Fecal Shedding of Non-O157 Serogroups of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli in Feedlot Cattle Vaccinated with an Escherichia coli O157:H7 SRP Vaccine or Fed a Lactobacillus-Based Direct-Fed Microbial†

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 732-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. CERNICCHIARO ◽  
D. G. RENTER ◽  
C. A. CULL ◽  
Z. D. PADDOCK ◽  
X. SHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
Porin Proteins ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Cumulative Prevalence

The objectives of this study were to determine whether fecal shedding of non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in feedlot cattle was affected by the use of an E. coli O157:H7 vaccine or a direct-fed microbial (DFM) and whether the shedding of a particular non-O157 STEC serogroup within feces was associated with shedding of O157 or other non-O157 STEC serogroups. A total of 17,148 cattle in 40 pens were randomized to receive one, both, or neither (control) of the two interventions: a vaccine based on the siderophore receptor and porin proteins (E. coli SRP vaccine, two doses) and a DFM product (low-dose Bovamine). Fresh fecal samples (30 samples per pen) were collected weekly from pen floors for four consecutive weeks beginning approximately 56 days after study allocation. DNA extracted from enriched samples was tested for STEC O157 and non-O157 serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 and for four major virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA) using an 11-gene multiplex PCR assay. Generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the effects of treatments and make within-sample comparisons of the presence of O-serogroup–specific genes. Results of cumulative prevalence measures indicated that O157 (14.6%), O26 (10.5%), and O103 (10.3%) were the most prevalent STEC O serogroups. However, the vaccine, DFM, or both had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on fecal prevalence of the six non-O157 STEC serogroups in feedlot cattle. Within-sample comparisons of the presence of STEC serogroup–specific genes indicated that fecal shedding of E. coli O157 in cattle was associated with an increased probability (P < 0.05) of fecal shedding of STEC O26, O45, O103, and O121. Our study revealed that neither the E. coli O157:H7 vaccine, which reduced STEC O157 fecal shedding, nor the DFM significantly affected fecal shedding of non-O157 STEC serogroups, despite the fact that the most prevalent non-O157 STEC serogroups tended to occur concurrently with O157 STEC strains within fecal samples.

scholarly journals 449 Late-Breaking: Impact of feeding a propriety yeast-based synbiotic product on fecal shedding of top-7 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in feedlot cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 141-141
Author(s):  
Raghavendra Amachawadi ◽  
Xiaorong Shi ◽  
LeighAnn George ◽  
Miles Theurer ◽  
Twig Marston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) belonging to serogroups O26, O45, O111, O103, O121, O145, and O157, called ‘top-7’, are major foodborne pathogens. Cattle are a major reservoir, in which STEC colonize the hindgut and are shed in the feces, which is a major source of contamination of food. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a proprietary yeast-based synbiotic product (prebiotic and probiotic; Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) on fecal shedding of top-7 STEC in feedlot cattle. Twenty existing pens, housing 40–112 steers per pen, with an estimated 60 to 90 days to slaughter, were randomly assigned to a control group or a treatment group that received 22 g of the synbiotic product per steer per day, as a top dress, in a finishing diet. Twenty pen-floor fecal samples were collected from each pen on days 0, 21, 42, and 54. Fecal samples were enriched and subjected to a multiplex PCR assay targeting serogroup-specific genes for the top-7 STEC and three major virulence genes, stx1 (Shiga toxin 1), stx2 (Shiga toxin 2), and eae (intimin). Bivariate descriptive statistics for the major serogroups and virulence genes were assessed prior to multivariable analysis using mixed effects logistic regression. The overall prevalence of the top-7 serogroups were 44.5% of O26, 41.3% of O157, 15.1% of O103, 13.7% of O45, 7.8% of O121, and 0.6% of O111. The overall prevalence of stx1, stx2, and eae were 43.9%, 70.8%, and 49%, respectively. E. coli O26, O157, and O45 had a significant treatment and sampling day interaction (P < 0.0001). On d 42, fecal samples from treated group had lower prevalence (P < 0.01) of O26, O103, and O45 compared to the control group. In conclusion, the in-feed administration of the synbiotic product appears to reduce fecal shedding of certain top-7 STEC serogroups in the feedlot cattle.

