scholarly journals Ekonomiczne aspekty funkcjonowania nosokomeionów we wczesnym Bizancjum

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 41-63
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Milewski
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Homes For The Elderly ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church

Economical aspects of nosokomeia in early Byzantium In the 4th century, an époque of intensive Christianisation of the Roman Empire, a new form of providing aid to fellow neighbours appeared, namely charity organizations. Although there were several types of them, in practice the differences between them were quite seamless. Depending on needs, hospital functions were carried by ksenodochia (inns for Christian pilgrims and other travellers), ptochotrophia (shelters for the poor), gerokomia (homes for the elderly) and most of all nosokomia specialised in treating the sick. Also, the Church legislator of the time (synods and councils) and the secular lawmaker (the emperor) did not differentiate the scope of activities of the aforementioned institutions. Since the sick, the poor or pilgrims (or any other exhausted travellers), no matter their age, were able to find shelter or help in each of those institutions, they were commonly perceived as identical. The sources we have, however, do not provide an answer to the question of how this issue was regulated in practice, if only due to the prevention against spreading various diseases (separating the contagiously ill, including most of all lepers, from less severe cases). The sources we know do not also provide an explicit answer to another important question, namely whether in such types of Christian charitable institutions also pagans, Jews or even „heretics” were able to find treatment. Information on the subject of early Byzantine hospitality are found mainly in hagiographic, papyrus or normative texts of the time (mainly in the legislature of emperor Justinian). The geographical range of Christian charitable institutions in the period of our interest is considerably well known, yet it is a different case in terms of attempts to estimate their numbers and size. In that matter, if we were to count individual foundations mentioned in the sources as well as those known from field research, it would turn out that in the whole Eastern Roman Empire only several dozens of such institutions had been functioning since the beginning of the 7th century; numbers, which undoubtedly are considerably underestimated. We already find them since the 20s of the 4th century in Egypt and later on in Asia Minor, in Syria, Palestine and obviously in the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, Constantinople. In greatest numbers the Christian charitable institutions were established most of all in large cities or in the case of specialised medical centres such as leprosoria (homes for lepers), in their nearby areas. They were run mostly by the local clergy (presbyterians or deacons) or monks, who would also take care of financing them. Money (as well as other goods) needed for their functioning were collected by means of small contributions and most of all through sizeable donations and last will testaments made by affluent founders.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-128
Author(s):  
Ersin Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Near East ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Roman Provinces ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cultural Networks ◽  
Written Sources

The Conclusion revisits the questions that lie at the heart of studies of the Roman provinces and that have driven this study. What is the best way to tell the story of a landscape, and its peoples, that have been the subject of successive conquests throughout history and when the few written sources have been composed by outsiders? What approach should be taken to draw out information from a landscape’s material culture to bring the voices and experiences of those who inhabited its space to the fore? Is it ever possible to ensure that certain evidence types and perspectives are not privileged over others to draw balanced conclusions? The main findings of this work are that the Cypriots were not passive participants in the Roman Empire. They were in fact active and dynamic in negotiating their individual and collective identities. The legacies of deep-rooted connections between mainland Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, and the Near East were maintained into the Roman period and acknowledged by both locals and outsiders. More importantly, the identity of the island was fluid and situational, its people able to distinguish themselves but also demonstrate that the island was part of multiple cultural networks. Cyprus was not a mere imitator of the influences that passed through it, but distinct. The existence of plural and flexible identities is reflective of its status as an island poised between multiple landscapes

Institutional Care for the Elderly in the 19th Century: Old People in The Hague and their Institutions

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-212
Author(s):  
Willem Jan Van Der Veen ◽  
Frans Van Poppel
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Care For The Elderly ◽  
Homes For The Elderly ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the residents of three ecclesiastical homes for the elderly in The Hague in the i9th century. These homes took in poor members of the church who were at least 60 years old. Most of the elderly who resided in these homes had received poor relief before their admission. The main reason for their decision to request admission to a home was that they were no longer able to run a household independently. Most of the residents were well past the age of 60 upon entering the home, women generally being a few years older than men. There were no significant gender differences in duration of residence. The female age at death was a few years higher than for males. The health of the residents appeared to be worse than that of the total elderly population of The Hague, resulting in a higher death rate. In general, residents had independently run a household prior to admission.

ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE ‘ARIAN CONTROVERSY’ IN THE FOURTH CENTURY

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-263
Author(s):  
David M. Gwynn
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
The Church ◽  
Archaeological Approach ◽  
Arian Controversy

The so-called ‘Arian Controversy’ that divided the Christian Church in the 4th c. has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate in recent decades. The literary sources from which the majority of our knowledge of the controversy derives are highly polemical and distorted, written almost exclusively from the perspective of those whose positions would come to be accepted as ‘orthodox’, and this in turn has directly influenced scholarly interpretations of the material evidence from this crucial period in the history of the Church. In this paper I wish to reconsider that material evidence and ask how an archaeological approach independent of the biases of our literary sources might broaden our understanding of the controversy and its impact upon the 4th c. Roman empire.

