TRANSITION FROM DREAMERS-ENTREPRENEURS TO ACTIVE ENTREPRENEURS: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN NATIONAL ECONOMIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (195) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
Yu.S. Pinkovetskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
National Economies

The article is devoted to the actual problem of the existing differences in the early entrepreneurial activity of women and men. The aim of the study is to assess the current levels of interest and participation of women and men in early entrepreneurship in modern national economies. The study solved the problems of determining the values of indicators that characterize the intentions of people to create their own new businesses, their involvement in this activity, as well as the ownership of newly created enterprises. The study used the results of surveys conducted in 59 countries during the implementation of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project as the initial information. The study examined the assessment of 9 indicators that characterize the early entrepreneurship of women and men, as well as the corresponding gender differences. Functions were obtained that demonstrate the distribution of indicators in 59 countries, describing the proportion of women and men, who have intentions to create their own businesses, and are involved in these processes, and are beginners in entrepreneurship. In addition, an assessment of gender differences in 3 stages of early entrepreneurship was carried out. The results showed that in most countries there is a gender gap between the indicators of early entrepreneurial activity, women participate in such activity to a lesser extent compared to men. The author's assessment of the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries showed that in our country, both women and men are less interested in an entrepreneurial career than representatives of other countries. The results obtained are new and original, and have theoretical and practical significance for governments and entrepreneurs. The methodological approach presented in the article to the assessment of gender differences in early entrepreneurship can be applied in further studies. The new knowledge gained is of interest and can be used in the educational process at universities.

scholarly journals Assessment of Gender Differences Characteristic of the Main Stages of Entrepreneurial Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Iuliia S. Pinkovetskaia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
National Economies

The article is devoted to the actual problem of the existing differences in the entrepreneurial activity of women and men. The aim of the study is to assess the current levels of participation of women and men in business activities in modern national economies. The study solved the problems of determining the values of indicators that characterize the initial stage of entrepreneurship, stabile entrepreneurship, as well as the exit of entrepreneurs from their businesses. As a starting point, the study used the results of surveys conducted in 59 countries during the implementation of the Global entrepreneurship monitoring project. In the course of the work, the assessment of nine indicators characterizing such stages as start- up and stabile entrepreneurship, as well as the termination of this activity, was considered. The study developed functions that show the distribution of indicators across 59 countries that describe the proportion of women and men in the three main stages of entrepreneurship. In addition, gender differences in these three stages were assessed. The results showed that in most countries there is a gender gap between the indicators of entrepreneurial activity, that is, women participate in it to a lesser extent than men. Comparing the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries showed that both women and men in our country are less interested in an entrepreneurial career in contrast to other countries. The results obtained are new and original. They have theoretical and practical implications for governments and entrepreneurs. The methodological approach to assessing gender differences in entrepreneurship presented in the article can be used in further research. The new knowledge gained is of interest and can be used in the educational process at universities.

Individual entrepreneurship in the modern world: gender aspect

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Yulia S. Pinkovetskaya
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Distribution Density ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Gender Aspect

Relevance. Our research was devoted to such a field of human activity as individual entrepreneurship. The experience of most countries shows that this activity has developed significantly in recent years. Research on individual entrepreneurship is relevant because it provides a justification for improving this type of activity. The purpose of the study is to evaluate indicators describing the level of individual entrepreneurship in the total number of women and men who are emerging and beginning entrepreneurs in different countries. Materials and methods. The calculations were based on empirical data provided in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring project for fifty-nine countries. Economic and mathematical modeling was based on the development of normal distribution density functions. Results. The study evaluated three indicators describing the gender dimensions of individual entrepreneurship in 59 countries. The average values and ranges of changes in the considered indicators were determined, which are typical for most countries. In addition, national economies were identified that are characterized by high and low values of each of the three indicators. The study showed that there is a gender gap in the values of indicators in most countries. It is proved that the share of women involved in individual entrepreneurship in most countries is higher than that of men. The presence of significant differences in the values of the three indicators under consideration by country is shown. The comparison of the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries is carried out. Conclusion. The results obtained are of theoretical and practical significance for governments and entrepreneurs. The methodological approach to assessing gender differences in individual entrepreneurship presented in the article can be used in further research. The new knowledge gained is of interest and can be used in the educational process at universities.

