Imperative logic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell Green
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
Empty Stomach ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Imperative Logic ◽  
The Status ◽  
Logic Of Imperatives ◽  
Shed Light

Imperatives lie at the heart of both practical and moral reasoning, yet they have been overshadowed by propositions and relegated by many philosophers to the status of exclamations. One reason for this is that a sentence’s having literal meaning seems to require its having truth-conditions and ‘Keep your promises!’ appears to lack such conditions, just as ‘Ouch!’ does. One reductionist attempt to develop a logic of imperatives translates them into declaratives and construes inferential relations among the former in terms of inferential relations among the latter. Since no such reduction seems fully to capture the meaning of imperatives, others have expanded our notion of inference to include not just truth – but also satisfaction – preservation, according to which an imperative is satisfied just in case what it enjoins is brought about. A logic capturing what is distinctive about imperatives may shed light on the question whether an ‘ought’ is derivable from an ‘is’; and may elucidate the claim that morality is, or comprises, a system of hypothetical imperatives. Furthermore, instructions, which are often formulated as imperatives (‘Take two tablets on an empty stomach!’), are crucial to the construction of plans of action. A proper understanding of imperatives and their inferential properties may thus also illuminate practical reasoning.

Taking Stock

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Dancy
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
A Value ◽  
Theoretical Reasoning ◽  
Similar Explanation

This chapter considers some general issues about the nature of the account that is emerging. It asks whether moral reasoning should have been treated as it was in Chapter 5. It also askes whether an explanation of practical reasons by appeal to value could be mirrored by a similar explanation of theoretical reasoning if one thinks of truth as a value. One might also think of the probability of a belief as a respect in which it is of value. The chapter ends by introducing the idea of a focalist account, and maintains that the account offered of practical reasoning is focalist.

Moral Reasoning and the Primacy of the Practical

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Dancy
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Complete Theory ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Moral Thought

This chapter considers how to locate moral reasoning in terms of the structures that have emerged so far. It does not attempt to write a complete theory of moral thought. Its main purpose is rather to reassure us that moral reasoning—which might seem to be somehow both practical and theoretical at once—can be perfectly well handled using the tools developed in previous chapters. It also considers the question how we are to explain practical reasoning—and practical reasons more generally—by contrast with the explanation of theoretical reasons and reasoning offered in Chapter 4. This leads us to the first appearance of the Primacy of the Practical. The second appearance concerns reasons to intend.

scholarly journals The Trials and Tribulations of Applied Triangulation: Weighing Different Data Sources

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian G. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Practical Research ◽  
The Status ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Illustrative Application

Researchers employ triangulation to increase the validity of inference in qualitative and quantitative research. Leuffen, Shikano, and Walter have presented guidance as to which strategies to use when triangulating data sources. In this article, I explore how their findings can be translated for practical research purposes. I offer an illustrative application concentrating on the political power of traditional political authorities in Uganda and Tanzania. I analyze the status quo of political power and the preferred political power of traditional leaders. To triangulate, I use three sources: (1) constitutional-legal texts, (2) the Afrobarometer survey, and (3) in-depth interviews. I shed light on possible problems and analytical strategies for triangulation in practice, with a specific focus on convergence and divergence of sources.

MANAGERS CAN ALSO RESIST CHANGES — CAN WE DEAL WITH THIS? AN EXPLORATORY STUDY FROM JAPAN

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 447-493
Author(s):  
BALÁZS VASZKUN
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Values ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
Japanese Firms ◽  
Work Routines ◽  
The Status ◽  
Major Reform ◽  
Mass Recruitment ◽  
Dominant Coalition ◽  
High Level ◽  
Shed Light

Japan is going through a transformation, yet it is difficult to judge which model should be chosen as a direction to go in with corporate reforms. Badly needed initiatives seeking to replace outdated managerial habits by new best practices in Japanese firms are being jeopardized by organizational members whose goal is to maintain the status quo — in terms of both political power and everyday work routines. Yet managerial habits and behaviours need to change if Japanese firms are to be entrepreneurial and innovative. According to institutionalism, blocking new initiatives is normal, and societal support is needed for major reform attempts. The focus of this paper is to shed light on how society in Japan is divided when it comes to large firms altering practices with which they have been traditionally managed. Our proposition is that complex, multi-element reform packages — having a potentially opposing dominant coalition, which is the case of Japan — ought to be implemented following a well-defined, prioritized listing of elements. After examining an attitude survey carried out in Japan, our findings revealed two clusters with a particularly high level of support for traditional management. Moreover, out of the two, one appeared to be extremely passive and resistant to any sort of change. In order to fight general resistance and reform outdated practices, our survey shows that Japan could move further towards a system compensating performance rather than seniority and giving more chance to women, discarding mass-recruitment, slow promotion whilst also maintaining the most deeply-rooted traditional values such as job security, paternalism or harmony in corporate life.

scholarly journals MORALITY, LAW AND CONFLICTING REASONS FOR ACTION

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Cane
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Reasons For Action ◽  
Human Conduct ◽  
Morality Plays ◽  
Moral Assessment ◽  
The Concept Of Law ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn The Concept of Law, H.L.A. Hart suggested that four formal features of morality distinguish it from law: importance, immunity from deliberate change, the nature of moral offences and the form of moral pressure. On closer examination, none of these supposed features clearly distinguishes morality from law, at least in the broad sense of ‘morality’ that Hart adopted. However, a fifth feature of morality mentioned by Hart – namely the role that morality plays in practical reasoning as a source of ultimate standards for assessing human conduct – does illuminate the relationship between law as conceptualised by Hart and morality variously understood. Because morality has this feature, law is always subject to moral assessment, and moral reasons trump legal reasons. It does not follow, however, that law is irrelevant to moral reasoning.

