Outbreaks of Salmonellosis in Minnesota (1998 through 2006) Associated with Frozen, Microwaveable, Breaded, Stuffed Chicken Products

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2153-2160 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIRK E. SMITH ◽  
CARLOTA MEDUS ◽  
STEPHANIE D. MEYER ◽  
DAVID J. BOXRUD ◽  
FE LEANO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Chicken Nuggets ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Consumer Responses ◽  
The Public ◽  
Microwave Cooking ◽  
Raw Poultry ◽  
Salmonella Heidelberg

From 1998 through 2006, four outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with raw, frozen, microwaveable, breaded, pre-browned, stuffed chicken products were identified in Minnesota. In 1998, 33 Salmonella Typhimurium cases were associated with a single brand of Chicken Kiev. In 2005, four Salmonella Heidelberg cases were associated with a different brand and variety (Chicken Broccoli and Cheese). From 2005 to 2006, 27 Salmonella Enteritidis cases were associated with multiple varieties of product, predominately of the same brand involved in the 1998 outbreak. In 2006, three Salmonella Typhimurium cases were associated with the same brand of product involved in the 2005 Salmonella Heidelberg outbreak. The outbreak serotype and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtype of Salmonella were isolated from product in each outbreak. In these outbreaks, most individuals affected thought that the product was precooked due to its breaded and prebrowned nature, most used a microwave oven, most did not follow package cooking instructions, and none took the internal temperature of the cooked product. Similar to previous salmonellosis outbreaks associated with raw, breaded chicken nuggets or strips in Canada and Australia, inadequate labeling, consumer responses to labeling, and microwave cooking were the key factors in the occurrence of these outbreaks. Modification of labels, verification of cooking instructions by the manufacturer, and notifications to alert the public that these products contain raw poultry, implemented because of the first two outbreaks, did not prevent the other outbreaks. Microwave cooking is not recommended as a preparation method for these types of products, unless they are precooked or irradiated prior to sale.

Pooling of Laying Hen Environmental Swabs and Efficacy of Salmonella Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 943-950
Author(s):  
DEANA R. JONES ◽  
RICHARD K. GAST ◽  
PRAFULLA REGMI ◽  
GARRETT E. WARD ◽  
KENNETH E. ANDERSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Environmental Testing ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Salmonella Heidelberg

ABSTRACT Environmental testing for Salmonella Enteritidis is required for U.S. shell egg producers with ≥3,000 hens on a farm. The egg producer assumes all costs for the mandatory testing. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Egg Rule, either manure scraper or drag swabs can be collected according to published guidelines and requirements. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of Salmonella detection with one-, two-, and four-swab pools of either manure scraper or drag swabs. Resistant isolates of Salmonella serovars Enteritidis (1,000 ppm of streptomycin), Heidelberg (200 ppm of nalidixic acid [NA]), Typhimurium (200 ppm of NA), and Kentucky (200 ppm of NA) were utilized. Low (approximately 8.4 CFU) and high (approximately 84 CFU) levels of inocula were introduced onto a single swab within a pool. Single flocks from each conventional cage (manure scraper swabs) and cage-free barn (drag swabs) were monitored throughout the study at the ages required under the FDA Egg Rule. The highest and most consistent recovery of inoculum was found in single swab samples. For low dose inocula, recovery of isolates was low from single manure scraper swabs (57.9 to 29.2%) and decreased as more swabs were added to the pool. Recovery of isolates from manure scraper swabs was higher for high dose inocula, although Salmonella Heidelberg was outcompeted by the naturally occurring flora and had the lowest rate of recovery among the isolates tested. One- and two-swab pools of drag swabs had similar rates of recovery at both low and high doses for Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Salmonella Typhimurium. When Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were combined in an inoculum, Salmonella Enteritidis was recovered at a much higher rate than was Salmonella Kentucky for all types of swabs and doses of inocula. Pooling of two drag swabs allowed for similar detection of low and high dose Salmonella, but the pooling of manure scraper swabs decreased detection of low dose Salmonella. HIGHLIGHTS