scholarly journals Participation of Women and Men in Entrepreneurship in Various Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 4/2021 (94) ◽  
pp. 200-219
Author(s):  
Iuliia Pinkovetskaia ◽  
◽  
Anton Lebedev ◽  
Natalya Rokunova ◽  
Natalya Shamina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Sustainable Entrepreneurship ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Start Up ◽  
National Economies

Purpose: The paper is devoted to the actual problem of the existing differences in women’s and men’s entrepreneurship. The aim of the research is to assess the prevailing levels of women’s and men’s participation in entrepreneurial activity in modern national economies. Methodology: The study dealt with the problem of determining indicator values characterizing the early stage of entrepreneurship; mature (sustainable) entrepreneurship, as well as quitting business activities. The results of the surveys conducted in 59 countries throughout the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Project were used as initial information. Findings: In the course of the research, nine indicators characterizing such stages as start-up and sustainable entrepreneurship along with the cessation of this activity were examined. The study developed the functions that show the distribution of the indicators in 59 countries describing women’s and men’s proportions at three main stages of entrepreneurship. Research limitations: The study had limitations on empirical data due to the fact that only 59 countries were considered. Originality: The attained results have indicated that there is a gender gap among the indicators of entrepreneurship in most countries, which means that women participate in it to a smaller extent than men. The methodological approach to assessing gender differences in entrepreneurship presented in the article can be applied in further research.

Performance and financing strategies of female and male entrepreneurs in the Republic of Serbia

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Stošic Panić
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The paper examines gender differences in the performance and financing strategies of female and male entrepreneurs in the Republic of Serbia. The aim of this study is to explore the gender dimension – a much under-researched aspect of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Serbia – and to link the findings with those of other environments. Design/methodology/approach To explore gender-based differences in entrepreneurial activity, a random sample of 327 units was drawn from the Serbian Business Registers Agency’s Register of Companies. In total, 101 completed questionnaires were received. The chi-square test of association was used to assess the relationship between two categorical variables, while the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to assess the statistical importance of the differences between groups of female and male entrepreneurs. The relationship between the performance and different sources of financing was assessed by multiple regression analysis. Findings The results confirm the existence of a gender gap in the net profit, employment growth rate, return on assets (ROA) and in use of various types of alternative financing sources. The evidence shows that those male entrepreneurs who use personal funds achieve lower levels of net profit and ROA compared to those who use internal business sources. Lower ROA is also achieved by those male entrepreneurs who use alternative sources of financing, relative to those who do not use these sources. Female entrepreneurs who applied for bank loans realized higher net profit value compared to those who did not apply for a loan. Moreover, female entrepreneurs who use some kind of state-supported funding achieve higher ROA than those who do not. Other gender differences found regarding the various aspects of the financing practices lacked statistical significance. Originality/value Although the generalizability of part of the findings is weakened due to the lack of statistical significance, most of the expected gender differences were found to exist at the sample level. This encourages further studies of similarities and differences between female and male entrepreneurs’ financing strategies and their impact on business performance. This is particularly important for the environments in which the gender aspect of entrepreneurial activity is under-researched.

Criminal offenses of terrorist direction in criminal legislation of foreign countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Serhii Repetskyi
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Special Part ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Criminal Legislation