Isolation and Characterization of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O113, O121, O145, and O157 Shed from Range and Feedlot Cattle from Postweaning to Slaughter

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1052-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABEL B. EKIRI ◽  
DOUGLAS LANDBLOM ◽  
DAWN DOETKOTT ◽  
SUSAN OLET ◽  
WEILIN L. SHELVER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Inspection Service

Cattle are the main reservoirs for Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains. E. coli O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 are among the STEC serogroups that cause severe foodborne illness and have been declared as adulterants by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. The objectives of this study were (i) to estimate the prevalence of non-O157 STEC and E. coli O157 in naturally infected beef cows and in steer calves at postweaning, during finishing, and at slaughter and (ii) to test non-O157 STEC isolates for the presence of virulence genes stx1, stx2, eaeA, and ehlyA. Samples were collected from study animals during multiple sampling periods and included fecal grabs, rectal swabs, and midline sponge samples. Laboratory culture, PCR, and multiplex PCR were performed to recover and identify E. coli and the virulence genes. The prevalence of non-O157 STEC (serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O113, and O145) fecal shedding ranged from 8% (4 of 48 samples) to 39% (15 of 38 samples) in cows and 2% (1 of 47 samples) to 38% (9 of 24 samples) in steer calves. The prevalence of E. coli O157 fecal shedding ranged from 0% (0 of 38 samples) to 52% (25 of 48 samples) in cows and 2% (1 of 47 samples) to 31% (15 of 48 samples) in steer calves. In steer calves, the prevalence of non-O157 STEC and E. coli O157 was highest at postweaning, at 16% (15 of 96 samples) and 23% (22 of 96 samples), respectively. Among the 208 non-O157 STEC isolates, 79% (164 isolates) had stx1, 79% (165 isolates) had stx2, and 58% (121 isolates) had both stx1 and stx2 genes. The percentage of non-O157 STEC isolates encoding the eaeA gene was low; of the 165 isolates tested, 8 (5%) were positive for eaeA and 135 (82%) were positive for ehlyA. Findings from this study provide further evidence of non-O157 STEC shedding in beef cows and steer calves particularly at the stage of postweaning and before entry into the feedlot.

Naturally Colonized Beef Cattle Populations Fed Combinations of Yeast Culture and an Ionophore in Finishing Diets Containing Dried Distiller's Grains with Solubles Had Similar Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 912-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. SWYERS ◽  
B. A. CARLSON ◽  
K. K. NIGHTINGALE ◽  
K. E. BELK ◽  
S. L. ARCHIBEQUE
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pfge Typing ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
Water Trough

Beef steers (n = 252) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary supplement on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Seven pens of 9 steers (63 steers per treatment) were fed diets supplemented with or without yeast culture (YC) or monensin (MON) and their combination (YC × MON). YC and MON were offered at 2.8 g/kg and 33 mg/kg of dry matter intake, respectively. Environmental sponge samples (from each pen floor, feed bunk, and water trough) were collected on day 0. Rectal fecal grab samples were collected on days 0, 28, 56, 84, 110, and 125. Samples were collected and pooled by pen and analyzed for presumptive E. coli O157:H7 colonies, which were confirmed by a multiplex PCR assay and characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing. On day 0, E. coli O157:H7 was detected in 7.0% of feed bunk samples and 14.3% of pen floor samples but in none of the water trough samples. The 71.4% prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in fecal samples on day 0 decreased significantly (P < 0.05) over time. E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding was not associated with dietary treatment (P > 0.05); however, in cattle fed YC and YC × MON fecal shedding was 0% by day 28. Eight XbaI PFGE subtypes were identified, and a predominant subtype and three closely related subtypes (differing by three or fewer bands) accounted for 78.7% of environmental and fecal isolates characterized. Results from this study indicate that feeding YC to cattle may numerically decrease but not eliminate fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 at the onset of treatment and that certain E. coli O157 subtypes found in the feedlot environment may persist in feedlot cattle.

Spiral Plating Method To Quantify the Six Major Non-O157 Escherichia coli Serogroups in Cattle Feces