scholarly journals Autoregressive Models of the Random fields—A Survey

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Keyword(s):  
Random Fields ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Status ◽  
Ar Models ◽  
Shed Light

Autoregressive (AR) random fields are widely use to describe changes in the status of real-physical objects and implemented for analyzing linear & non-linear models. AR models are Markov processes with a higher order dependence for one-dimensional time series. Actually, various estimation methods were used in order to evaluate the autoregression parameters. Although in many applications background knowledge can often shed light on the search for a suitable model, but other applications lack this knowledge and often require the type of trial errors to choose a model. This article presents a brief survey of the literatures related to the linear and non-linear autoregression models, including several extensions of the main mode models and the models developed. The use of autoregression to describe such system requires that they be of sufficiently high orders which leads to increase the computational costs.

scholarly journals Punctuation Marks and Signs of Cessation in Qur`an: a comparative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Abdur-Rasheed Mahmoud-Mukadam
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Usual Treatment ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Holy Quran ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Contemporary Writers ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

The subject of punctuation in Arabic writing may be one of the topics in which there was a great deal of writing. However, the close look at this paper reveals that there are some new things that the researcher is interested in highlighting in this article. To clarify positions in the Holy Quran. And that some contemporary writers do not take into account the status of these signs and interesting situation in the appropriate places, but they refuse to take into account behind their appearance when writing Arabic became randomly writing, Based on the above, the researcher can shed light on the importance of these punctuation marks and indicate the relationship between them and the signs of the Qur`anic cessation, which does not mean the use of the first place with The existence of the connection and kinship between them; because the writing of Qur`an is descriptive, it could never be treated in the places of cessation and tone as   usual treatment of the normal writing.

scholarly journals A Comparation Of Chinese And Indonesian Time Adverbs

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Yi Ying
Keyword(s):  
Modal Frequency ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Shed Light

Chinese time adverbs describe status of behavior, modal frequency, or that the behavior has occurred, occurred in the past, present or future. When describe a time, it usually emphasizes the meaning. Indonesian time adverbs describe an event or action occurred at a time. It indicates the status of behavior, modal or indicates whether the conduct has occurred, has not happened, will happen, repeat and describe the act or thing is not yet completed. This study attempts to shed light on why students incline to make mistake in using Chinese time adverbs. Furthermore, students face difficulty in differentiating between Chinese and Indonesian time adverbs. Chinese Indonesia have the similar meaning of time adverb, such as: gang, yijing, cengjing, zhengzai, jiang, hai, mashang but function in a sentence not exactly same.

Human Development Status and Regional Disparity in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 1450019
Author(s):  
Ying ZHANG ◽  
Bin ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Regional Disparity ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Country Comparison ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Nations Development ◽  
Shed Light

The 2010 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Global Human Development Report introduced a new methodology to calculate Human Development Index (HDI). Three dimensions of HDI i.e. income, education, and health are adjusted for inequalities in attainments across people. The paper uses the new methodology to estimate 2010 China's national and provincial HDI. Compared with UNDP global report, all the data used here are from China's domestic sources. The education indicator estimated here by referring to detailed local statistics and documents are higher than that in UNDP's global report, thus contributing a slight higher overall HDI estimate. Based on the estimation results here and UNDP's report, China is located in between high human development and low human development, in other words, placed around the half position among all 169 countries. To facilitate a cross-country comparison, the indices are normalized with reference to the goalposts outlined in the HDR 2010. When ranked according to global goalposts, Beijing's rank is 31 whereas the least developed Tibet only ranks 114. Most of the regional disparity is driven by their income differences. The findings of this paper try to shed light on the status of China's human development and also gain insights on China's regional disparity. Further research is required to explore the inter-linkages between inequalities across various dimensions and to examine the factors behind these inequalities.

Sarajevo and the Sarajevo Sephardim

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 892-910
Author(s):  
Jonna Rock
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Jewish Identification ◽  
The Status ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
And Function ◽  
Role And Function ◽  
Shed Light

This article highlights issues pertaining to the Sephardim ([-im] is the masculine plural Hebrew ending and Sepharad is the Hebrew name for Spain. Sephardim thus literally means the Jews of Spain) in Sarajevo from the time of their arrival in the Ottoman Empire in the late fifteenth century until the present day. I describe the status quo for the Sephardi minority in post-Ottoman Sarajevo, in the first and second Yugoslavia, and in today's post-Communist Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The objective is to shed light on how historic preconditions have influenced identity formation as it expresses itself from a Sephardic perspective. The aim is moreover to generate knowledge of the circumstances that affected how Sephardim came to understand themselves in terms of their Jewish identification. I present empirical findings from my semi-structured interviews with Sarajevo Sephardim of different generations (2015 and 2016). I argue that while none of the interlocutors conceive of Jewish identification as divergent from halachic interpretations of matrilineal descent, they moreover propose other conceptions of what it means to be Jewish, such as celebrating Shabbat and other Jewish holidays, and other patterns of socialization. At the same time, these individuals also assert alternative forms of being Bosnian, one that includes multiple ethnicities, and multiple religious ascriptions. This study elucidates a little-explored history and sheds light on the ways in which historical conditions have shaped contemporary, layered framings of identification among Sarajevo's current Jewish population. This article is relevant for those interested in contemporary Sephardic Bosnian culture and in the role and function of ideology in creating conditions for identity formation and transformation.

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