Evaluation of Avian-Specific Probiotic and Salmonella Enteritidis-, Salmonella Typhimurium-, and Salmonella Heidelberg-Specific Antibodies on Cecal Colonization and Organ Invasion of Salmonella Enteritidis in Broilers

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. TELLEZ ◽  
V. M. PETRONE ◽  
M. ESCORCIA ◽  
T. Y. MORISHITA ◽  
C. W. COBB ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Organ Invasion ◽  
Salmonella Heidelberg

Salmonella Enteritidis colonizes the intestinal tract of poultry and causes foodborne illness in humans. Reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in the intestinal tract of poultry reduces potential carcass contamination during slaughter. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an avian-specific probiotic combined with Salmonella Enteritidis-, Salmonella Typhimurium-, and Salmonella Heidelberg-specific antibodies on the cecal colonization and organ invasion of Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler as well as on body weights. The treatment group was defined as chicks spray-vaccinated with Avian Pac Plus at the hatchery and given Avian Pac Plus for the first 3 days after placement. An intermediate treatment was given at 10 and 14 days, 2 days prior to vaccination and 2 days postvaccination. All birds were vaccinated with Newcastle disease vaccine, La Sota virus (one drop/eye) at 12 days of age. A final treatment was given 3 days preslaughter. The control group was defined as chicks not given Avian Pac Plus at any time. Six hours after oral administration of the probiotic suspension (treatment group) or water (control group) at placement, the chicks were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. All chickens were orally inoculated with 0.25 ml of Salmonella Enteritidis that contained 4 × 107 CFU/1.0 ml. Cecal colonization and organ invasion were evaluated for Salmonella Enteritidis on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, and 41. The probiotic-treated group had a significantly lower concentration of Salmonella Enteritidis cecal colonization at days 3, 7, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, and 41 when compared to the nontreated, control group (P < 0.05). Similarly, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the isolation of Salmonella Enteritidis from the internal organs (liver and spleen) when probiotic-treated and nonprobiotic-treated groups were compared. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean body weight between the two experimental groups at each collection period. These results indicated that a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium, and Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Heidelberg-Specific antibodies have a beneficial effect in reducing the colonization of Salmonella Enteritidis in market-aged broilers.

Do Microbial Interactions and Cultivation Media Decrease the Accuracy of Salmonella Surveillance Systems and Outbreak Investigations?

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
RANDALL S. SINGER ◽  
ANNE E. MAYER ◽  
TIMOTHY E. HANSON ◽  
RICHARD E. ISAACSON
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
The Public ◽  
Salmonella Newport ◽  
Outbreak Investigations ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Cultivation methods are commonly used in Salmonella surveillance systems and outbreak investigations, and consequently, conclusions about Salmonella evolution and transmission are highly dependent on the performance characteristics of these methods. Past studies have shown that Salmonella serotypes can exhibit different growth characteristics in the same enrichment and selective media. This could lead not only to biased conclusions about the dominant strain present in a sample with mixed Salmonella populations, but also to a low sensitivity for detecting a Salmonella strain in a sample with only a single strain present. The objective of this study was to determine whether cultivation media select preferentially for specific strains of Salmonella in heterogeneous cultures. In this study, four different Salmonella strains (one Salmonella Newport, two Salmonella Typhimurium, and one Salmonella Enteritidis) were competed in a broth-based experiment and a bovine fecal experiment with varied combinations and concentrations of each strain. In all experiments, the strain of Salmonella Newport was the most competitive, regardless of the starting concentration and cultivation protocol. One strain of Salmonella Typhimurium was rarely detected in competition, even when it was the only strain present in bovine feces. Overall, the probability of detecting a specific Salmonella strain had little to do with its starting concentration in the sample. The bias introduced by culture could be dramatically biasing Salmonella surveillance systems and hindering traceback investigations during Salmonella outbreaks. Future studies should focus on the microbiological explanations for this Salmonella interstrain variability, approaches for minimizing the bias, and estimations of the public health significance of this bias.

