Occurrence of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Adipate and Phthalate Plasticizers in Samples of Meat, Fish, and Cheese and Their Packaging Films

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
XU-LIANG CAO ◽  
WENDY ZHAO ◽  
ROBIN CHURCHILL ◽  
CARLA HILTS
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
The Government ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) and phthalates are commonly used as plasticizers to soften polyvinyl chloride products. Because both DEHA and certain phthalates have been identified as priority chemicals for assessment of human health risk under the Government of Canada's Chemicals Management Plan, a comprehensive targeted survey was conducted to investigate the occurrence of DEHA and eight phthalates (di-methyl phthalate, di-ethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, di-iso-butyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, di-n-hexyl phthalate, d-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-n-octyl phthalate) in a total of 118 samples of meat (beef, pork, and chicken), fish, and cheese packaged mostly in cling films. The eight phthalates were not detected in any of the food packaging, but DEHA was detected in most of the cling films, indicating that although DEHA-plasticized films (e.g., polyvinyl chloride film) are currently being used by most grocery stores, nonplasticized cling films such as polyethylene film, are also being used by some stores. DEHA was not detected in any of the 10 cheese samples packaged in nonplasticized rigid plastics but was detected in all 30 cheese samples packaged in DEHA-plasticized cling films at levels from 0.71 to 879 μg/g, with an average of 203 μg/g. Only DEHA was detected in the beef, pork, chicken, and fish samples packaged in DEHA-plasticized cling films but at considerably lower levels than those found in cheese, with averages of 6.3, 9.1, 2.5, and 5.9 μg/g, respectively. Among the eight phthalates, only di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was detected in a few cheese samples at levels from 0.29 to 15 μg/g, with an average of 2.8 μg/g; these levels were very likely due to environmental contamination. Levels of DEHA found in most of the cheese samples from this study are above the European specific migration limit of 18 mg/kg for DEHA in food or food simulants, and levels of phthalates (i.e., DEHP) were low.

scholarly journals Transfer of phthalates from c-polyvinyl chloride and cross-linked polyethylene pipe (PEX-b) into drinking water

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 588-596
Author(s):  
Derek R. Faust ◽  
Kimberly J. Wooten ◽  
Philip N. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Benzyl Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate

Several different materials have been used for production of domestic water pipes throughout history. In recent years, the use of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipe has increased dramatically, yet the potential for leaching of phthalates, which are endocrine disrupting compounds associated with adverse reproductive effects in humans, has not been examined. In this study, the potential of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (cPVC) and red, blue, and heat PEX piping to leach phthalates into static hot and cold water after 2, 8, and 48 hours was evaluated. Concentrations of six phthalates, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di(n-octyl) phthalate (DNOP), were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pipe type (F3,71 = 15.6, P = 0.001) contributed significantly to phthalate concentrations in water, while temperature (F4,71 = 1.74, P = 0.106) and time (F4,71 = 1.02, P = 0.427) were not significant factors. Significantly higher concentrations of DEP, DBP, and BBP were observed in cPVC pipe (<method detection limits (MDL) to 466 ng L−1, 252–4,219 ng L−1, 473–18,400 ng L−1, respectively) compared to blue PEX (T2 = 12.2, P < 0.001; <MDL, <MDL − 140 ng L−1, <MDL − 459 ng L−1, respectively), red PEX (T2 = 19.3, P < 0.001; <MDL, <MDL − 188 ng L−1, <MDL − 881 ng L−1, respectively), and heat PEX (T2 = 19.9, P < 0.001; <MDL, <MDL − 162 ng L−1, <MDL − 169 ng L−1, respectively). Phthalate exposure from drinking water via cPVC or PEX is low when compared to other dietary sources. Nonetheless, a shift from cPVC to PEX pipes in households would decrease potential exposure to phthalates.

Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Adipate in Selected Total Diet Food Composite Samples

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 1985-1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
XU-LIANG CAO ◽  
WENDY ZHAO ◽  
ROBIN CHURCHILL ◽  
ROBERT DABEKA
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Human Exposure Assessment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Of Canada ◽  
Composite Samples

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) food-wrapping films plasticized with di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) are commonly used by grocery stores in Canada to rewrap meat, poultry, fish, cheese, and other foods. DEHA was assessed as part of the Government of Canada's Chemicals Management Plan. The main source of exposure for most age groups was expected to be food. Although the margin of exposure from food and beverages is considered to be adequately protective, the Government of Canada committed to performing targeted surveys of DEHA in foods and food packaging materials to better define Canadian exposure to DEHA through dietary intake. In order to determine whether more-comprehensive targeted surveys on DEHA in foods should be conducted, 26 food composite samples from the 2011 Canadian total diet study were selected and analyzed for DEHA using a method based on solvent and dispersive solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. These 26 food composites include cheese, meat, poultry, fish, and fast foods, and PVC films were likely used in packaging the individual foods used to make the composites. DEHA was detected in most of the meat, poultry, and fish composite samples, with the highest concentration found in ground beef (11 μg/g), followed by beef steak (9.9 μg/g), freshwater fish (7.8 μg/g), poultry liver pa^te′ (7.4 μg/g), fresh pork (6.9 μg/g), cold cuts and luncheon meats (2.8 μg/g), veal cutlets (2.1 μg/g), roast beef (1.3 μg/g), lamb (1.2 μg/g), and organ meats (0.20 μg/g). Targeted surveys should be conducted to investigate the presence of DEHA in various foods packaged with PVC films in more detail and provide updated occurrence data for accurate human exposure assessment.

MAKING IT GREEN: THE FOOD PACKAGING PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES OF YOUNG CONSUMERS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Norsyamira Shahrin ◽  
Rabiatul Adawiyah Abd Rahman ◽  
Noorliza Zainol ◽  
Noor Saliza Salmi ◽  
Mohd Faisal Abdul Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Food Handler ◽  
Polystyrene Foam ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Young Consumers ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
The Government ◽  
The University

Food handler still fails to play their part even when the government imposes “No Plastic Bag” campaign and a ban on polystyrene foam to pack foods. This research focuses on eco-friendly food packaging based on the perception and practice of young consumers, especially the undergraduates of Mara University of Technology Penang Campus (UiTMPP). Questionnaire was constructed and distributed to 315 respondents.  The collected data were analyzed with simple descriptive statistic of frequency, mean and standard deviation. Most of the respondents are aware on eco-friendlyfood packaging. They agreed that the university should propose some alternative to control and reduce non-biodegradable foods packaging. 

scholarly journals An Inverted Management Strategy for the Fishery of Endangered Marine Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hudson T. Pinheiro ◽  
Jose A. C. C. Nunes ◽  
E. O. C. Coni ◽  
E. C. G. Almeida ◽  
C. L. S. Sampaio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Key Species ◽  
The Government ◽  
Marine Areas

Overfishing is notorious for triggering population collapses and disrupting marine biological functioning worldwide. To counter such a threat, policy-makers have created and implemented multiple management strategies, but most were incapable to prevent the decline of several key species. Here, we discuss a new management strategy in force since June 2019 in Brazil that aims to deter the overfishing of parrotfish species of the genera Scarus and Sparisoma. This innovative strategy, here referred to as inverted management, allows the capture of endangered parrotfish species inside management areas, such as partially protected marine areas—MPAs, but bans it elsewhere. This initiative is supposed to be built in a partnership among the government, scientists, managers, and fishers. If implemented correctly, endangered species would recover in the much larger area outside MPAs, and fishers would benefit from the conservation-value of the scarce and valued product. However, to succeed, the strategy depends on the adoption of a series of challenging management rules that are not currently being enforced along an extensive coastline. So far, few MPAs have incorporated rules for endangered species in their management plan, and those that have done so have no plans or the means to enforce them. Therefore, fishing of endangered species is currently ongoing without any management or monitoring in the entire Brazilian coast. Concerned with the challenges to develop plans to recover populations of endangered species faced by Brazilian managers, we suggest wide communication and a ban on the fisheries until management plans are implemented. Additionally, we suggest that the effectiveness of the inverted management strategy for parrotfishes should be assessed before it’s applied to other endangered species.

scholarly journals The metal concentrations in several fish species on the coast of Muara Gembong, Bekasi Regency, West Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 322 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Adriani S. Nastiti ◽  
Dimas A. Hediato ◽  
Masayu R. A. Putri ◽  
Krismono
Keyword(s):  
Fish Consumption ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Eastern Area ◽  
Pangasianodon Hypophthalmus ◽  
Present Information ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
The Government ◽  
Glossogobius Giuris

