HEART DISEASE-IS DIET A FACTOR?1

Data derived from extensive population surveys and animal experiments have provided indirect evidence associating elevated blood cholesterol levels with the increased incidences of atherosclerotic heart disease. As a result of this apparent relationship, recommendations have been made regarding the kind and amount of fatty acids and cholesterol which should be consumed for optimal health. Before massive changes are made in the eating habits of our population, the actual causal relationship between dietary fat and cholesterol to subsequent blood cholesterol levels and atherosclerotic heart disease should be determined. Although several risk factors have been characterized which will possibly aid in identification of those individuals most prone to development of atherosclerotic heart disease, the potential benefit from reducing a single risk factor in the prevention of the disease has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. The relative importance of dairy products as contributors of dietary saturated fatty acids and cholesterol is discussed in relationship to their association to heart disease.

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Saturated fatty acids and coronary heart disease risk

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care ◽

10.1097/mco.0000000000000248 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 97-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Christine M. Williams ◽

Andrew Salter

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Coronary Heart Disease Risk ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Heart Disease Risk

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Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Children: Recognition, Evaluation, and Therapy

Pediatrics in Review ◽

10.1542/pir.2.5.131 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

pp. 131-138

Author(s):

C. J. Glueck ◽

M. J. Mellies ◽

R. C. Tsang ◽

J. A. Morrison

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Chd Risk ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Atherosclerosis Prevention

PEDIATRIC GENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS Atherosclerosis results from a variety of pathophysiologic disturbances, some currently recognized, and many undoubtedly not yet recognized, which in aggregate are identified as risk factors. Genetic and environmental influences conjointly affect the incidence and the severity of these risk factors and, thus, coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Prophylaxis should be designed to prevent or retard the development of arterial plaques. This suggests that diagnostic and preventive efforts should begin in childhood. Eating habits are also probably established in childhood, allowing their early modification. The atherosclerotic plaque appears to have its genesis in childhood. The data from wartime autopsies confirm the presence of mature atherosclerotic lesions by the end of the second decade and emphasize the importance of primary atherosclerosis prevention beginning in the first and second decades. While there are clearly genetic factors in CHD, variation in rates in differing geographic areas appears less likely to be related to genetic than to environmental differences. Marked differences in plasma cholesterol levels are found in children in different geographic areas, generally paralleling pediatric cholesterol and saturated fat intake and the incidence of adult coronary heart disease. The relationships of elevated total plasma cholesterol levels to the incidence of coronary heart disease are clearly established in adults.

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Evaluation of the eating habits of breast cancer patients

Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.12669/pjms.36.7.2368 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Tuba Kayan Tapan ◽

Zeynep Erdogan Iyigun ◽

Serkan Ilgun ◽

Vahit Ozmen

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Vitamin B2 ◽

Breast Cancer Patients

Objective: To determine the relationship between the dietary characteristics of breast cancer patients. Methods: Patients with breast cancer whose treatments have finished and are in remission formed the study group and healthy people formed the control group. Demographic, anthropometric characteristics, food consumption frequency form and exercise status were recorded with all groups. Data analysis was done by SPSS 22. Results: In the study group, mean carbohydrate percentage was lower, while fat, fat percentage, monosaccharide, glucose, fructose, omega3(n3), saturated fatty acids(SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), vitamin A, C, E, B6, biotin and copper values were significantly higher (p<0.05). Recurrence was observed in seven patients (7.1%) during the follow-up period, hormone receptor levels (ER) and vitamin B2 intake (accuracy 93.9%) were inversely related to the recurrence of the disease (p=0.02). Conclusions: While the percentage of carbohydrate taken was lower in study group; total fat, n3, SFA, MUFA, monosaccharide, glucose, fructose, water-soluble fiber, B6, biotin and copper values were higher. Further studies are needed for vitamin B2 deficiency in patients with recurrence. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2368 How to cite this:Tapan TK, Iyigun ZE, Ilgun S, Ozmen V. Evaluation of the eating habits of breast cancer patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2368 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract 50: Associations of Dietary Saturated Fatty Acids With Incident Coronary Heart Disease Depend on the Food Sources: EPIC-CVD Prospective Case-cohort Study in Nine European Countries

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.50 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Marinka Steur ◽

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Red Meat ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Food Sources ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Country Specific

