Rail transport — the path from the past to the future

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-248
Author(s):  
Z. L. Kreynis
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
The Past ◽  
200Th Anniversary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Labor Safety ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
Level Of Training ◽  
Modern Era

On the eve of the approaching 200th anniversary of railway transport, the role and signifi of railways in the history of mankind are considered. A brief overview of ideas and implemented technologies is given, in chronological order, the path that the railways have traveled from slow-moving cars to modern super-express trains that compete with airliners are traced. In the conditions of an intensively operating railway network, professional qualities and the level of training of railway specialists are of particular importance. The development and improvement of a complex complex of railways is directly related to and depends on the level of training. Today, a specialist must perfectly know and understand the essence of the processes occurring in the transport system, the patterns and rules for the maintenance and repair of vehicles, ensure the safety of train traffic and labor safety. It is extremely important to know your past, to remember the path that our railways have traveled. The modern era of improving the transport system shows that railways have excellent prospects. The study of the history of railway transport demonstrates how great is the contribution and how great is the importance of the achievements of domestic railways in world practice.

The Fall of Tripoli in 1289 in the Perception of Christian Communities of the Middle East

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
К.А. Панченко
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Religious Polemics

Abstract The article examines the conquest of the County of Tripoli by the Mamelukes in 1289, and the reaction of various Middle Eastern ethnoreligious groups to this event. Along with the Monophysite perspective (the Syriac chronicle of Bar Hebraeus’ Continuator and the work of the Coptic historian Mufaddal ibn Abi-l-Fadail), and the propagandist texts of Muslim Arabic panegyric poets, we will pay special attention to the historical memory of the Orthodox (Melkite) and Maronite communities of northern Lebanon. The contemporary of these events — the Orthodox author Suleiman al-Ashluhi, a native of one of the villages of the Akkar Plateau — laments the fall of Tripoli in his rhymed eulogy. It is noteworthy that this author belongs to the rural Melkite subculture, which — in spite of its conservative character — was capable of producing original literature. Suleiman al-Ashluhi’s work was forsaken by the following generations of Melkites; his poem was only preserved in Maronite manuscripts. Maronite historical memory is just as fragmented. The father of the Modern Era Maronite historiography — Gabriel ibn al-Qilaʿî († 1516) only had fragmentary information on the history of his people in the 13th century: local chronicles and the heroic epos that glorified the Maronite struggle against the Muslim lords that tried to conquer Mount Lebanon. Gabriel’s depiction of the past is not only biased and subject to aims of religious polemics, but also factually inaccurate. Nevertheless, the texts of Suleiman al-Ashluhi and Gabriel ibn al-Qilaʿî give us the opportunity to draw conclusions on the worldview, educational level, political orientation and peculiar traits of the historical memory of various Christian communities of Mount Lebanon.

Historical Landmarks in the Hundred Years’ War on Palestine

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid I. Khalidi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Security Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Hundred Years War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era

This essay argues that what has been going on in Palestine for a century has been mischaracterized. Advancing a different perspective, it illuminates the history of the last hundred years as the Palestinians have experienced it. In doing so, it explores key historical documents, including the Balfour Declaration, Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, and UN Security Council Resolution 242, none of which included the Palestinians in key decisions impacting their lives and very survival. What amounts to a hundred years of war against the Palestinians, the essay contends, should be seen in comparative perspective as one of the last major colonial conflicts of the modern era, with the United States and Europe serving as the metropole, and their extension, Israel, operating as a semi-independent settler colony. An important feature of this long war has been the Palestinians' continuing resistance, against heavy odds, to colonial subjugation. Stigmatizing such resistance as “terrorism” has successfully occluded the real history of the past hundred years in Palestine.

scholarly journals Historical perspective of neurology in Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shri Kant-Mishra ◽  
Hadi Mohammad Khanli ◽  
Golnoush Akhlaghipour ◽  
Ghazaleh Ahmadi Jazi ◽  
Shaweta Khosa1
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era

