Microbial quality of drinking water from groundtanks and tankers at source and point-of-use in eThekwini Municipality, South Africa, and its relationship to health outcomes

Aims: To assess contamination of drinking water in rural Zimbabwe and South Africa Methods: We conducted a cohort study of 254 children aged 12-24 months in rural South Africa and Zimbabwe. In dry and wet seasons, we measured water quality, using the indicator organism E. coli, at improved and unimproved sources, in household storage and drinking cups. We also recorded hygiene and socio-economic factors for each household. Results: For improved sources, samples with E. coli counts less than 10 cfu/100ml were as follows: at source: 165 (88%); in household storage 137 (59%); in drinking cups 91 (49%). The corresponding values for unimproved sources were: source 47 (29%); household storage 32 (19%); drinking cups 21 (18%). This significant deterioration in microbial quality of water from improved sources was seen in both countries and both survey rounds. Conclusion: Although improved sources generally delivered ‘safe’ water at the point-of-supply, 12% of source samples were contaminated and as such were ‘unsafe’. Furthermore, in household storage, more than 40% of samples were ‘unsafe’. For monitoring the Millennium Development Goal for water, UNICEF-WHO are assuming an equivalence between ‘improved’ sources and ‘safe’ water. Our findings suggest that this equivalence may be unsound.

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Evaluation of the CDC safe water-storage intervention to improve the microbiological quality of point-of-use drinking water in rural communities in South Africa

Water SA ◽

10.4314/wsa.v35i4.76810 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

N Potgieter ◽

PJ Becker ◽

MM Ehlers

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Water Storage ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Safe Water ◽

Point Of Use

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An Integrated Approach to Hygiene, Sanitation, and Storage Practices for Improving Microbial Quality of Drinking Water Treated at Point of Use: A Case Study in Makwane Village, South Africa

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18126313 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 6313

Author(s):

Resoketswe Charlotte Moropeng ◽

Phumudzo Budeli ◽

Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Microbial Quality ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Point Of Use ◽

And Storage

This study assessed the impact of sanitation practices, hygienic and storage conditions on the quality of drinking water treated at point-of-use in Makwane Village. Subsequent to implementation of low-cost Household Water Treatment Devices which are the biosand filter with zeolite-silver (BSZ-SICG) and silver-impregnated porous pot (SIPP) filters in Makwane village, a structured questionnaire was designed to collect the following information: age of caretakers, number of children under the age of five, water storage conditions, sanitation amenities, and hygiene practices. Water quality from the sources to household level was assessed using culture-based and molecular techniques. The results revealed a significant association between the presence of Escherichia coli in treated drinking water with the age group of caregivers and the number of children ofless than the age of five [OR (95% CI) = 8.4737 (0.147–3.3497), p = 0.0141923 and OR (95% CI) = 9.1667 (0.1848–3.0159); p = 0.0165830, respectively]. Moreover, significant association was noted between hygiene practices (washing of hands with/without soap) and water quality in storage containers [OR (95% CI) = 16.000 (0.6763–3.9495), p = 0.0000125]. These findings further prove that there is still a dire need for reconsidering hygiene education in rural areas as the health benefits of water treated at point of use (POU) coupled with safe-storage condition interventions might not be guaranteed without proper hygiene. The results further highlighted the importance of washing hands in improving microbial quality of drinking water, which is the key factor for fighting against infectious diseases.

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Microbial Quality of Drinking Water and Prevalence of Water-Related Diseases in Marigat Urban Centre, Kenya

Environmental Health Insights ◽

10.1177/1178630219836988 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 117863021983698 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mercy Mandere Osiemo ◽