Muara Gembong Beach is part of the eastern area of Jakarta Bay which is still a source of fish consumption for the local community. This study aims to present information about the concentration of metals in several types of fish. The study was conducted in October 2018 at 5 stations, namely the Citarum River, Muara Bendera, Pulau Buaya, Muara Blacan, and Muara Jaya. The parameters measured were copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), and Arsen (As) in several types of fish consumption sizes, with the local names Kuro (Eleutheronema tetradactylum), Keropak (Hexanematichthys sagor), Bloso (Glossogobius giuris), Samgeh (Nibea soldado), Shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), Mujair (Oreochromis mossambicus), Patin (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), and detected in fish samples. Zn was detected in all fish samples and research stations, while Cu was detected in shrimp in Muara Blacan and Muara Flag. As detected in Kuro in Muara Jaya, Mujair in Muara Blacan, Shrimp in Muara Bendera. The concentration of Zn, As, and Cu has exceeded the quality standard in biota. Prevention of the entry of waste containing metals into waters, among others, through increasing public regulations and strict sanctions from the government.

Validation of a province-wide commercial food store dataset in a heterogeneous predominantly rural food environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1889-1895
Author(s):  
Nathan GA Taylor ◽  
Jillian Stymest ◽  
Catherine L Mah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Newfoundland And Labrador ◽  
Test Point ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Positional Error ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
Data Points ◽  
The Government ◽  
Level Of Agreement

AbstractObjective:Commercially available business (CAB) datasets for food environments have been investigated for error in large urban contexts and some rural areas, but there is a relative dearth of literature that reports error across regions of variable rurality. The objective of the current study was to assess the validity of a CAB dataset using a government dataset at the provincial scale.Design:A ground-truthed dataset provided by the government of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) was used to assess a popular commercial dataset. Concordance, sensitivity, positive-predictive value (PPV) and geocoding errors were calculated. Measures were stratified by store types and rurality to investigate any association between these variables and database accuracy.Setting:NL, Canada.Participants:The current analysis used store-level (ecological) data.Results:Of 1125 stores, there were 380 stores that existed in both datasets and were considered true-positive stores. The mean positional error between a ground-truthed and test point was 17·72 km. When compared with the provincial dataset of businesses, grocery stores had the greatest agreement, sensitivity = 0·64, PPV = 0·60 and concordance = 0·45. Gas stations had the least agreement, sensitivity = 0·26, PPV = 0·32 and concordance = 0·17. Only 4 % of commercial data points in rural areas matched every criterion examined.Conclusions:The commercial dataset exhibits a low level of agreement with the ground-truthed provincial data. Particularly retailers in rural areas or belonging to the gas station category suffered from misclassification and/or geocoding errors. Taken together, the commercial dataset is differentially representative of the ground-truthed reality based on store-type and rurality/urbanity.

Investigation of the Source of Residual Phthalate in Sundried Salt

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIN HYO KIM ◽  
JIN HWAN LEE ◽  
SO-YOUNG KIM
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Salt Ponds ◽  
Contribution Ratio ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate

Phthalate contamination in sundried salt has recently garnered interest in Korea. Phthalate concentrations were investigated in Korean sundried salts, source waters, and aqueous extracts from polyvinyl chloride materials used in salt ponds. Preliminary screening results for phthalates in Korean sundried salts revealed that only di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was over the limit of detection, with an 8.6% detection rate, and the concentration ranged from below the limit of detection to 0.189 mg/kg. The tolerable daily intake contribution ratio of the salt was calculated to be only 0.001%. Residual phthalates were below 0.026 mg/liter in source water, and the aqueous extracted di-n-butylphthalate, benzylbutylphthalate, and DEHP, which are considered endocrine disruptors, were below 0.029 mg/kg as derived from the polyvinyl chloride materials in salt ponds. The transfer ratios of the six phthalates from seawater to sundried salts were investigated; transfer ratio was correlated with vapor pressure (r2 = 0.9875). Thus, di-n-butylphthalate, benzylbutylphthalate, DEHP, and di-n-octylphthalate can be considered highly likely residual pollutants in some consumer salts.

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