Iran is an ancient country, known as the cradle of civilization. The history of medicine in Iran goes back to the existence of a human in this country, divided into three periods: pre-Islamic, medieval, and modern period. There are records of different neurologic terms from the early period, while Zoroastrian (religious) prescription was mainly used until the foundation of the first medical center (Gondishapur). In the medieval period, with the conquest of Islam, prominent scientists were taught in Baghdad, like Avicenna, who referred to different neurologic diseases including stroke, paralysis, tremor, and meningitis. Several outstanding scientists developed the medical science of neurology in Iran, the work of whom has been used by other countries in the past and present. In the modern era, the Iranian Neurological Association was established with the efforts of Professor Jalal Barimani in 1991.

Thinking and Rethinking Aids: Implications for Health Policy

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Fee ◽  
Nancy Krieger
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
Historical Model

In the United States, we see three main phases in the construction of the history of AIDS, with each having very different implications for health and social policy. In the first, AIDS was conceived of as an epidemic disease, a “gay plague,” by analogy to the sudden, devastating epidemics of the past. In the second, it was normalized as a chronic disease, similar in many ways to diseases such as cancer. In the third, the authors propose a new historical model of a slow-moving, long-lasting pandemic, a chronic infectious ailment manifested through myriad specific HIV-related diseases. The new paradigm of AIDS incorporates the positive aspects of both earlier conceptions. It emphasizes, like the plague model, the etiology, transmission, and prevention of disease but rejects its assumption of a time-limited crisis. It takes from the chronic disease model an appropriate time frame and concern with the clinical management of protracted illness but insists on the primacy of prevention. The authors criticize both infectious and chronic disease models for their individualistic conceptions of disease and their narrow strategies for disease prevention. They further argue that the traditional distinction between, and approaches to, infectious and chronic diseases need to be rethought for other diseases as well as for AIDS.

scholarly journals The Status of Translators and Interpreters in Korea

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungwha Choi ◽  
Hyang-Ok Lim
Keyword(s):  
English Speakers ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Standing ◽  
Class Status ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Low Pay

Abstract The status of interpreters and translators depends on the society in which they belong. Such factors as whether the society is multilingual, monolingual as well as its international standing all impact their status and consequently financial compensation. A brief overview of the history of the status of Korean interpreters reveals that, in the past, they enjoyed middle class status and, at times, even great wealth. The social importance of translators, on the other hand, was negligible—a situation which was aggravated by the fact that readers were not very demanding. During the modern era, and especially with increased foreign trade in the 1980’s, however, such tolerance was no longer the norm. There is still great interest among the general public in interpretation, especially since speaking English fluently is considered an asset in any profession in Korea. Conference interpreters, as such, are considered to be “master” English speakers. While they are envied their fluent mastery of foreign languages, interpretation, as such, is not considered a profession in which one should devote one’s life. In the case of translation, though there are many translators, they are held in even lower esteem than interpreters because of the relatively low pay.

scholarly journals Historical dimension of the railway network, its economic and urban impact in San José de Cúcuta

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 183-191
Author(s):  
Mawency Vergel Ortega ◽  
Julio Alfredo Delgado Rojas ◽  
Yannette Díaz Umaña
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Urban Impact ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Commercial Exchange ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

The research aims to analyse the process of coverage of the railway network from England to San José de Cúcuta - Colombia, its impact as a transport system in the urban configuration. The research follows a qualitative approach from documentary analysis, which explores the historical particularities that make this process a significant event in the history of Colombia and the city of Cúcuta and quantitative by analysing mathematical models in productivity. It is concluded that the railway allowed the commercial exchange and development of the region, achieving its highest productivity in the thirties, and initiates a potential decline in the forties.  

