EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF AFLATOXIN ON BRICK CHEESE1

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 585-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. Shih ◽  
E. H. Marth
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Plastic Containers ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Brick cheese was placed in plastic containers and all surfaces except the top were sealed with wax. The top was inoculated with Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus and cheese was incubated in a humid chamber at 7.2, 12.8, and 23.9 C for up to 14 weeks after mold growth was evident. After incubation each cheese was cut horizontally into four layers, each approximately 1 cm thick. Each layer of cheese was extracted with a monophasic-biphasic solvent system (chloroform, methanol, and water). The extract was purified, concentrated, and aflatoxins were measured by thin-layer chromatography and fluorometry. No aflatoxins were produced by either mold at 7.2 C. At 12.8 C, A. parastticus developed aflatoxins B1 and G1 after 1 week of incubation. Aflatoxin produced by this mold persisted through 4 weeks of storage and then was not detectable. Aspergillus flavus did not form aflatoxin at 12.8 C. Both molds produced aflatoxin on cheese at 23.9 C; A. parasiticus did so after 1 week and A. flavus after 14 weeks. In some instances, aflatoxin was found in cheese 4 cm from the surface. It is reasonable to assume that cheese will not become contaminated with aflatoxin if the food is held at or below 7 C.

Susceptibility of Strawberries, Blackberries, and Cherries to Aspergillus Mold Growth and Aflatoxin Production

1982 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald C Llewellyn ◽  
Thomas Eadie ◽  
William V Dashek
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Tlc Plates ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Abstract The susceptibility of blackberries, cherries, and strawberries to Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production has been examined. Three aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus, A. flavus ATCC 15548 and NRRL 3251 as well as A. parasiticus NRRL 2999, were cultured on homogenates of the fruits for 14 days at 28 ± 2°C. Percent mycelial growth and spore infestation were determined each day with a calibrated grid. At day 14 each culture was frozen at –5°C until aflatoxins were extracted with methylene chloride and water. Aflatoxins were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) with benzene-methanol-acetic acid (90 + 5 + 5). This extraction and solvent system provided satisfactory separations of the aflatoxins and was free of background interference on the TLC plates. Although all fruits served as substrates for both Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production, cherries appeared to be a more favorable substrate than did blackberries, and the latter was more favorable than strawberries. Whereas A. flavus produced both B1 and G1 on all substrates, it yielded B2 and G2 only on cherries. Although A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 synthesized B1, B2, G1, and G2 on both blackberries and cherries, no aflatoxins were detected on strawberries. In contrast, A. flavus NRRL 3251 failed to produce detectable levels of aflatoxin on any substrate. All substrates supported both mycelial growth and subsequent sporulation with cherries > blackberries > strawberries.

Antimycotic and Antiaflatoxigenic Activity of Oregano (Origanum vulgare, L.) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris, L.)

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 697-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SALMERON ◽  
R. JORDANO ◽  
R. POZO
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Yeast Extract Sucrose

Oregano and thyme, ground and sterilized with ethylene oxide, were added to culture broths YES (yeast extract sucrose) so that the final concentrations of the herbs were 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4%. The broths were inoculated with a spore suspension of Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus and incubated at 25°C for 4, 7, 10, 14, and 21 d. Then, the growth of the cultures as mycelium dry weight and the production of aflatoxins (B1 and G1) by fluorimetry, after separation by thin layer chromatography (TLC), were determined. Although oregano and thyme stimulate the growth of both strains of molds, at the same time they act as antiaflatoxigenics.

OPTIMIZATION OF THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY METHODS FOR SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN THEIR MIXTURE

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Daiva Kazlauskienė ◽  
Guoda Kiliuvienė ◽  
Palma Nenortienė ◽  
Giedrė Kasparavičienė ◽  
Ieva Matukaitytė
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Ammonia Solution ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Rf Values ◽  
Solvent Systems ◽  
Paroxetine Hydrochloride ◽  
Fluvoxamine Maleate ◽  
Layer Chromatography