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 848-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragathi B. Shridhar ◽  
Lance W. Noll ◽  
Charley A. Cull ◽  
Xiaorong Shi ◽  
Natalia Cernicchiaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Foodborne Illnesses ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
Plating Method ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT Cattle are a major reservoir of the six major Shiga toxin–producing non-O157 Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) responsible for foodborne illnesses in humans. Besides prevalence in feces, the concentrations of STEC in cattle feces play a major role in their transmission dynamics. A subset of cattle, referred to as super shedders, shed E. coli O157 at high concentrations (≥4 log CFU/g of feces). It is not known whether a similar pattern of fecal shedding exists for non-O157. Our objectives were to initially validate the spiral plating method to quantify the six non-O157 E. coli serogroups with pure cultures and culture-spiked fecal samples and then determine the applicability of the method and compare it with multiplex quantitative PCR (mqPCR) assays for the quantification of the six non-O157 E. coli serogroups in cattle fecal samples collected from commercial feedlots. Quantification limits of the spiral plating method were 3 log, 3 to 4 log, and 3 to 5 log CFU/mL or CFU/g for individual cultures, pooled pure cultures, and cattle fecal samples spiked with pooled pure cultures, respectively. Of the 1,152 cattle fecal samples tested from eight commercial feedlots, 122 (10.6%) and 320 (27.8%) harbored concentrations ≥4 log CFU/g of one or more of the six serogroups of non-O157 by spiral plating and mqPCR methods, respectively. A majority of quantifiable samples, detected by either spiral plating (135 of 137, 98.5%) or mqPCR (239 of 320, 74.7%), were shedding only one serogroup. Only one of the quantifiable samples was positive for a serogroup carrying Shiga toxin (stx1) and intimin (eae) genes; 38 samples were positive for serogroups carrying the intimin gene. In conclusion, the spiral plating method can be used to quantify non-O157 serogroups in cattle feces, and our study identified a subset of cattle that was super shedders of non-O157 E. coli. The method has the advantage of quantifying non-O157 STEC, unlike mqPCR that quantifies serogroups only.

scholarly journals Inclusion of Dried or Wet Distillers' Grains at Different Levels in Diets of Feedlot Cattle Affects Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (21) ◽  
pp. 7238-7242 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Jacob ◽  
Z. D. Paddock ◽  
D. G. Renter ◽  
K. F. Lechtenberg ◽  
T. G. Nagaraja
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains

ABSTRACT Our objectives were to evaluate the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle fed diets supplemented with 20 or 40% dried distillers' grains (DG) (DDG) or wet DG (WDG) and assess whether removing DG from diets before slaughter affected fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7. Eight hundred forty steers were allocated to 70 pens (12 steers/pen). Treatments were no DG (control), 20% DDG or WDG, and 40% DDG or WDG, and each was replicated in 14 pens. In phase 1, eight floor fecal samples were collected from each pen every 2 weeks for 12 weeks for isolation of E. coli O157:H7 and detection of high shedders. In phase 2, half of the pens with DG were transitioned to the no-DG control diet, and pen floor fecal samples were collected weekly from all pens for 4 weeks. During phase 1, prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was 20.8% and 3.2% for high shedders. The form of DG had no significant effect on fecal E. coli O157:H7 shedding. The prevalence levels of E. coli O157:H7 and the numbers of high shedders were not different between diets with 0 or 20% DG; however, cattle fed 40% DG had a higher prevalence and more high shedders than cattle fed 0 or 20% DG (P ≤ 0.05). During phase 2, overall and high-shedder prevalence estimates were 3.3% and <0.1%, respectively, and there were no differences between those for different DG forms and inclusion levels or when DG was removed from diets. The form of DG had no impact on E. coli O157:H7; however, fecal shedding was associated with the DG inclusion level.

Influence of β-Agonists (Ractopamine HCl and Zilpaterol HCl) on Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feedlot Cattle†

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 2587-2591 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOM S. EDRINGTON ◽  
RUSSELL L. FARROW ◽  
GUY H. LONERAGAN ◽  
SAM E. IVES ◽  
MICHAEL J. ENGLER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rectal Palpation

Ractopamine HCl and zilpaterol HCl, β-agonists recently approved for use in feedlot cattle to improve performance traits and carcass leanness, were examined for their effects on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. Fecal samples (n = 2,454) were obtained from four experiments (one ractopamine HCl, three zilpaterol HCl) over the course of a 3-year period, either by rectal palpation (ractopamine HCl experiment) or from pen-floor fecal pats. Samples were cultured quantitatively and qualitatively for E. coli O157:H7. No significant treatment differences were detected for fecal prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in the ractopamine HCl experiment. Zilpaterol HCl feeding had no effect (P &gt; 0.20) on fecal shedding in the first or second experiments, with overall E. coli O157:H7 prevalence relatively low (&lt;7%). In the third zilpaterol HCl experiment, the percentage of fecal samples that were E. coli O157:H7 positive following qualitative culture was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the zilpaterol HCl treatment (10.3%) than for the control (6.1%). The current research showed minimal effects of β-agonists on fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 and indicated that these compounds (fed immediately prior to slaughter) are not a cause for concern from a food safety standpoint.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Study of Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feedlot Cattle: Predominance and Persistence of Specific Clonal Types despite Massive Cattle Population Turnover

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. LeJeune ◽  
T. E. Besser ◽  
D. H. Rice ◽  
J. L. Berg ◽  
R. P. Stilborn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Population Turnover