Forgery and Memory at the End of the First Millennium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi Roach
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

This book takes a fresh look at documentary forgery and historical memory in the Middle Ages. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, religious houses across Europe began falsifying texts to improve local documentary records on an unprecedented scale. As the book illustrates, the resulting wave of forgery signaled major shifts in society and political culture, shifts which would lay the foundations for the European ancien régime. Spanning documentary traditions across France, England, Germany and northern Italy, the book examines five sets of falsified texts to demonstrate how forged records produced in this period gave voice to new collective identities within and beyond the Church. Above all, the book indicates how this fad for falsification points to new attitudes toward past and present — a developing fascination with the signs of antiquity. These conclusions revise traditional master narratives about the development of antiquarianism in the modern era, showing that medieval forgers were every bit as sophisticated as their Renaissance successors. Medieval forgers were simply interested in different subjects — the history of the Church and their local realms, rather than the literary world of classical antiquity. As a comparative history of falsified records at a crucial turning point in the Middle Ages, the book offers valuable insights into how institutions and individuals rewrote and reimagined the past.

Introduction

2001 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Shmuel Feiner
Keyword(s):  
Jewish History ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Practical Life ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Modern Era

This chapter provides an overview of the Jewish Haskalah of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The Jewish Haskalah is the first modern ideology in Jewish history, which appeared at the threshold of the modern era and was promulgated by the maskilim — the first Jews who were conscious of being modern, and who concluded that the modern age called for a comprehensive programme of change in both the cultural and the practical life of Jewish society. For years, historians of the Haskalah movement have almost completely ignored the attitude of the maskilim to history. However, the attraction felt by many maskilim to the biblical past of the Jewish people has not been overlooked by scholars. Nevertheless, new surveys of the history of Jewish historical writing and thought continue to minimize the contribution of the maskilim to this field, and repeat the claim that the Haskalah had but a vague sense of the importance of historical knowledge. This book explores a range of sources from the 100-year period of the Haskalah (1782–1881), which show not only that the maskilim displayed a great interest in history, but also that their attitude to the past was significant both for the Haskalah's ideology and for the development of Jewish historical consciousness.

scholarly journals Carcinosarcoma prostate with osteosarcomatous differentiation: a rare de novo presentation

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. e230116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumeet Aggarwal ◽  
Swarupa Mitra ◽  
Abhinav Dewan ◽  
Garima Durga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Localised Disease

Carcinosarcoma is a rare histological event in the history of prostatic malignancies. Historically aggressive tumours with dismal outcomes reported in scarce literature available so far. Very few recent studies suggest good outcomes with modern era surgery and radiotherapy techniques in localised disease. The case presented here had no history of known risk factors like prior adenocarcinoma or prior radiation therapy. This case presented with obstructive urinary symptoms with no prostate-specific antigen elevation, diagnosed with imaging, managed aggressively with robotic surgery. Detailed immunohistochemistry and pathological review suggested diagnosis as carcinosarcoma with osteosarcomatous differentiation. Very rare such cases were reported in the past with complete clinical, radiological, pathological details and managed aggressively with good outcomes. The patient is disease free after 6 months of follow-up.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL LAW OF SEA PIRACY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Muhammet Ebuzer Ersoy
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
History Of Navigation

Sea piracy, or piracy, is robbery conducted in sea, or sometimes in beach. It could be said that history of piracy occurs simultaneously with history of navigation. Where there are ships transporting merchandise, appears pirates are ready to have it forcibly. It has been known since the time of the occurrence of piracy Greece ancient. Included in the era Roman republic experienced piracy by the sea robbers. Since then they plow all the ships that are currently floating in the ocean near Borneo and Sumatra. However, the best in its long history written on 16th-17th century and it called as the golden age of pirates. But, the piracy not only in the past era, in the modern era as today, the piracy still exist as the criminal case in Somalia in 1990-2011, Philipine in 2016-2017, Dhobo accident in 2019 etc. The piracy is also can be called as Hostis Humani Generis it is mean the piracy is the enemy of all humans. The piracy ruled in UNCLOS articles 101-110 and in Indonesia is ruled in Criminal Law article 439-440. This article explains the international law of sea piracy, hostage release procedure and court procedure in International Criminal Court (ICC) and international punishment for pirate.

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