Efficacy of Detergents in Removing Salmonella and Shigella spp. from the Surface of Fresh Produce

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2210-2215 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENEE M. RAIDEN ◽  
SUSAN S. SUMNER ◽  
JOSEPH D. EIFERT ◽  
MERLE D. PIERSON
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Sublethal Effect ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Leaf Lettuce

Fresh produce has been implicated in several foodborne disease outbreaks. Produce surfaces can be primary sites of contamination during production and handling. One approach to reduce contamination is to treat fresh produce with rinsing agents. In this study, different detergent agents were used at 22 and 40°C to determine their efficacy in removing Salmonella and Shigella spp. from the surfaces of strawberries, tomatoes, and green-leaf lettuce. Produce was inoculated at 22°C with a cocktail of nalidixic acid–resistant organisms (6 to 6.5 log CFU/ml). After air drying for 1 h, samples were rinsed with either 0.1% Tween 80, 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), or water (control) at 22 or 40°C. Rinse solutions were spiral plated onto tryptic soy agar supplemented with 50 mg of nalidixic acid per liter. In trials involving strawberries and lettuce, Salmonella and Shigella were removed at levels of 4 and 3 log CFU/ml, respectively, except from Salmonella-inoculated strawberries rinsed with SLS, for which minimal removal rates were 1.5 log CFU/ml at 22°C and <1 log CFU/ml at 40°C. When whole strawberries were analyzed after rinsing with SLS, few organisms were recovered. This result suggests that SLS may have a lethal or sublethal effect on Salmonella, especially when a 40°C solution is used. Salmonella and Shigella removal rates for tomatoes were 1 and 1.5 log CFU/ml lower, respectively, than those for strawberries or lettuce. Overall, detergents were no more effective in removing organisms from produce than water was. The detergents examined would not constitute effective overall produce rinse treatments.

Survivability of Salmonella and Shigella spp. in Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Tween 80 at 22 and 40°C

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1462-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENEE M. RAIDEN ◽  
JOEMEL M. QUICHO ◽  
CORYELL J. MAXFIELD ◽  
SUSAN S. SUMNER ◽  
JOSEPH D. EIFERT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Over Time

Fresh produce has been implicated in several foodborne disease outbreaks. A primary site of contamination during production and handling is the surface of produce. One approach to reducing contamination is to treat fresh produce with rinsing agents. Studies have examined the efficacies of detergents and other rinses in recovering pathogens from produce surfaces. The determination of how these detergents affect bacterial cells may aid in understanding the mechanisms behind their removal. This study examines the survivability of Salmonella and Shigella in two detergents. A 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) solution, a 0.1% Tween 80 solution, and water were inoculated with a cocktail of stationary-phase organisms (3 log CFU/ml) and incubated for up to 32 h at 22°C and 40°C. Samples were taken over time and plated on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 50 ppm of nalidixic acid. Salmonella survived in all solutions and exhibited significant growth in water (0.8 log CFU/ml at 22°C and 1.9 log CFU/ml at 40°C) and Tween 80 (1.0 log CFU/ml at 40°C). Shigella survived in all solutions at 22°C and exhibited a growth level of 2.0 log CFU/ml in SLS. Shigella also survived in all solutions at 40°C, although its populations decreased significantly in Tween 80 over time. Elevated temperatures may allow Tween 80 to kill Shigella spp. over time. Overall, the detergents tested were not detrimental to the cells; therefore, if these solutions were to be used as produce rinse agents, they would aid in removal of organisms from surfaces rather than kill the cells.

scholarly journals Preharvest Transmission Routes of Fresh Produce Associated Bacterial Pathogens with Outbreak Potentials: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chidozie Declan Iwu ◽  
Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

Disease outbreaks caused by the ingestion of contaminated vegetables and fruits pose a significant problem to human health. The sources of contamination of these food products at the preharvest level of agricultural production, most importantly, agricultural soil and irrigation water, serve as potential reservoirs of some clinically significant foodborne pathogenic bacteria. These clinically important bacteria include: Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Citrobacter spp., Shigella spp., Enterobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and pathogenic E. coli (and E. coli O157:H7) all of which have the potential to cause disease outbreaks. Most of these pathogens acquire antimicrobial resistance (AR) determinants due to AR selective pressure within the agroecosystem and become resistant against most available treatment options, further aggravating risks to human and environmental health, and food safety. This review critically outlines the following issues with regards to fresh produce; the global burden of fresh produce-related foodborne diseases, contamination between the continuum of farm to table, preharvest transmission routes, AR profiles, and possible interventions to minimize the preharvest contamination of fresh produce. This review reveals that the primary production niches of the agro-ecosystem play a significant role in the transmission of fresh produce associated pathogens as well as their resistant variants, thus detrimental to food safety and public health.