ENTRUSTING WESTERN EUROPE TO THE CHURCH, 400–750

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 37-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Wood
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Classical World ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
Major Break ◽  
Simple Change ◽  
The Church

ABSTRACTAlthough there had been substantial donations to the church in the course of the last two centuries of the Roman Empire, the amount of property transferred to the episcopal church and to monasteries in the following two and a half centuries would seem to have been immense. Probably rather more than 30 per cent of the Frankish kingdom was given to ecclesiastical institutions; although the Anglo-Saxon church was only established after 597, it also acquired huge amounts of land, as did the churches of Spain and Italy, although the extent conveyed in the two peninsulas is harder to estimate. The scale of endowments helps explain the occasional criticisms of the extent of church property, and also the secularisations and reallocation of church land, and indeed suggest that the transfer of property out of the control of the church in Francia and England in the eighth century may have been greater than is often assumed. The transfer of land should probably also be seen as something other than a simple change of ownership. Church property provided the economic basis for cult, for the maintenance of clergy, who were unquestionably numerous, and for the poor. In social and economic, as well as religious terms, this marked a major break with the Classical World.

scholarly journals To the history of the Russian vagrancy XVII–XIX centuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
Aleksei Shliakov
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Article Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
The Needy

In the following article analysis of vagabondism in Russia is being made, based on sources from literature, journalism and the Holy Father. The particular qualities of the Church, temporal powers, and common society members’ attitudes towards vagabondism are being viewed. The periods of the romanticizing of vagabondism in the history of Russia are being described as well as periods when vagabondism was subjected to social exclusion. A gradual transition of the perception of vagabondism from the field of Christian traditional humility and mercy to a social field which inflicts responsibility for one’s behavior on the subject of vagabondism is explored. Methods and manners of charity for vagabonds and the poor are being viewed as well as the imperative measures and sanctions of the struggle against mendicity and vagabondism in various historical periods. The classifications of vagabonds, offered by Russian thinkers, are being researched since they allow us to distinguish between the needy and those who use the image of a vagabond for their own profit and who speculate on Christian feelings. Generally, the authors come to a conclusion that unlike Western Europe, where vagabondism was banned and where vagabonds were punished severely, the attitude towards vagabonds in pre-revolutionary Russia was based on the orthodox values and included humanity and mercifulness.

Beyond the Church and the Poor: Expanding the Subject of Ethnographic Theology

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Michael R. Grigoni
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Common Life ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Dual Inheritance ◽  
The Church ◽  
Studying Up

Abstract The use of ethnography for theological inquiry is no longer novel. Yet, as the introduction to this special issue indicates, the ethnographic turn in Christian theology is animated by distinct postliberal and liberationist trajectories, each with their own theological presumptions and methodological aims. Should the future development of this turn favour one trajectory over another? This paper explores this question in conversation with Todd Whitmore’s Imitating Christ in Magwi: An Anthropological Theology. Through a sustained engagement with Imitating Christ in Magwi, I unearth both postliberal and liberationist inheritances to show that Whitmore’s text exceeds a postliberal-liberationist binary. I then ask what the dual inheritance of his work signifies for the future of the ethnographic turn. Drawing from cultural anthropology’s mode of ‘studying up,’ I suggest that the turn should orient itself more broadly to the care of our common life by expanding attention to subjects with power.

Relations between Rome and the German ‘Kings’ on the Middle Danube in the First to Fourth Centuries A.D.

1989 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn F. Pitts
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Administrative System ◽  
The West ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
East And West ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence

In recent years the ‘rex sociusque et amicus’ of the Roman Empire—frequently, if mistakenly, called a ‘client king’—has been the subject of much study, notably by D. Braund. Although ostensibly Braund and others are discussing the position and role of these kings on all the Roman frontiers, they concentrate in the main on those in the east. This is perhaps inevitable, since literary and epigraphic evidence abounds for the east, while it is scarce and often ambiguous for the west. Unfortunately direct comparison between east and west is meaningless: conditions which can be seen to apply to Rome's relations with her neighbours in the east cannot always be transferred to the west. Unfortunately direct comparison between east and west is meaningless: conditions which can be seen to apply to Rome's relations with her neighbours in the east cannot always be transferred to the west. In Greece and Asia Minor Rome was dealing with developed societies who could be integrated into a Roman administrative system; in the west, on the other hand, the peoples living beyond the frontiers, and indeed within them, were culturally less well-developed; here Rome had, on the whole, to negotiate with constantly changing tribal chiefs rather than with established monarchies.

scholarly journals The Homelessness Crisis and the Role of the Church

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
William B. Bowes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biblical Theology ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Church In The World ◽  
The Church

In The United States, The Homelessness Situation Has Developed Into What Is Commonly Called A Crisis. An Array Of Helpful And Unhelpful Responses Has Been Proposed, And Public Opinion On The Homeless Varies. Apathy Or Inaction On The Part Of The Church Is Not An Option, Since Concerns For The Poor And Displaced Permeate Scripture. This Article Considers The Complex Factors Related To Homelessness And The Theology Of Scripture On The Subject, Evaluating Approaches And Offering Meaningful And Effective Responses In Light Of The Role Of The Church In The World. The Intersection Of Ecclesiology And A Practical Response To The Crisis Will Be Examined To Elucidate Better A Specifically Christian Approach. KEYWORDS: Homelessness, Homelessness Crisis, Ecclesiology, Biblical Theology, Poverty, Church Action

scholarly journals Medellín, à luz do Vaticano II: Qual é a missão da Igreja dentro do continente Latino-americano?