ABSTRACT Identification of the sources and methods of transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle may facilitate the development of on-farm control measures for this important food-borne pathogen. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in fecal samples of commercial feedlot cattle in 20 feedlot pens between April and September 2000 was determined throughout the finishing feeding period prior to slaughter. Using immunomagnetic separation, E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 636 of 4,790 (13%) fecal samples in this study, with highest prevalence earliest in the feeding period. No differences were observed in the fecal or water trough sediment prevalence values of E. coli O157:H7 in 10 pens supplied with chlorinated drinking water supplies compared with nonchlorinated water pens. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of XbaI-digested bacterial DNA of the 230 isolates obtained from eight of the pens revealed 56 unique restriction endonuclease digestion patterns (REDPs), although nearly 60% of the isolates belonged to a group of four closely related genetic subtypes that were present in each of the pens and throughout the sampling period. The other REDPs were typically transiently detected, often in single pens and on single sample dates, and in many cases were also closely related to the four predominant REDPs. The persistence and predominance of a few REDPs observed over the entire feeding period on this livestock operation highlight the importance of the farm environment, and not necessarily the incoming cattle, as a potential source or reservoir of E. coli O157:H7 on farms.

scholarly journals Detection of Escherichia coli O104 in the Feces of Feedlot Cattle by a Multiplex PCR Assay Designed To Target Major Genetic Traits of the Virulent Hybrid Strain Responsible for the 2011 German Outbreak

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 3522-3525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. D. Paddock ◽  
J. Bai ◽  
X. Shi ◽  
D. G. Renter ◽  
T. G. Nagaraja
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Hybrid Strain ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay

ABSTRACTA multiplex PCR was designed to detectEscherichia coliO104:H4, a hybrid pathotype of Shiga toxigenic and enteroaggregativeE. coli, in cattle feces. A total of 248 fecal samples were tested, and 20.6% were positive for serogroup O104. The O104 isolates did not carry genes characteristic of the virulent hybrid strain.

Long-Haul Transport and Lack of Preconditioning Increases Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Calves†

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. BACH ◽  
T. A. McALLISTER ◽  
G. J. MEARS ◽  
K. S. SCHWARTZKOPF-GENSWEIN
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection

The effects of weaning and transport on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli and on E. coli O157:H7 were investigated using 80 Angus and 94 Charolais range steer calves blocked by breed and assigned to four treatments. The calves were or were not preconditioned before transport on commercial cattle liner to the feedlot via long (15 h) or short (3 h) hauling duration, yielding preconditioned long haul (P-L; n = 44), preconditioned short haul (P-S; n = 44), nonpreconditioned long haul (NP-L; n = 43), and nonpreconditioned short haul (NP-S; n = 43). Preconditioned calves were vaccinated and weaned 29 and 13 days, respectively, before transport. Nonpreconditioned calves were weaned 1 day before long or short hauling, penned for 24 h and hauled again for 2 h, and vaccinated on arrival at the feedlot. Fecal samples were collected from calves while on pasture, at weaning, at loading for transport, on arrival at the feedlot, twice in the first week, and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 for enumeration of total E. coli (biotype 1) and detection of E. coli O157:H7. No calves were positive for E. coli O157:H7 before transport. Following transport, more (P &lt; 0.005) NP-L calves (6 of 43) tested positive for E. coli O157:H7 than did P-L (1 of 44), NP-S (1 of 43), or P-S (0 of 44) calves, and on days 0, 1, 7, and 21, their levels of shedding of E. coli were higher (P &lt; 0.005). The calves' susceptibility to infection from the environment (possibly the holding facilities or feedlot pens) was likely elevated by the stresses of weaning, transport, and relocation. Lack of preconditioning and long periods of transport (NP-L) increased fecal shedding of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7. Preconditioning may serve to reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding by range calves on arrival at the feedlot.

scholarly journals Prevalence and molecular detection of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli from diarrheic cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Akter ◽  
S Majumder ◽  
KH MNH Nazir ◽  
M Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Positive Isolate

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotically important pathogen which causes hemorrhagic colitis, diarrhea, and hemolytic uremic syndrome in animals and humans. The present study was designed to isolate and identify the STEC from fecal samples of diarrheic cattle. A total of 35 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The samples were primarily examined for the detection of E. coli by cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics, followed by confirmation of the isolates by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using gene specific primers. Later, the STEC were identified among the isolated E. coli through detection of Stx-1 and Stx-2 genes using duplex PCR. Out of 35 samples, 25 (71.43%) isolates were confirmed to be associated with E. coli, of which only 7 (28%) isolates were shiga toxin producers, and all of them were positive for Stx-1. However, no Stx-2 positive isolate could be detected. From this study, it may be concluded that cattle can act as a reservoir of STEC which may transmit to human or other animals.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(1): 63-68, June 2016

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