Investigating Non-Therapeutic Pharmaceutical Substances for Improving In-Vitro Efficacy of Clindamycin Phosphate Against MRSA and Staphylococcus Epidermidis

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Mohd Aftab Alam ◽  
Fahad I. Al-Jenoobi ◽  
Khaled A. Alzahrani ◽  
Mohammad H. Al-Agamy ◽  
Abdullah M. Al-Mohizea
Keyword(s):  
Fusidic Acid ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Sorbic Acid ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Individual Substance ◽  
Dependent Effect ◽  
Pharmaceutical Excipients ◽  
Active Substances

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of pharmaceutical excipients and other active substances on antimicrobial efficacy of standard antibiotic against resistant and susceptible microorganisms. Pharmaceutical excipients (sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS], Tween-80, citric acid, NaOH, NaCl) and active substances (fusidic acid, sorbic acid) were investigated to check in-vitro efficacy and their effect on the efficacy of standard antibiotic. Clindamycin was selected as standard antibiotic. Clindamycin was found to be ineffective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fusidic acid and SLS showed concentration dependent effect against MRSA. Other tested substances were also ineffective against MRSA, and also failed to improve the susceptibility of MRSA towards clindamycin. The clindamycin + fusidic acid (0.05 µg, 0.1 µg), and clindamycin + SLS (0.5 mg, 1 mg) showed concentration dependent effect on Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Clindamycin combinations with fusidic acid or SLS showed better inhibition of S. epidermidis, than individual substance. At lower concentration of clindamycin (2 µg), the sorbic acid (25 µg) improves its effectiveness. SLS (0.5 mg, 1 mg) and clindamycin (4 µg, 10 µg) showed almost equal zone of inhibition against S. epidermidis, respectively. Present findings showed that certain pharmaceutical excipients (e.g. SLS) are effective against resistant and susceptible microbes, and suggested that more excipients should be screened for their antimicrobial potential and their ability to improve the efficacy of standard antibiotics.

scholarly journals Increasing antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Israel during the period 1984 to 1992.

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ashkenazi ◽  
M May-Zahav ◽  
J Sulkes ◽  
R Zilberberg ◽  
Z Samra
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Empiric Therapy ◽  
Shigella Sonnei ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Stool Cultures

Recent (1984 to 1992) trends in the antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Israel were studied by analyzing the results of 106,000 stool cultures, 3,511 of which yielded Shigella spp. Over the study period, resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) increased from 59 to 92% (P = 0.0038) and that to ampicillin increased from 13 to 86% (P < 0.0001). Resistances to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, and broad-spectrum cephalosporins remained low. Shigella sonnei, which currently accounts for 90% of Shigella infections, was more resistant than S. flexneri to TMP-SMX (81 versus 57%, P < 10(-6)), ampicillin (42 versus 32%, P < 10(-5)), and tetracycline (38 versus 28%, P < 10(-5)). S. boydii and S. dysenteriae were relatively rare. Seasonality in antimicrobial resistance was found, with summer isolates being less resistant to TMP-SMX, ampicillin, or both than isolates obtained over the rest of the year (P < 10(-5)). We conclude that the resistance of shigellae, especially S. sonnei, to TMP-SMX and ampicillin is increasing to approximately 90%. Resistance should be recorded locally, and empiric therapy for suspected shigellosis should be changed accordingly.

scholarly journals Microbial Decontamination of Fresh Produce (Strawberry) Using Washing Solutions

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naresh Shahi ◽  
ByungJin Min ◽  
Eunice A. Bonsi
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Color Change ◽  
Origanum Oil ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
White Vinegar

