scholarly journals A Low-cost Webcam-based Eye Tracker and Saccade Measurement System

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Human Practices ◽  
High Level ◽  
Eye Location ◽  
The Brain

Eye movements are integrated with cognitive processes, which indeed make it a helpful research basis for the investigation of human practices. Eye movements can be deployed in discovering several cognitive processes of the brain. This research utilizes low-resolution webcam to develop an eye tracker and saccades measurement tool to extensively lower the gadgets expenses. A consistent algorithm is developed to suit the quality of the webcam using open-source software (Python) to record the time series of the eye location. Likewise, several algorithms are proposed to extract high-level eye movement saccadic measurements from the raw gaze outputs. A pilot study is performed on ten normal participants and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system is quick, simple and efficient for eye tracking and saccade measurement. The developed tool can be used by clinicians and medical physicians for the diagnosis and identification of neurological disorders

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

scholarly journals Farmer Preference to High Elevation Rice Technological Packages for Accelerating Technological Dissemination (A case Study in Humbang Hasundutan Regency)

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Setia Sari Girsang ◽  
Agung B Santosa ◽  
Tommy Purba ◽  
Deddy R Siagian ◽  
Khadijah E Ramija
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Of Importance

Accelerating the introduction of a new technological package is needed to increase the productivity of high elevation puddled rice in Humbang Hasundutan. The objectives of the study are to find out the perception of the existence of technological packages and farmers' preference for a new technological package. The study used a survey method with primary data gathered using questionnaires. The criteria of locations and respondents were used to obtain relevant respondents and data concerning their knowledge of high elevation puddled rice cultivation.  The collected data were processed by using Importance Performance Analysis in order to find out the level of Importance and Satisfaction of the indicators and the valued aspects in the technological package components. The results of the study showed that the socio-economic aspects had to be heeded in organizing the technological package. Indicators having a high level of importance and a low level of satisfaction consisted of production cost, quality of seeds, farmer groups empowerment, technology information institution, capital cost, agricultural tools and machines, pest control, sales price, irrigation canals, and farm roads. On the other hand, introducing new superior seeds, productivity attribute and planting age were important indicators for local farmers as to improve the quality of existing seeds. Farmers group expected that the technological package had a high level of productivity, better access to input, low cost, and good user-friendliness in its application.

scholarly journals Measuring the Spatial Noise of a Low-Cost Eye Tracker to Enhance Fixation Detection

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristien Ooms ◽  
Vassilios Krassanakis
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Artificial Eye ◽  
Fixation Detection ◽  
Spatial Noise ◽  
Experimental Process ◽  
Real Test ◽  
Selection Of

The present study evaluates the quality of gaze data produced by a low-cost eye tracker (The Eye Tribe©, The Eye Tribe, Copenhagen, Denmark) in order to verify its suitability for the performance of scientific research. An integrated methodological framework, based on artificial eye measurements and human eye tracking data, is proposed towards the implementation of the experimental process. The obtained results are used to remove the modeled noise through manual filtering and when detecting samples (fixations). The outcomes aim to serve as a robust reference for the verification of the validity of low-cost solutions, as well as a guide for the selection of appropriate fixation parameters towards the analysis of experimental data based on the used low-cost device. The results show higher deviation values for the real test persons in comparison to the artificial eyes, but these are still acceptable to be used in a scientific setting.

scholarly journals Using IRT in Estimate Psychometric Characteristics of the Central Science Test for the Third Intermediate Grade in Al-Madinah Al-Munawara's Schools: استخدام نظرية الاستجابة للمفردة في تقدير الخصائص السيكومترية للاختبار المركزي لمادة العلوم للصف الثالث المتوسط بالمدينة المنورة

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Easa Salamah S. Alhajory
Keyword(s):  
Item Response ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Psychometric Characteristics ◽  
R Software ◽  
Average Ability ◽  
The Third ◽  
Science Test ◽  
Multiple Choice Items ◽  
High Level

The aim of this study is to identify the psychometric characteristics of the central science test for the third grade intermediate , which was applied in 2017-2018, it consisted of (40) multiple-choice items. The analyses was according to item response theory. For achieving the objective of the study, (1040) students' answers forms were collected, the results indicated the availability of the assumptions of (IRT) in the test, the three-parameter model was used, it was the most appropriate for the data. The psychometric properties of the test were estimated using R software by the (ltm) package. The results indicated that the most of items were characterized by high level of difficulty, and some items contained a high guessing. In general, the values of the items parameters were inconsistency, according to the criteria presented by the measurement literature. Values of the difficulty parameters ranged between (-0.81 to 2.22), values of the discrimination parameters ranged between (0.28 and 3.81), and guessing parameter ranged from (0.00 to 0.50). The test presents the greatest amount of information at above average ability level There were some recommendations that may improve the quality of the psychometric characteristics of this test, making it an objective and accurate measurement tool in estimating examinees' abilities by using (IRT).

scholarly journals Quality Assessment of Single-Channel EEG for Wearable Devices

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Grosselin ◽  
Xavier Navarro-Sune ◽  
Alessia Vozzi ◽  
Katerina Pandremmenou ◽  
Fabrizio De Vico Fallani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
The Brain

The recent embedding of electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes in wearable devices raises the problem of the quality of the data recorded in such uncontrolled environments. These recordings are often obtained with dry single-channel EEG devices, and may be contaminated by many sources of noise which can compromise the detection and characterization of the brain state studied. In this paper, we propose a classification-based approach to effectively quantify artefact contamination in EEG segments, and discriminate muscular artefacts. The performance of our method were assessed on different databases containing either artificially contaminated or real artefacts recorded with different type of sensors, including wet and dry EEG electrodes. Furthermore, the quality of unlabelled databases was evaluated. For all the studied databases, the proposed method is able to rapidly assess the quality of the EEG signals with an accuracy higher than 90%. The obtained performance suggests that our approach provide an efficient, fast and automated quality assessment of EEG signals from low-cost wearable devices typically composed of a dry single EEG channel.