Efficacy of Lytic Bacteriophage Preparation in Reducing Salmonella In Vitro, on Turkey Breast Cutlets, and on Ground Turkey†‡

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1357-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. SHARMA ◽  
J. DHAKAL ◽  
R. NANNAPANENI
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Multiplicity Of Infection ◽  
Lytic Bacteriophage ◽  
Turkey Meat ◽  
Phage Preparation ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Phage Treatment ◽  
Salmonella Heidelberg

The efficacy of the recently approved Salmonella lytic bacteriophage preparation (SalmoFresh) in reducing Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg on turkey breast cutlets and ground turkey was evaluated. In a broth model assay, the phage preparation completely inhibited the growth of four S. enterica serotypes (Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Kentucky, and Salmonella Typhimurium) at 37°C at a multiplicity of infection of 10,000 PFU/CFU. At 4°C in 0.1% peptone water (PW), phage treatment at a multiplicity of infection of 10,000 resulted in ca. 4.0-log CFU/ml reductions of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Salmonella Typhimurium. When raw turkey breast cutlets inoculated with Salmonella Heidelberg (~103 CFU/g) were treated with phage preparation (107 PFU/g) and stored at 4°C, the phage treatment caused reductions of 0.8, 0.6, and 1.3 log CFU/g (P ≤ 0.05) of Salmonella Heidelberg on day 0, 1, and 7, respectively, compared with the counts in the control. However, no significant reduction of Salmonella Heidelberg (P > 0.05) was observed in ground turkey when turkey meat pieces inoculated with Salmonella Heidelberg were surface treated with phage preparation (107 PFU/g) before grinding. These findings indicate that the bacteriophage preparation was effective in reducing Salmonella on turkey breast cutlets as a surface treatment but did not cause any reduction of Salmonella Heidelberg in ground turkey.

Salmonella spp. Shedding by Alberta Beef Cattle and the Detection of Salmonella spp. in Ground Beef

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLE SORENSEN ◽  
JOYCE VAN DONKERSGOED ◽  
MARGARET McFALL ◽  
KEN MANNINEN ◽  
GARY GENSLER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Pulsed Field Electrophoresis ◽  
Recent Arrival ◽  
Salmonella Heidelberg

Breeder cows, cattle recently arrived at feedlots, and cattle about to be shipped for slaughter were tested for Salmonella spp. No Salmonella spp. were detected in fecal samples from breeding cows. Nineteen of 1,000 (1.9%) fecal samples from recently arrived feedlot cattle were positive for Salmonella spp. compared to only 2 of 1,000 (0.2%) fecal samples taken within 2 weeks of slaughter. The positive fecal samples were collected in 5 of 50 (10%) “recent arrival” pens tested and in 1 of 50 (2%) pens tested within 2 weeks of slaughter. The serotypes isolated were Salmonella Agona, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Salmonella 4,5,12:i:−. Ground beef samples purchased from retail outlets throughout Alberta were processed for Salmonella spp. Thirteen of 1,002 (1.3%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp. The serotypes isolated from ground beef were Salmonella Anatum, Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Montevideo, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, and Salmonella Rough-O:i:1,2. The antibiotic resistance and pulsed-field electrophoresis gel macrorestriction patterns of all isolates were compared.

scholarly journals Investigation of the incidence of Salmonella spp. in the diarrhoeic syndrome of young ruminants

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
A. ZDRAGAS (Α. ΖΔΡΑΓΚΑΣ) ◽  
V. PETSAGA-TSIMPERI (Β. ΠΕΤΣΑΓΚΑ-ΤΣΙΜΠΕΡΗ) ◽  
P. TSAKOS (Π. ΤΣΑΚΟΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Pathogenic Agent ◽  
The Public ◽  
Haemorrhagic Diarrhoea

The presence of Salmonella spp. in the diarrhoeic syndrome of 24 cases of calves, 36 cases of kids and 14 cases of lambs was investigated. Salmonella was isolated as the pathogenic agent from six herds of calves and four cases of kids. The identified species was Salmonella enteritidis in three herds of calves and two cases of kids. Salmonella typhimurium was identified in two herds of calves and one case of kids. Also, Salmonella abony and Salmonella cerro were identified in one case of calves and kids, respectively. Furthermore, Shigella hyodysenteriae was isolated from two cases of diarrhoeic syndrome in lambs. All the infected animals were characterized by persistent haemorrhagic diarrhoea and high mortality. The occurrence of Salmonella enteritidis in ruminants is probably an important point of the epidemiology of Salmonella spp. and may play a significant role in the public health.