Introduction: The associations of dietary total fatty acids and the classes saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs) with coronary heart disease (CHD) remain contentious. Moreover, the role of isocaloric macronutrient substitutions and specific food sources of SFAs, particularly in European context, is unclear. Hypothesis: We evaluated the hypothesis that associations of dietary fatty acids vary depending on specific macronutrient substitutions and food sources of SFAs. Methods: We conducted case-cohort analyses including 10,529 incident CHD cases and a random subcohort of 16,730 men and women selected from 385,747 eligible participants in nine countries of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study. Habitual diet was assessed using country-specific dietary questionnaires, and macronutrient intakes were estimated using standardised nutrient databases. Country-specific HRs (95% CIs) per 5% energy intake from dietary total fatty acids, SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs were estimated using Prentice-weighted Cox regression models and pooled using random-effects meta-analyses, with and without considering isocaloric macronutrient substitutions. The associations of dietary SFAs from different food sources, including specific macronutrient substitutions, with CHD were also investigated. Results: There was no evidence of associations of dietary total fatty acids, SFAs, MUFAs, or PUFAs with incident CHD, regardless of the substitution macronutrient. Each 1% higher energy intake of SFAs from yoghurt, cheese, and fish were associated with a 7% (95% CI 1-12%), 2% (0-4%) and 13% (0-25%) lower CHD incidence, while SFAs from red meat and butter were associated with a 7% (2-12%) and 2% (0-4%) higher CHD incidence, respectively. Conclusions: There was no evidence of associations of dietary total fatty acids, SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs, with CHD incidence, regardless of the substitution nutrients, within the range of intakes in this European population. The opposite direction of associations of SFAs from different food sources such as red meat versus fermented dairy products suggests that public health recommendations should consider foods and overall diets, alongside the macronutrients they contain.

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Genesis of Statins

Triumph of the Heart ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195323573.003.0008 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jie Jack Li

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Large Scale ◽

Hormone Treatment ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Heart Attacks ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

The 1950S ◽

Loss Of Libido ◽

Artery Disease

As evidence grew that high blood cholesterol levels were linked to heart disease, scientists in both academia and industry began to look for drugs to lower cholesterol as early as the 1950s. Before Akira Endo discovered the first statin, mevastatin, in the 1970s, many things, including hormones, vitamins, and resins, were tried to lower cholesterol. Some worked, and some did not. Thyroid hormone was one of the fi st drugs used for that purpose. The cholesterol-lowering properties of dextro-thyroxine were discovered by serendipity. At one point, surgical removal of part of the thyroid gland had been used to relieve angina, the pain brought on by exercise in coronary artery disease. Doctors observed that thyroid removal also raised the blood cholesterol level, which in turn sped up arterial degeneration. By deduction, the doctors reasoned that taking thyroid hormone should then decrease blood cholesterol levels. Initial clinical trials proved this theory, and dextro-thyroxine was used to lower cholesterol beginning in the 1950s, when thyroid extract became a standard treatment for hypercholesterolemic (high cholesterol) patients. Unfortunately, too much thyroid hormone made patients tremble all the time. Later, a large-scale, long-term clinical trial named the “Coronary Drug Project” established the association of dextro-thyroxine with ischemic heart disease as a severe side eff ect in men. As a consequence, thyroid hormone treatment was discontinued. Women, in contrast to men, enjoy natural cardiac protection through the action of the female sex hormones, the estrogens. In 1930, a minute quantity of estrogen was isolated from the ovaries of 80,000 sows. In the 1950s, reports appeared that estrogen could lower blood cholesterol levels even more effectively than nicotinic acid, another anticholesterol drug used at the time. Unfortunately, men on estrogen for too long began to develop feminine traits, including breast enlargement and loss of libido, and other side effects, although they did acquire relative immunity from heart attacks until late in life. Due to the lack of safe and effiicacious drugs, some doctors seemed willing to take their chances with estrogens.