<p>This study was carried out to determine the effect of natural antimicrobial washing solutions against microbial growths on fresh produce specifically strawberries. Selected washing solutions used for strawberry washing, and treatments were sterile water (control), white vinegar (VI), crude lemon juice extract (LE), VI+Origanum oil (VIO), LE+Origanum oil (LEO), and VI+LE+Origanum oil (VILEO). From the preliminary study of antimicrobial activity of washing solutions in aqueous model system tested at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min against <em>S.</em> Typhimurium, washing time was determined as 5 min to be used for this study. After the washing, strawberries were stored at 4 °C for 5 days. Results showed that all natural washing solutions exhibited inhibitory effect against total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold. On day 5, compared to the control, all washing solutions significantly reduced <em>S.</em> Typhimurium by 2.7 Log CFU/g (P&lt;0.05). Color results showed that samples color were slightly changed by washing with VIO and VILEO. However, there was no significant difference in total color change on strawberries compared to the control (P&gt;0.05). Based on the results, it is indicated that the combination of vinegar with crude lemon juice extract and essential oil might be suitable as natural sanitizer for decontamination of fresh produce.</p>

scholarly journals Molecular Identification of a Newly IsolatedBacillus subtilisBI19 and Optimization of Production Conditions for Enhanced Production of Extracellular Amylase

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biplab Kumar Dash ◽  
M. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Palash Kumar Sarker
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Shake Flask Culture ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Amylase Production ◽  
Extracellular Amylase ◽  
Production Conditions

A study was carried out with a newly isolated bacterial strain yielding extracellular amylase. The phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of 16S rDNA gene sequences revealed this strain as clustered with the closest members ofBacillussp. and identified asBacillus subtilisBI19. The effect of various fermentation conditions on amylase production through shake-flask culture was investigated. Rice flour (1.25%) as a cheap natural carbon source was found to induce amylase production mostly. A combination of peptone and tryptone as organic and ammonium sulfate as inorganic nitrogen sources gave highest yield. Maximum production was obtained after 24 h of incubation at 37°C with an initial medium pH 8.0. Addition of surfactants like Tween 80 (0.25 g/L) and sodium lauryl sulfate (0.2 g/L) resulted in 28% and 15% increase in enzyme production, respectively. Amylase production was 3.06 times higher when optimized production conditions were used. Optimum reaction temperature and pH for crude amylase activity were 50°C and 6.0, respectively. The crude enzyme showed activity and stability over a fair range of temperature and pH. These results suggest thatB. subtilisBI19 could be exploited for production of amylase at relatively low cost and time.

scholarly journals Mechanochemical synthesis of a novel eutectic of the antimicrobial nitazoxanide with improved dissolution performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octavio E. Fandiño ◽  
Flavia P Bruno ◽  
Gustavo A. Monti ◽  
Norma R. Sperandeo
Keyword(s):  
Eutectic Mixture ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Aqueous Solubility ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Drift Spectroscopy ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Binary Eutectic ◽  
Dissolution Efficiency ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Infrared ◽  
Usp Apparatus

Background: Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent with poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. Thus, the generation of new solid forms of NTZ is relevant to improve its unfavorable properties. The present study deals with the application of mechanochemistry for the preparation of alternate solid forms of NTZ, using saccharine (SAC) as coformer. Methods: NTZ-SAC mixtures were prepared by neat and liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot stage microscopy (HSM), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), 13C Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SSNMR) and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Powder dissolution (PD) profiles were obtained with USP apparatus 2 in buffer phosphate pH 6.5 with 0.25% Tween 80 - 0.25% triethanolamine and in 0.25% sodium lauryl sulfate, at 37 ºC ± 0.5 ºC and 75 rpm. Drug release was characterized in terms of dissolution efficiency (DE). Results: XRPD, SSNMR and DRIFT indicated that NTZ and SAC did not cocrystallize but DSC and HSM revealed that they formed a binary eutectic mixture which melted near 176 °C, a melting temperature lower than those of NTZ and SAC. PD data indicated that the 1:1 NTZ-SAC sample obtained by LAG exhibited a slightly higher DE than pure NTZ in the two assayed media. Conclusion: NTZ and SAC formed a eutectic, the first reported for this drug, which improved its dissolution rate and opened the pathway for studies searching for new eutectics with better biopharmaceutical attributes than NTZ and the NTZ-SAC eutectic reported herein.

