scholarly journals The Polar Code’s suitability as legal protection against negative externalities in the Arctic as part of the Polar Silk Road?

2019 ◽  
pp. 116-129
Author(s):  
Christian Frier ◽  
Kim Østergaard
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Negative Externalities

scholarly journals China’s BRI expansion and great power ambition: The Silk Road on the ice connecting the Arctic

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamrul Hossain ◽  
Dr Yue Xu ◽  
Prof Li Lifan
Keyword(s):  
Silk Road ◽  
Great Power ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Silk Road

scholarly journals Legal protection of the Arctic environment related tourism activity

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
Nikolai Kudelkin
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Arctic Environment ◽  
Cruise Tourism ◽  
Tourism Activity

The Arctic continues to attract more and more tourists. In some of the Arctic regions, tourism in general and cruise tourism in particular is becoming one of the fastest growing economic sectors. However, aside from the economic benefit, the Arctic tourism poses a certain threat to the sensitive environment of the Arctic, which currently experiences constantly increasing pressure from economic activity and climate change. Major negative consequences of tourism activity include the pollution of territories and water zones, worry of animals, direct destruction of flora and fauna, loss of the places of habitat due to infrastructure development, etc. The listed facts underline relevance of the selected topic of research, as well as the need for legal protection of the Arctic environment from negative effects caused by tourism. Analysis is conducted on the current situation in the area of Arctic tourism, as well as the questions of Russia’s Arctic policy pertaining to tourism activity. A brief overview is provided to the international legal regulation in this sphere. The author concludes on the insufficiency of legal regulation in the area of Arctic tourism, and gives recommendations on the improvement of Russian legislation. It is noted that tourism is one of the few types of activities in the Arctic that sparks interests of multiple countries, and in which the acceptance of universal standards seems possible.

scholarly journals Formation of unified approaches towards legal protection of biological diversity and its components in the Arctic: to articulation of the problem

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Tatiana Vladimirovna Rednikova
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Arctic Ecosystems

This article examines the questions associated with protection of Arctic biodiversity, framework international legal documents, and documents of strategic planning of the Arctic countries. It is underlined that despite the unique ability to adapt to the severe climatic conditions, the ability of Arctic ecosystems and their components to self-restoration is significantly lower, which indicates the need to minimize the negative impact of various factors, as well as ensure the maximum level of ecosystem protection, including legal remedies. At the same time, considering the uniformity of natural environment of the Arctic region and ongoing processes, the peak efficiency in environmental protection of the Arctic can be achieved only by pooling and coordinating the efforts of all Arctic countries. The data on the state of Arctic environment allows determining major threats to the state of biological diversity of the region. In this regard, special role is played by climatic changes, which create a number of global challenges. Climate warming inevitably initiates ice melting in the Arctic, shrinkage or total deglaciation of certain areas, which leads to such consequences as decrease in abundance of species, namely aquatic mammals, the life cycle of which directly depends on the existence of ice. Global warming is inextricably linked with the process of displacement of latitudinal boundaries of the Arctic ecosystems towards north, which poses a risk for penetration of biological species that traditionally dwell to the south. This can lead dysfunction of ecosystems due to the dominance of alien species over the indigenous species.

scholarly journals Licensing Service Efficiency in Bandung City

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurniadi . ◽  
◽  
Syafei Ibrahim ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Service Efficiency ◽  
The City

The public service system is determined by the standardization of public services regulated in laws and regulations. Therefore, a common perception is needed between the bureaucratic apparatus and the community in terms of service delivery, especially in the investment sector in order to improve the performance of investment services both at the central and regional levels. Licensing is an instrument of government policy to control negative externalities that may be caused by social and economic activities. Permits are also an instrument for efficient and fair allocation of public goods, preventing information asymmetry, and legal protection of ownership or operation of activities. As an instrument of control, licensing requires clear rationality and is stated in the form of government policy as a reference. Without rationality and a clear policy design, licensing will lose its meaning as an instrument for defending the interests of the community over individual actions. Problems in the field of licensing in the city of Bandung, namely licensing services in the city of Bandung which have been implemented since 2001 are still considered ineffective, so that the performance of licensing services is still low. To carry out business licensing properly, a comprehensive analysis is needed to simplify licensing (Abolish, Combine, Simplified, Decentralized).