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Treatment with Simvastatin and Low-dose Aspirin Depresses Thrombin Generation in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Borderline-high Cholesterol Levels

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1615701 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (02) ◽

pp. 221-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Anetta Undas ◽

Robert Undas ◽

Jan Brożek ◽

Andrzej Szczeklik ◽

Jacek Musiał

Keyword(s):

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Thrombin Generation ◽

Low Dose ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

High Cholesterol ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Dose Aspirin ◽

Low Dose Aspirin

SummaryAspirin and statins are beneficial in coronary heart disease across a broad range of cholesterol levels. We assessed the effects of low-dose aspirin (75 mg daily) on thrombin generation in patients with coronary heart disease and average blood cholesterol levels. We also investigated whether in patients with borderline-high cholesterol level who have been already taking aspirin, additional treatment with simvastatin would affect thrombin generation.Seven-day treatment with low-dose aspirin decreased thrombin generation ex vivo only in patients with total cholesterol 5.2 mmol/L. In patients with higher cholesterol levels aspirin had no effect. In these patients, already taking low-dose aspirin, additional three-month simvastatin treatment resulted in a reduction of thrombin generation. This demonstrates that low-dose aspirin depresses thrombin generation only in subjects with desirable blood cholesterol levels, while in others, with borderline-high cholesterol, thrombin formation is being reduced following the addition of simvastatin.

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Modern fat technology: what is the potential for heart health?

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1079/pns2005446 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 379-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

J. E. Upritchard ◽

M. J. Zeelenberg ◽

H. Huizinga ◽

P. M. Verschuren ◽

E. A. Trautwein

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Medical Community ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Increased Risk

Saturated andtrans-fatty acids raise total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and are known to increase the risk of CHD, while dietary unsaturated fatty acids play important roles in maintaining cardiovascular health. Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats in the diet often involves many complex dietary changes. Modifying the composition of foods high in saturated fat, particularly those foods that are consumed daily, can help individuals to meet the nutritional targets for reducing the risk of CHD. In the 1960s the Dutch medical community approached Unilever about the technical feasibility of producing margarine with a high-PUFA and low-saturated fatty acid composition. Margarine is an emulsion of water in liquid oil that is stabilised by a network of fat crystals. In-depth expertise of fat crystallisation processes allowed Unilever scientists to use a minimum of solid fat (saturated fatty acids) to structure a maximum level of PUFA-rich liquid oil, thus developing the first blood-cholesterol-lowering product, Becel. Over the years the composition of this spread has been modified to reflect new scientific findings and recommendations. The present paper will briefly review the developments in fat technology that have made these improvements possible. Unilever produces spreads that are low in total fat and saturated fat, virtually free oftrans-fatty acids and with levels ofn-3 andn-6 PUFA that are in line with the latest dietary recommendations for the prevention of CHD. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome have a 2–4-fold increased risk of developing CHD; therefore, these spreads could make a contribution to CHD prevention in this group. In addition, for individuals with the metabolic syndrome the spreads could be further modified to address their unique dyslipidaemia, i.e. elevated blood triacylglycerols and low HDL-cholesterol. Research conducted in the LIPGENE study and other dietary intervention studies will deliver the scientific evidence to justify further modifications in the composition of spreads that are healthy for the heart disease risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome.

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Coronary heart disease: dietary links and pathogenesis

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2001134 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 4 (2b) ◽

pp. 459-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Serge Renaud ◽

Dominique Lanzmann-Petithory

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Key Factors ◽

Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽

Intervention Trials ◽

The Relationship

AbstractFor decades it has been postulated that the main environmental factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) was the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Nevertheless, confirmation of the role of SFA in CHD through intervention trials has been disappointing. It was only when the diet was enriched in n-3 fatty acids that CHD was significantly prevented, especially cardiac death.In addition to n-3 fatty acids, many other foodstuffs or nutrients such as fibers, antioxidants, folic acid, calcium and even alcohol contribute to prevent CHD. Thus the relationship between diet and CHD morbidity and mortality appears to be much more complex than formerly suspected considering as key factors only SFA, linoleic acid, cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Some of the mechanisms are briefly described, but many additional nutrients (or non nutrients) may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of CHD.Finally, as a result of the most recent epidemiologic studies the ideal diet may comprise: 8% energy from SFA, 5% from polyunsaturated fatty acids with a ratio 5/1 of linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid+longer chains n-3, oleic acid as desired, large intake of cereals, vegetables, legumes and fruits, fish twice a week, cheese and yogurt as dairy products, rapeseed and olive oils as edible fat. Without side effects, such a diet can be highly palatable, easily enjoyed by many populations and may prevent effectively and rapidly (within a few weeks or months) CHD.

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