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Faccini Paro ◽  
André Luiz Massaro
Keyword(s):  
Vatican Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disciples Of Christ ◽  
Economic Dependence ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Church ◽  
People Today ◽  
The Way

Resumo: Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo, apresentar a resposta que Medellín deu aocontinente americano sob a luz do Vaticano II, em relação aos graves problemas que caracterizama vida de seu povo. Por um lado, a miséria, opressão, dependência econômica,política e cultural, e, de outro, um desejo e clamor de misericórdia e libertação, de umpovo impaciente por mudanças e transformações. O homem e a mulher são sujeitos datransformação do continente, como a Igreja pode ajudá-los; qual é a sua missão ? A metodologiadessa pesquisa faz referência bibliográfica aos principais títulos sobre o assunto.O caminho a ser percorrido será: análise da história e da realidade, reflexão de conceitose desdobramentos práticos e pastorais. A Igreja não poderá nunca se esquecer que: “Asalegrias e as esperanças, as tristezas e as angústias dos homens de hoje, sobretudodos pobres e dos que sofrem, são também as alegrias e as esperanças, as tristezas e asangústias dos discípulos de Cristo; e não há realidade alguma verdadeiramente humanaque não encontre eco no seu coração.”(GS 01)Palavras-chave: Medellín. Igreja. Vaticano II. Pobre. Missão.Abstract: This research aims to present the answer Medellin gave the American continentin the light of Vatican II, in relation to the serious problems that characterize the lives ofhis people. On the one hand, misery, oppression, economic dependence, political andcultural, and the other, a desire and cry for mercy and release of an impatient peoplefor change and transformation. The man and woman are subjects of the transformationof the continent, as the Church can help them; what is your mission? The methodologyof this research is bibliographical reference to the main titles on the subject. The way togo is: analysis of the history and reality, reflection concepts and practical and pastoraldevelopments. The Church can never forget that: “The joys and the hopes, the griefs andthe anxieties of people today, especially the poor and those who suffer, are also the joysand hopes, the griefs and the anxieties of disciples of Christ; and there is no reality trulyhuman fails to raise an echo in their hearts.” (GS 01)Keywords: Medellin. Church. Vatican II. Poor. Mission.

Contributions to the History of Southern Aeolis

1881 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 271-308
Author(s):  
W. M. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
The Arts ◽  
French School ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
School Of Athens

Asia Minor, interposed like a bridge between Europe and Asia, has been from time immemorial a battlefield between the Eastern and Western races. Across this bridge the arts, civilisation, and religion of the East had passed into Greece; and back over the same bridge they strove to pass beautified and elevated from Greece into Asia. The progress of the world has had its centre and motive power in the never-ceasing collision of Eastern and Western thought, which was thus produced in Asia Minor. One episode in the long conflict has been chosen by Herodotus as the subject of his prose epic: but the struggle did not stop at the point he thought. It has not yet ended, though it has long ceased to be of central importance in the world's history. For centuries after he wrote Greek influence continued to spread, unhindered, further and further into Asia: but as the Roman empire decayed, the East again became the stronger, and Asia Minor has continued under its undisputed influence almost up to the present day. Now the tide has again turned, and one can trace along the western coast the gradual extinction of the Oriental element. It does not retreat, it is not driven back by war: it simply dies out by a slow yet sure decay. It is the aim of this set of papers to throw some light on one stage in this contest, a stage probably the least known of all, the first attempts of the Greek element to establish itself in the country round the Hermus. Tradition has preserved to us little information about the first Greek settlements. The customary division into Aeolic, Ionic, and Doric colonists is not a sufficient one. Strabo clearly implies that there was a double Aeolic immigration when he says (p. 622) that Cyme founded thirty cities, and that it was not the first Aeolic settlement; in another passage (p. 582) he makes the northern colonists proceed by land through Thrace, the southern direct by sea to Cyme. I hope by an examination of the country and the situations, never as yet determined, of the minor towns, to add a little to the history of this Southern Aeolic immigration, in its first burst of prosperity, through the time when it was almost overwhelmed in the Lydian and Persian empires and was barely maintained by the strength of the Athenian confederacy, till it was finally merged in the stronger tide of Greek influence that set in with the victory of Alexander. More is known of Myrina, and still more of Cyme, than of any of the other towns: but both are omitted here, because it may be expected that considerable light will be thrown on the history of both by the excavations conducted on their sites by the French School of Athens. Till their results are published, it would be a waste of time to write of either city.

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