Antimicrobial Resistance Percentages of Salmonella and Shigella in Seafood Imported to Jordan: Higher Percentages and More Diverse Profiles in Shigella

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Obaidat ◽  
Alaa E. Bani Salman
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Specific

ABSTRACT This study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of human-specific (Shigella spp.) and zoonotic (Salmonella enterica) foodborne pathogens in internationally traded seafood. Sixty-four Salmonella and 61 Shigella isolates were obtained from 330 imported fresh fish samples from Egypt, Yemen, and India. The pathogens were isolated on selective media, confirmed by PCR, and tested for antimicrobial resistance. Approximately 79 and 98% of the Salmonella and Shigella isolates, respectively, exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial, and 8 and 49% exhibited multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes). Generally, Salmonella exhibited high resistance to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, cephalothin, streptomycin, and ampicillin; very low resistance to kanamycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin; and no resistance to ceftriaxone. Meanwhile, Shigella spp. exhibited high resistance to tetracycline, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, cephalothin, streptomycin, and ampicillin; low resistance to kanamycin, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and ceftriaxone; and very low resistance to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Salmonella isolates exhibited 14 resistance profiles, Shigella isolates 42. This study is novel in showing that a human-specific pathogen has higher antimicrobial resistance percentages and more diverse profiles than a zoonotic pathogen. Thus, the impact of antimicrobial use in humans is as significant as, if not more significant than, it is in animals in spreading antibiotic resistance through food. This study also demonstrates that locally derived antimicrobial resistance can spread and pose a public health risk worldwide through seafood trade and that high resistance would make a possible outbreak difficult to control. So, capacity building and monitoring harvest water areas are encouraged in fish producing countries.

Reductions in Natural Microbial Flora, Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli, and Pathogenic Salmonella on Jalapeno Peppers Processed in a Commercial Antimicrobial Cabinet: A Pilot Plant Trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1854-1859 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEREMY M. ADLER ◽  
ERIN D. CAIN-HELFRICH ◽  
CANGLIANG SHEN
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Peptone Water

ABSTRACT This experiment aimed to validate the use of antimicrobial solutions in a spray cabinet to inactivate natural microbial flora, nonpathogenic Escherichia coli, and Salmonella on jalapeno peppers. Jalapeno peppers, uninoculated or inoculated with a five-strain mixture of rifampin-resistant E. coli (3.9 log CFU/g) or novobiocin- and nalidixic acid–resistant Salmonella (4.2 log CFU/g), were passed through a commercial antimicrobial cabinet containing both a top and bottom bar spraying (1.38 bar and 2 liters/min) water, sodium hypochlorite (50 ppm), sodium hypochlorite with pH adjusted to 6.7, peroxyacetic acid (PAA; 80 ppm), PAA with pH adjusted to 6.7, lactic with citric acid (1%), lactic with citric acid with sodium lauryl sulfate (1,200 ppm), or chlorine dioxide (5 ppm). Bacteria were recovered in 0.1% buffered peptone water plus 0.1% sodium thiosulfate, which was followed by spread plating onto tryptic soy agar (TSA), TSA plus rifampin (100 μg/ml), and TSA plus novobiocin (25 μg/ml) and nalidixic acid (20 μg/ml). There were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in recovered natural microbial flora, E. coli, and Salmonella populations between untreated peppers (3.5 to 4.2 log CFU/g) and peppers treated with water (3.4 to 3.8 log CFU/g). Significantly fewer (P &lt; 0.05) natural microbial flora, E. coli, and Salmonella populations were recovered on the peppers after they were treated with a majority of the antimicrobials applied in the commercial antimicrobial cabinet. The largest population reduction was observed on peppers sprayed with PAA. Interestingly, the pH adjustment did not make a difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the recovered bacterial populations. These results validate the use of a commercial antimicrobial spray cabinet, and they are useful for developing application protocols for antimicrobials to control Salmonella during the postharvest processing of jalapeno peppers.

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