George Morara Ogendi ◽

Charles M’Erimba

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Potable Water ◽

Water Sources ◽

Dry Season ◽

Microbial Quality ◽

Wet Season ◽

E Coli ◽

Point Of Use

Background: Accessibility to potable water is a fundamental right for dignity and well-being. Despite this observation, more than 1.1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water. This is particularly true in the Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia regions. Objective: The main aim of this study was to assess microbial quality of drinking water and prevalence of water-related diseases in Marigat town, Baringo County, Kenya. Methods: Samples of drinking water were collected from water sources (boreholes, rivers, and wells) and at the point of use (households) and analyzed for Escherichia coli and total coliform (TC) bacteria using the most probable number method. In situ measurements of pH and temperature were performed using a Wagtech International portable meter. Clinical health records from the local health centers were also reviewed to assess the prevalence rates of some of the water-related diseases. Results: There were significant differences among water sources during dry season for E coli (F2,21 = 3.629, P < .05) and TC (F2,21 = 4.041, P < .05). Similar observations were made during wet season for E coli (F2,21 = 4.090, P < .05) and TC (F2,21 = 1.893, P < .05). Furthermore, there were significant interactions between the water sources and season for E coli (F2,42 = 7.66, P < .01) and TC (F2,42 = 5.494, P < .05). Drinking water in large plastic storage containers (herein referred to as sky-plast) had the highest E coli and TC concentrations. Typhoid was the most prevalent water-related disease during the dry season (10%), whereas diarrhea (3%) was the most prevalent during the wet season. Conclusions and recommendations: All drinking water at abstraction and point of use for Marigat residents are microbiologically contaminated and therefore pose serious health risks to consumers of such water. Thus, there is need for public health awareness campaigns on household water management to curb incidences of water-related diseases. Public health practitioners at county and national levels need to ensure that households have adequate access to potable water and improved sanitation.

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Contamination of drinking water between source and point-of-use in rural households of South Africa and Zimbabwe: implications for monitoring the Millennium Development Goal for water

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2006032 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Stephen W. Gundry

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Households ◽

Millennium Development Goal ◽

Development Goal ◽

Point Of Use

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN DIARE PADA ANAK USIA 4-6 TAHUN

Jurnal Vokasi Kesehatan ◽

10.30602/jvk.v3i1.78 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Selviana Selviana ◽

Elly Trisnawati ◽

Sitti Munawarah

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Water Storage ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Microbial Quality ◽

Community Based ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test

Abstract: Factors Related To Occurrence Of Diarrhea In 4-6 Year Children. Diarrhea cases in 4-6-year-old children in Desa Kalimas raised annually, from 10% in 2013 to 33% in 2014, and 35% in 2015. This study aimed at factors related to diarrhea cases in 4-6-year-old children in Desa Kalimas Kecamatan Sungai Kakap. Cross Sectional approach was used forty one sample participated in this study. They were selected by using proportional random sampling technique. The data analysis using chi-square test with a 95% confidence level. The study revealed significant correlation of hand washing (p = 0,043 ; PR = 2,175), microbial quality of drinking water storage (p = 0,016 ; PR = 1,462), availability of family latrine (p = 0,003 ; PR = 3,242), and diarrhea cases. There was no significant correlation between diarrhea cases are the habit of boiling water with the microbial quality of drinking water, the source of water for washing cutlery, and microbial of drinking water, (p > 0,05). It is hoped health authorized staffs in Desa Kalimas apply community- based total sanitation, enhance clean and healthy behaviour, and socialize healthy drinking water storage based on Regulation of Minister of Healthy No. 3/2014.Abstrak: Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Diare Pada Anak Usia 4-6 Tahun. Angka kejadian diare pada anak usia 4-6 tahun di Desa Kalimas mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya. Tahun 2013 kejadian diare sebesar 10%, tahun 2014 sebesar 33% dan 35% pada tahun 2015. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian diare pada anak usia 4-6 tahun di Desa Kalimas Kecamatan Sungai Kakap. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 45 orang yang diambil menggunakan teknik proportional random sampling. Uji statistik yang digunakan uji chi-square dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kebiasaan mencuci tangan dengan diare (p = 0,043; PR = 2,175), penyimpanan air minum dengan kualitas mikrobiologi air minum (p = 0,016; PR = 1,462), ketersediaan jamban keluarga dengan diare (p = 0,003; PR = 3,242). Variabel yang tidak berhubungan yaitu kebiasaan memasak air dengan kualitas mikrobiologi air minum, sumber air untuk mencuci alat makan/minum dan kualitas mikrobiologi air minum dengan diare (p ≥ 0,005). Disarankan agar di Desa Kalimas bisa diterapkan program STBM dan peningkatan penerapan PHBS pada masyarakat Desa Kalimas serta mensosialisasikan cara penyimpanan air minum yang baik sesuai dengan Permenkes No 3 tahun 2014.

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