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to study the criminal offenses of terrorism in the criminal law of foreign countries and to outline the limits of the use of its positive assets. The methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of existing scientific and theoretical material and formulation of relevant conclusions. The following methods of scientific cognition were used during the research: comparative-legal, logical-grammatical, system-structural, modeling. Results In the course of the research it was recognized that in the criminal legislation of foreign countries there is no single approach to the definition of criminal offenses of terrorist orientation. In most European countries, prosecution is provided not only in the criminal code, but also in special laws to combat this phenomenon. At the same time, increased attention is paid to the fight against terrorist financing and incitement to terrorism. Also noteworthy is the attribution to terrorism of a significant number of illegal acts, which without a terrorist purpose constitute independent criminal offenses (murder, bodily harm, riots, robbery, damage to important public buildings, kidnapping, etc.). Scientific novelty. In the course of the research it is scientifically substantiated to divide the legislation on liability for criminal offenses of terrorist orientation into three models: 1) complex (combination of criminal law and specially defined for counter-terrorism legislation); 2) criminal law; 3) criminological, in which the fight against terrorism is reflected only in specialized legislation. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in law-making activities in further improving the national criminal law on terrorist offenses, as well as in the educational process during the teaching and study of disciplines "Special part of criminal law of Ukraine" and "Criminology".

scholarly journals Methodological aspects of the technology of developing electronic textbooks

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
E. Prokopets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Electronic Textbooks ◽  
Practical Result ◽  
Electronic Textbook ◽  
Effective Level ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
Methodological Aspects

The widespread introduction of information technologies makes significant changes in various spheres of human activity. The education sector is no exception. In this regard, in this article, the author considers the actual problem of developing electronic textbooks and is one of the most relevant and promising areas of informatization of the educational process. The analysis of the works of scientists A.A. Andreev, A.I. Bashmakov, T.I. Koval, V.M. Kukharenko, E.S. Polat, P.I. Serdyukov, S.S. Sysoeva, A.Yu. Uvarova was conducted. These works contain requirements for the development of electronic textbooks. Based on the results of the analysis, the author described the stages of developing electronic textbooks, the principles that they should correspond to, and also provided a list of modules that should make up an electronic textbook. From the existing variety of software packages, the author distinguishes CourseLab, Smart Builder, MOS Solo, Google Sites, iSpring Suite, TurboSite, Adobe Animate, HTML5. The development of electronic textbooks based on the technology presented by the author of the article and their subsequent application in the educational process will help to organize the educational and cognitive activities of students at a more effective level. Purpose is the description of the technology for the development of electronic textbooks, taking into account existing requirements. The article uses methods of analysis, synthesis and deduction. The analysis of requirements and principles of development of electronic textbooks is carried out on the basis of the descriptive-analytical method. The practical result of the proposed technology is the developed electronic textbook "Development of mobile applications". The results of the study, in addition to their theoretical significance, also have practical significance, which consists in the positive dynamics in resolving the contradiction between the continuously increasing flow of information and the limited opportunities of students to assimilate it. The conscious use of electronic textbooks in the educational process is one of the fundamental ways to improve the quality of education by changing the methods of teaching used in the direction of individualization and focus on the student.

scholarly journals Gender differences in solo entrepreneurship in modern countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (34) ◽  
pp. 224-238
Author(s):  
Iuliia Pinkovetskaia ◽  
Natalia Neif ◽  
Aleksandra Navasardyan ◽  
Tatyana Treskova ◽  
Marina Yashina
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Creation ◽  
National Economies

Aim of the study is to evaluate the indicators describing the level of solo entrepreneurship among women and men who are beginning entrepreneurs in different countries. Empirical data provided in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project for fifty-nine countries were used as initial information in calculations. Economic and mathematical modeling was based on development of density functions normal distribution. In the study, three indicators describing solo entrepreneurship in 59 countries were evaluated: share of solo entrepreneurs-women in the total number of women who participate in the creation of their own businesses in different countries; share of solo entrepreneurs-men in total number of men who participate in creation of their own businesses in different countries; ratio of the above-mentioned shares of solo entrepreneurs of women and men. Average values and ranges of changes in considered indicators were determined, which are typical for most countries. In addition, national economies that are characterized by high and low values of each of the three indicators were identified. The study showed that there is a gender gap in the values of indicators in most countries. It is proved that share of women involved in solo entrepreneurship in most countries is higher than that of men.

