97, and 86 to 90% nucleotide sequence identities, respectively, with corresponding sequences of GLRaV-1 isolates deposited in GenBank. We further confirmed the presence of GLRaV-1 in these two ornamental grape cultivars by double antibody sandwich-ELISA using commercially available antibodies (Bioreba AG, Reinach, Germany). Previous studies have reported the presence of GLRaV-2 and -3 (1,3) and Grapevine virus A and B (2,3) in Roger's Red. To our knowledge, this study represents the first report of the occurrence of GLRaV-1 in two Vitis species distributed as ornamental grapes. It is important to prevent virus spread via the supply of virus-tested ornamental grapevines by commercial nurseries. References: (1) G. S. Dangl et al. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 61:266, 2010. (2) D. A. Golino et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 99(suppl.):S44, 2009. (3) V. Klaassen et al. Online publication. doi:10.1094/PDIS-09-10-0621. Plant Dis., 2011. (4) T. A. Mekuria et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 99(suppl.):S83, 2009.

scholarly journals Asma ve Narlardan İzole Edilen Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 İzolatlarının Kısmi Sekanslarının Karşılaştırmalı Genomik Analizleri

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1136
Author(s):  
Eminur Elçi ◽  
Mona Gazel ◽  
Kadriye Çağlayan
Keyword(s):  
Movement Protein ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Grapevine Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
New Host ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Leafroll Disease

Grapevine leafroll disease is one of the worldwide diseases with economic importance among grapevine virus diseases since many years. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1) is the first identified virus related to leafroll viruses which are belonged to Closterovirus and Ampelovirus. Leafroll symptoms are typical for this virus and it causes yield losses on grapevines. Pomegranates are also economically important trees and up to now; only a few viral agents were identified in this plant species and in the last years, it was reported that pomegranate could be as a new host of GLRaV-1. Aim of this study was to compare GLRaV-1 isolates from grapevine and pomegranates. For this purpose, dsRNA and total RNA isolations were done and RT-PCR analysis were conducted by using primers of movement protein (p24) and heatshock70 protein (HSP70h) genes of GLRaV-1 and PCR products were cloned and sequenced in the collected samples from Hatay and Niğde in 2014. -PCR analysis was done by using degenerated primer heatshock 70 homolog protein of Closterovirus. Blast and phylogenetic analysis were performed with the obtained partial nucleotid sequences. At the end of this study, it was ensured that GLRaV-1 isolates isolated from the pomegranate, which is thought to be a new host, were analysed comparatively with the grapevine isolates and high similarities were detected between isolates.

scholarly journals Inter-species horizontal toxicity: Experimental control of Argentine ants and their citrophilus mealybug mutualists in a viticultural system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Catherine Hardiman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Argentine Ants ◽  
Invasive Ant ◽  
Food Research ◽  
Leafroll Disease ◽  
Low Toxicity

<p>The invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, is known to form a trophobiotic association with honeydew excreting homopterans Pseudococcus sp. providing protection from natural enemies in exchange for the honeydew they excrete. The vine mealybug Pseudococcus calceolariae, can transmit Grapevine leafroll- associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) between vines as it travels and feeds with the ensuing leafroll disease negatively impacting on vine health and wine quality. Therefore, if an effective chemical control method targeting incursions of Argentine ants in vineyards contributes to the dissociation of this invasive ant species with its citrophilus mealybug mutualist, then in theory the spread of GLRaV-3 in vineyards by its mealybug vector can be stemmed. Three insecticidal treatments targeting Argentine ants in the canopy of potted Pinot Noir grapevines inoculated with citrophilus mealybugs were trialled at a field site established in Nelson during the summer of 2016/2017. Bifenthrin (1200ppm) was sprayed on vine trunks and the low- toxicity baits, thiamethoxam (0.0006%) or boric acid (0.5%) carried in polyacrylamide gel with 25% sucrose and 0.15% citric acid solution, were placed at the base of vines. A significant decline in ant activity (p < 0.001) and citrophilus mealybugs was observed for the bifenthrin treatment. A follow-on bioassay was conducted at Mt. Albert Plant and Food Research, in the absence of P. calceolariae’s natural enemies to test the hypothesis that the decline in citrophilus mealybugs in response to vines treated with bifenthrin, could in fact be due to inter-species horizontal toxicity because of Argentine ants transferring the toxicant bifenthrin to citrophilus mealybugs while tending them or contaminating the substrate that they fed on. The significant decrease in average citrophilus mealybug activity rate (p < 0.001) for bifenthrin treatments compared with the controls provides evidence for inter-species horizontal toxicity. Bifenthrin sprayed on grapevine trunks may be suitable to control Argentine ants in the vine canopy and indirectly control P. calceolariae, a known vector of GLRaV-3 between grapevine hosts. The concept of inter-species horizontal toxicity could become a model for targeted pest management by exploiting different insect mutualisms in various horticultural cropping systems.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document