The legal protection of the marine environment: The Marine Strategy Framework Directive and its implementation in Spain

elni Review ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Ana Barreira
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Marine Strategy Framework Directive ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Action Programme ◽  
Marine Protection ◽  
The Baltic

Marine ecosystems are open systems with complex interactions within and among them. Impacts on or alterations to one ecosystem in one site of the marine environment will influence other sites, i.e: human activities, conducted in the coastal zone can have significant impacts on the offshore environment, and vice-versa. Within the European Union, bathed by two oceans (the Atlantic and the Arctic) and four seas (the Baltic, Black, Mediterranean and North seas) and with 22 coastal states, the Sixth Environmental Action Programme of the European Community set the process to establish an Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) when it proposed the development of a strategy for marine protection identifying marine protection as one of its priority areas. The IMP was adopted in 2007. The environmental dimension of the IMP is the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Its aim is to protect more effectively the marine environment across Europe through the achievement of good environmental status of the EU's marine waters by 2020 and to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend. The purpose of this article is to analyse the main elements of the MSFD and to examine how Spain, as an EU country with 8000 km of coastal fringe, ist complying with it and will review its marine governance framework.

scholarly journals Actual legal situation and international controversy concerning the continental shelf in the arctic zone

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-E) ◽  
pp. 584-590
Author(s):  
Elena Kuznetsova ◽  
Dmitri Loshchakov
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes

The proposed article briefly presents the prehistory of these problems, the established approaches to determining the legal status of the Arctic continental shelf, so the importance of resolving existing differences between the Arctic states The authors of the article note that the motivation of the Russian Federation according to determination and legal protection of their external borders of the continental shelf in the Arctic is inspired by the growth of the scientific researches and the conduction of various kinds of expeditions, not only by the Arctic states, but also by leading European and Asian countries (Germany, China, etc.), to search for evidence in order to review the existing maritime borders. In conclusion, the article notes that only the peaceful settlement of disputes, compliance with the rules of International Law and observation of the concluded interstate agreements are the key to global stability, because the clash of interests in the Arctic can lead to unpredictable consequences for many states and doesn't exclude the occurrence of military conflicts.

scholarly journals The Legal Protection of Sea Ice Areas and the Triple Bottom Line Approach to Mining Management in the Arctic

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Tkach
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Ellesmere Island ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
The North ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Point Of No Return ◽  
North Western

2020 is the year when 40% of the 4,000-year-old Milne Ice Shelf, located on the north-western edge of Ellesmere Island, caved into the sea. 2020 is the year when the Greenland Ice Sheet has already passed the point of no return. 2020 is the year when human presence in the Arctic Ocean fell dramatically due …

What Is New about the New Silk Road?

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Robert R. Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Islamic Civilization

China’s New Silk Road is far different from earlier routes that were similarly named. It promises to link all of Eurasia and Africa in a single hemispheric market with additional connections to the Arctic Sea and Latin America. It builds upon a historic network of Islamic civilization underpinning modern nations that aspire to become regional powers in their own right. China’s deepening involvement in these countries’ conflicts is also reverberating throughout Chinese society. Inside China, blowback from the New Silk Road is aggravating tensions between religious and ethnic groups and widening splits between rival regions.

Polar Silk Road will reshape trade and geopolitics

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Global Supply Chains ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
Strait Of Malacca

Subject Shipping in the Arctic between China and Europe. Significance Climate change is leaving Arctic waters navigable for longer periods, opening a new shipping route from East Asia to Europe along Russia's northern coast. Dubbed the ‘Polar Silk Road’ (PSR) in China and 'Northern Sea Route' (NSR) in Russia, it could eventually become an alternative to the main Strait of Malacca and Suez Canal route, altering global supply chains and geopolitics. Impacts The PSR's economic viability is premised on it being a reliable and safe route; that time is still far off. Melting ice will unlock new natural resources and commercial opportunities. The foremost use of the PSR initially will probably be for shipping resources extracted from the Arctic to markets elsewhere.

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