Practices and forms of organization of inter-subject educational process at school

2020 ◽  
Vol 89-90 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 32-47
Author(s):  
Tatyana Malinnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Project Based Learning ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Functional Literacy ◽  
The One ◽  
Training Organization

The article examines the actual problem of the discrepancy between, on the one hand, the society's demand for the formation of functional literacy among schoolchildren through cross-subject training for the successful adaptation of school graduates in a complex world, and, on the other hand, the insufficiently developed practice of cross-subject training in general education organizations. In accordance with the identified problem, the purpose of the research proposed in the article is to substantiate the methodological approach to the organization of cross-subject training for the formation of functional literacy of students in schools of general education institutions and its testing on the example of cross-subject tasks. The research was based on a systematic approach that allowed authors to imagine the formation of functional literacy based on cross-subject learning with the performance of certain functions and on the basis of the most suitable forms of organization of the educational process for these tasks. The novelty and peculiarity of current solutions are the development of organizational forms of cross-subject training with reference to functional literacy and using such forms of training organization as project-based training, case-based training, and problem-oriented training. The authors' experience in the development and use of cross-subject tasks is described, and examples of problems that the author's developments are aimed at solving are given. The article also offers a description of the experience in using project-based learning, problem-based learning, and the case study method in developing and solving cross-subject tasks for students. The results of the study may be useful for representatives of general education organizations that implement different forms of functional literacy training using cross-subject tasks.

scholarly journals Assessment of Women’s Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity in 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49
Author(s):  
Iuliia S. Pinkovetskaia ◽  
Tatiana V. Gromova ◽  
Irina N. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Modeling Process ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

AbstractThe analysis of the regularities characterizing the existing rate of female early-stage entrepreneurial activity, as well as the identification of reserves for female entrepreneurship growth is relevant nowadays. The purpose of the work is to assess the rates of entrepreneurial activity of women, their motivational preferences, and comparative analysis of female and male early-stage entrepreneurial activities. The study is based on the economic analysis of the data on 48 countries, presented in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report for 2018. Normal distribution density functions are used in the modeling process. The research reveals features of female entrepreneurship and the barriers to its development. The paper defines countries with high and low values of the considered indicators. The study estimates the existing rates of opportunity and necessity motivation of female entrepreneurs, presents the analysis of the ratio of female to male participation in early-stage entrepreneurial activity, and proves the hypothesis on substantial differentiation of these indicators across countries. The obtained knowledge can be used in future scientific research, in the educational process of bachelors and masters training. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the distribution of indicators characterizing female entrepreneurs’ motivation and the existing gender gap in early-stage entrepreneurship. The study proposes new methods and tools for the analysis and presents a comparative analysis of the development of female and male early-stage entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF REASONS FOR THE TERMINATION ACTIVITY OF ENTREPRENEURS IN MODERN ECONOMIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Iuliia S. Pinkovetskaia
Keyword(s):  
Educational Process ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Termination Activity ◽  
National Economies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

Every entrepreneur sooner or later ceases their activities. At the same time, little attention is paid to this stage of the life cycle of entrepreneurs in scientific research. Proper understanding of the reasons for the exit of entrepreneurs from business is necessary for the further development of the business sector. Therefore, the analysis of features of termination of business activity in national economies is relevant at the present stage of research. Purpose of the study is to assess the reasons for the exit of entrepreneurs from their own business. The study used information from the 2018 global entrepreneurship monitor for 48 countries. We have studied and analyzed the reasons for the termination of entrepreneurial activity, proposed a classification of these reasons, assessed the levels of exit from their own business for different groups of reasons in all the countries considered. This estimate was based on the construction of economic-mathematical models. Models are functions of the density of the normal distribution. Based on the results of the computational experiment, the average values of indicators were determined and the countries characterized by high and low levels of termination of their activities by entrepreneurs were identified. It is proved that in most countries the termination of business activity is caused by endogenous reasons associated with problems in the organization and management of production, insufficient financial resources, low qualification of employees and management. Personal reasons also play a significant role in the exit of entrepreneurs. The impact of exogenous causes and the desire to convert the created business into cash is much lower. The obtained research results can be used in further studies, in the educational process of higher education in universities, as well as by public authorities associated with the regulation of entrepreneurial activity.

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