By conducting the toxicological analysis it is meaningful to determine the analytical system that could identify simultaneously several medicinal preparations quickly and precisely. The purpose of this work was to create and validate the method of thin-layer chromatography that would be suitable to separate the components of antidepressant mixture (amitriptyline hydrochloride, paroxetine hydrochloride, sertraline hydrochloride, fluvoxamine maleate and buspirone hydrochloride) and to identify them. The system was validated with regard to the sensitivity, repetition of data, resistance and particularity. The solvent systems with potential of high separation of components in their mixture were created: acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (85:10:5); acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (75:20:5); dichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (50:45:5); dichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (42:55:3); trichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (25:70:5); trichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (60:36:4). One of the most suitable solvent systems for separation of the analyzed mixture (sertraline, amitriptyline, paroxetine, buspirone, fluvoxamine) was determined – acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (85:10:5). When this solvent system was used, the average Rf values of the analyzed compounds differed the most. Validation was conducted – the relative standard deviation (RSD, percent) of the average Rf value of the analyzed compounds varied from 0,6 to 1,8 percent and did not exceed the permissible error of 5 percent. The sensitivity of methodology was determined by assessing the intensity of the mixture’s spots on the chromatographic plate. The detection limit of buspirone was 0,0012 µg; sertraline – 0,0008 µg; amitriptyline – 0,0004 µg; fluvoxamine – 0,0004 µg; paroxetine – 0,0008 µg. The resistance of results to the changed conditions – it was determined that when the amounts of the solvents acetonitrile and methanol were increased or decreased to two milliliters, the average Rf values of the analyzed compounds did not change statistically significantly

DEVELOPMENT OF HPTLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ONDANSETRON AND RANITIDINE IN COMBINED DOSAGE FORM

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
P. J. Patel ◽  
◽  
D. A Shah ◽  
F. A. Mehta ◽  
U. K. Chhalotiya
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Rf Values ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Hptlc Method

A simple, sensitive and precise high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC)method has been developed for the estimation of ondansetron (OND) and ranitidine (RAN) in combination. The method was employed on thin layer chromatography (TLC) and aluminium plates were precoated with silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase, while the solvent system was methanol. The Rf values were observed to be 0.5 ± 0.02, and 0.3 ± 0.02 for OND and RAN, respectively. The separated spots were densitometrically analyzed in absorbance mode at 299 nm. This method was linear in the range of 25-300 ng/band for OND and 50-600 ng/band for RAN. The limits of detection for OND and RAN were found to be 3.47 and 1.83 ng/band, respectively. The limits of quantification for OND and RAN were found to be 10.53 and 5.55 ng/band, respectively. The proposed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of OND and RAN in combined dosage form.

scholarly journals Profile of Thin-Layer Chromatography and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry of Akar Kuning Stem Extract (Arcangelisia flava)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama ◽  
Suratno Suratno ◽  
Evi Mulyani
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Retention Factor ◽  
Polar Solvents ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Stem Extract ◽  
Rf Values ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

This study aims to obtain the profile of Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry from ethanol extract of akar kuning stems (Arcangelisia flava) from Central Kalimantan. The TLC method is used with the orientation phase of the combination of polar-non-polar solvents resulting from orientation, while ethanol is used as the solvent for UV-Vis spectrophotometers. TLC results showed the formation of 3 stains on a combination of polar solvents chloroform : methanol : water while in a non-polar solvent combination n-hexane : ethyl acetate did not show any stains. Comparison of retention factor (Rf) values show the best combination of polar solvents to separate stains at a ratio of 5 : 2 : 1, respectively. Separation in 2-dimensional TLC with polar solvents showed a similar pattern with 1-dimensional separation in the form of 3 stains. UV-Vis spectrophotometer results showed 4 main peaks with wavelength 227.2; 267.4; 345.2; and 425.3 nm, respectively. The profile of the peak formed is very similar to that shown by berberine, one of the main metabolites of akar kuning. TLC and UV-Vis spectrophotometers profiles obtained are expected to support further research using akar kuning stems, especially those from Central Kalimantan.

Standardization of Homoeopathic Mother Tincture of Strychnous nux vomica with the help of High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and correlation of its alkaloid markers with its Toxicological action

2021 ◽  
pp. 4203-4206
Author(s):  
Dharmendra B. Sharma ◽  
Parth Aphale ◽  
Vineet Sinnarkar ◽  
Sohan S. Chitlange ◽  
Asha Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Aluminium Sheets ◽  
Mother Tincture ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Dark Blue