Do Eye Movements Have a Special Importance to Mental Activity?

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
Peripheral Motor ◽  
The Brain

Several areas of research are reviewed in which associations between eye movements and the nature of mental processes have been attributed to hypothesized third factors. It is suggested that a simpler hypothesis—that eye movements are related in some fundamental manner to cognitive functioning—deserves consideration. A metaphor is presented to show that the quality of information processing need not exclusively reflect processes deep inside the brain but could also be affected by peripheral motor mechanisms.

scholarly journals Human-level saccade detection performance using deep neural networks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie E. Bellet ◽  
Joachim Bellet ◽  
Hendrikje Nienborg ◽  
Ziad M. Hafed ◽  
Philipp Berens
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Level Performance

Saccades are ballistic eye movements that rapidly shift gaze from one location of visual space to another. Detecting saccades in eye movement recordings is important not only for studying the neural mechanisms underlying sensory, motor, and cognitive processes, but also as a clinical and diagnostic tool. However, automatically detecting saccades can be difficult, particularly when such saccades are generated in coordination with other tracking eye movements, like smooth pursuits, or when the saccade amplitude is close to eye tracker noise levels, like with microsaccades. In such cases, labeling by human experts is required, but this is a tedious task prone to variability and error. We developed a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically detect saccades at human-level performance accuracy. Our algorithm surpasses state of the art according to common performance metrics, and will facilitate studies of neurophysiological processes underlying saccade generation and visual processing.

scholarly journals Semi-supervised learning with the clustering and Decision Trees classifier for the task of cognitive workload study

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 214-218
Author(s):  
Martyna Wawrzyk
Keyword(s):  
Supervised Learning ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Cognitive Workload ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
Decision Tress ◽  
High Level

The paper is focused on application of the clustering algorithm and Decision Tress classifier (DTs) as a semi-supervised method for the task of cognitive workload level classification. The analyzed data were collected during examination of Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) with use of eye-tracker device. 26 participants took part in examination as volunteers. There were conducted three parts of DSST test with different levels of difficulty. As a results there were obtained three versions of data: low, middle and high level of cognitive workload. The case study covered clustering of collected data by using k-means algorithm to detect three clusters or more. The obtained clusters were evaluated by three internal indices to measure the quality of clustering. The David-Boudin index detected the best results in case of four clusters. Based on this information it is possible to formulate the hypothesis of the existence of four clusters. The obtained clusters were adopted as classes in supervised learning and have been subjected to classification. The DTs was applied in classification. There were obtained the 0.85 mean accuracy for three-class classification and 0.73 mean accuracy for four-class classification.  

Pupil diameter dynamics as an indicator of the respondent’s cognitive load: Methodological experiment comparing CASI and P&PSI

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-49
Author(s):  
I. F. Deviatko ◽  
M. B. Bogdanov ◽  
D. V. Lebedev
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Computer Literacy ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
High Level

In recent years, the increase in general interest in methods for measuring cognitive load and subjectively perceived mental effort when solving various tasks and in the interpersonal communication was accompanied by an increase in the specific interest of social researchers in the multimodal assessment of the cognitive load of interviewers and respondents based on objective and subjective indicators, including paradata and webcam data, in order to control this loads impact on the quality of survey data. The authors argue that the possibilities of relatively new approaches to measuring cognitive load with neurophysiological methods (such as the use of wearable devices for oculography - eye tracking and pupillometry - which do not disrupt the natural course of respondents and interviewers activity) are still underestimated, although they allow an accurate time linkage of measured parameters dynamics (primarily the size of the pupil) to the question format, mode and phase of survey completion, external influences localized in time, etc. As a rule, quantitative studies of surveys cognitive load and its possible impact on the quality of survey data focus on computer-assisted (CAPI) or paper-based (PAPI) interviewing, while the specificity of the cognitive load in the self-completed computerized (CASI) and paper (PPSI) surveys was not studied. The article presents the results of the methodological experiment based on a modified version of the multimodal approach to the comparative assessment of the cognitive load of interviewers working with paper and computerized questionnaire. We expanded the range of methods for assessing cognitive load by using a wearable oculographic device (eye tracker) to measure the dynamics of pupil size when answering different survey questions. The results of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis about the approximate equivalence of the two modes of survey completion in terms of their cognitive load for younger respondents with a high level of functional computer literacy, and allowed an initial assessment of the technical and metrological capabilities and limitations of the use of pupil dynamics indicators, measured with a wearable oculographic device, to study the respondents cognitive load.

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