Growth and penetration of Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella heidelberg and Salmonella typhimurium in eggs

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean L. Schoeni ◽  
Kathleen A. Glass ◽  
Jodi L. McDermott ◽  
Amy C.L. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Salmonella Heidelberg

Distribution and Molecular Characterization of Salmonella enterica Hypermutators in Retail Food in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 1481-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
YIN WANG ◽  
CHONGYANG LIU ◽  
ZENGFENG ZHANG ◽  
YUANYUAN HU ◽  
CHENYANG CAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Mutation Frequency ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Retail Food ◽  
Salmonella Heidelberg

Hypermutable pathogens can easily acquire mutation opportunities, as well as antimicrobial resistance, and are tremendous hazards to food safety and public health. In this study, a total of 96 (7.6%) hypermutators were identified from 1,264 Salmonella isolates recovered from retail foods. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that hypermutators were genetically diverse. Amino acid substitution of Val421Phe was detected in MutS in one hypermutator and Val246Ala in 56 other hypermutators, while no mutation in MutS was found among the remaining 39 hypermutators. Hypermutators in Salmonella isolates recovered in 2010 (9.3%) and 2008 (7.7%) were significantly more prevalent than those in 2007 (1.4%). The rate of hypermutators in mutton (22.2%) was significantly higher than that in chicken (7.9%) and pork (4.7%). In Salmonella Leimo isolates (60.0%), hypermutators were most frequently detected, followed by Salmonella Essen (50.0%), Salmonella Indiana (36.6%), Salmonella Kallo (25.0%), Salmonella Heidelberg (23.8%), Salmonella Typhimurium (14.0%), Salmonella Shubra (13.0%), Salmonella Albany (11.1%), Salmonella Agona (7.0%), Salmonella Gueuletapee (6.3%), and Salmonella Enteritidis (1.7%). Salmonella hypermutators in isolates recovered from retail food stored at ambient temperature (15.7%) were significantly more prevalent than those stored in chilled (3.1%) and frozen (5.4%) condition. The overall distributions of mutation frequencies of the 96 hypermutators (selected by rifampin) were from 2.16 × 10−5 to 4.25 × 10−1. Mutation frequencies of hypermutators of Salmonella Leimo, Salmonella Essen, Salmonella Kallo, and Salmonella Agona were relative low, while those of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Indiana, and Salmonella Shubra were extremely high. No significant correlation was found between mutation frequency and antimicrobial resistance of the hypermutators.

scholarly journals Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 Detected on an IncI2 Plasmid in Salmonella Typhimurium Sequence Type 19 from a Healthy Pig in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 398
Author(s):  
Dong Chan Moon ◽  
Su-Jeong Kim ◽  
Abraham Fikru Mechesso ◽  
Hee Young Kang ◽  
Hyun-Ju Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Gallinarum ◽  
Additional Resistance ◽  
Food Animals

Colistin is considered the last resort for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. We studied colistin resistance and the mcr-1 gene carriage in Salmonella isolates recovered from food animals in South Korea between 2010 and 2018. Colistin resistance was found in 277 isolates, predominantly in Salmonella Enteritidis (57.1%) and Salmonella Gallinarum (41.9%). However, the mcr-1 gene was identified in only one colistin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (MIC = 16 µg/mL) isolated from a healthy pig. The mcr-1 carrying isolate presented additional resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The strain belonged to sequence type (ST)19 and carried various virulence factor genes that are associated with adhesion and invasion of Salmonella into intestinal epithelial cells, as well as its survival in macrophages. The mcr-1 gene was identified on an IncI2 plasmid and it was also transferred to the E. coli J53 recipient strain. The mcr-1-carrying plasmid (pK18JST013) in this study was closely related to that previously reported in S. Indiana (pCFSA664-3) from chicken in China. This is the first report of mcr-1 carrying S. Typhimurium in South Korea. The finding indicates the importance of regular screening for the presence of the mcr-1 gene in S. Typhimurium in food animals to prevent the spread to humans.

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