Background: Chromatography is one of the important laboratory technique in which the components of a mixture are separated on an adsorbent in order to analyze, identify, purify and quantify a mixture. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)is used to support the identity of a compound in a mixture when the Rf of a compound is compared with the Rf of a known compound. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography is a sophisticated and automated form of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The procedure simultaneously processes the sample and standard that results in better analytical precision and accuracy at a faster pace. Pharmacological/ Toxicological action of Nux Vomica is because of its active principles present in the seeds namely strychnine, brucine etc. This research paper aims to corelate the active principles present in Nux Vomica with the toxicological action of the same. Materials and Methods: 1. Standard Nux Vomica mother tincture was tested for its alkaloid markers and its correlation with the toxicological action was studied. 2. Analysis of the mother tincture was done using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. 3. Stationary phase consisted of TLC Aluminium sheets with silica gel 60 F253 pre-coated layer (20cm x 10cm), thickness-0.2mm, no. of tracks-18, band length-6mm. 4. Mobile Phase consisted of Chloroform: Methanol (9.5:0.5). 5. The plate was developed in developing chamber and observed under U.V. Light. Results: Colours seen on the HPTLC Plates of samples are greenwhich corresponds to strychnine, dark blue which corresponds to brucine, orange to alkaloids fluorescent green to sterols and pink to fatty acids which are evident on the chromatogram. Conclusion: Therapeutic action of Nux Vomica as noted in Homoeopathic Materia Medica is because of the active principles like strychnine, brucine, alkaloids, sterols, fatty acids present in it which is evident from the chromatogram.

scholarly journals Rapid Identification and Quantitation of Clotrimazole, Miconazole, and Ketokonazole in Pharmaceutical Creams and Ointments by Thin-Layer Chromatography–Densitometry

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 656-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utpal Roychowdhury ◽  
Saroj K Das
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Pharmaceutical Creams ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Abstract Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)–densitometry was used to separate, identify, and quantitate clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketokonazole (alone or combined with other drugs) in various pharmacopoeial or proprietary creams and ointments. Clotrimazole was extracted from the cream or ointment with ethyl alcohol, and miconazole and ketokonazole were extracted with a mixture of equal volumes of chloroform and isopropyl alcohol. Active ingredients were separated from excipients and other drugs by TLC on a precoated silica gel F254 plate with a solvent system of n-hexane–chloroform–methanol–diethylamine (50 + 40 + 10 + 1, v/v). The 3 azoles were well separated and easily identified in this chromatographic system. The separated azoles were visualized under short-wave UV light and quantitated by scanning densitometry at 220 nm by comparing the integrated areas of samples with those of standard (one azole was used as internal standard for the other). Recoveries from samples spiked with known amounts of azoles were excellent. The method was validated further by comparison with official liquid chromatographic methods.

Porpidia irrigua, a new species related to P. contraponenda

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan ORANGE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Siliceous Rocks ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
A New Species

AbstractPorpidia irrigua is described as a new species; it has a white thallus, sessile apothecia, contains the depside methyl 2'-O-methylmicrophyllinate, and grows on damp siliceous rocks. It was previously included in a wide concept of P. contraponenda, but that species differs in the thicker thallus, partly immersed apothecia, and the possession of an unidentified depside in addition to methyl 2′-O-methylmicrophyllinate, which can be separated by thin-layer chromatography using Solvent System G.

Toxicity tests in eight species of Chrysochromulina (Haptophyta)

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Simonsen ◽  
Øjvind Moestrup
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
Unialgal Culture ◽  
Tlc Analysis ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Blooms of the marine flagellate Chrysochromulina have resulted in mortality of marine organisms in Scandinavian waters, including fish in aquaculture. Eight species of Chrysochromulina, namely C. apheles, C. brevifilum, C. ericina, C. hirta, C. leadbeateri, C. parva, C. polylepis, and C. simplex, isolated into unialgal culture, were examined for haemolytic activity and toxicity to the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. Haemolytic fractions were obtained from all species, but only C. polylepis cells were toxic to Artemia. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis in chloroform –methanol–water (75:25:4) and in chloroform–methanol (9:1) yielded up to six haemolytic spots. Except for one spot, these all occurred in extracts of the species examined, including Isochrysis sp., which was used as a control, C. polylepis, and the well-known fish killer Prymnesium parvum. The single unique haemolytic spot (Rf values 0.45 and 0.16 in solvents I and II, respectively) occurred in the extract from C. polylepis. When isolated by TLC, the contents of the single spot were toxic to Artemia. Key words: Chrysochromulina, toxicity, haemolytic, Artemia, thin-layer chromatography (TLC).

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