scholarly journals Assessment of Clay Deposits Quality from East of Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq for some Ceramic Industries

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2F) ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Aveen Ali Surdashy ◽  
Ahmed Mohammed Aqrawi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Geochemical Study ◽  
Ceramic Manufacturing ◽  
Calcium Iron

For the assessment of clay deposits for brick manufacturing, seven clay samples from different locations were collected by channel sampling method from Injana, Mukdadiyah, Bai Hassan formations and Quaternary deposits in Bestana village, the study area is located east of Erbil city (NE Iraq). For ceramic manufacturing, the quality of clay should be measured according to some physical properties. The mineralogical and geochemical study revealed by using X-ray diffraction and chemical characteristics, which represented that all clay samples containing; kaolinite, smectite, illite, and chlorite with some mixed clay and non-clay mineral quartz, calcite, dolomite, and feldspar. The physical properties of clay samples including grain size analysis and Atterberg limits showed that the raw materials contain clay in high proportion, silt in medium proportion, and sand in minor proportion. Plasticity index of the studied samples showed that they are moderately plastic to plastic range. The geochemical analysis of the studied samples showed that the clay raw materials are composed mainly of silica and alumina, which act as refractory material in the ceramic industry. In addition to that, there are different proportions of calcium, iron oxides, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, which are flux oxides.

scholarly journals Composition, Digestibility, and Microbiological Quality of the Animal-Origin Meal

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Julia Marixara Sousa da Silva ◽  
Christiane Silva Souza ◽  
Alison Batista Vieira Silva Gouveia ◽  
Weslane Justina da Silva ◽  
Lorrayne Moraes de Paulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Salmonella Spp

There is currently a growing interest of animal nutritionists and farmers in the use of by-products and/or agro-industrial residues in feeds. The purpose is to reduce production costs, since feed represents nearly 70% of the cost of production, as well as to allocate waste properly, minimizing potential environmental impacts. The characteristics of the residues used and their physical and/ or chemical limitations should be known, providing nutritionist with the correct information for the best choice and use of these ingredients for animal nutrition. This study aims to characterize the centesimal and energetic composition, digestibility, and microbiological quality of animal-origin meals in non-ruminant feeds. Samples of animal-origin meals – AOM (n=210), hydrolyzed feather meals (n=70), chicken offal meal (n=70), and pig offal meal (n=70) were evaluated. The following variables were determined: moisture, crude protein, amino acids, ethereal extract, ash content, FAO grain size analysis, and protein digestibility. Peroxide and acidity levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative process. The microbiological quality of AOM evaluated by the presence/absence of Salmonella spp.; the apparent metabolizable energy was verified by the indirect method using prediction equations. The amounts of proteins, minerals, amino acids, and energy differed from those reported in the literature. These results were possibly due to the different operational processes performed in each one of the experiments, as well as the proportions of constituents in the compared raw materials compared. Moreover, we observed that the AOM is within the Brazilian hygienic-sanitary standards.

Enamel Development and Application on the Pottery of Icoaraci

2012 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 681-685
Author(s):  
Andre Wilson da Cruz Reis ◽  
Marlice Cruz Martelli ◽  
Roberto de Freitas Neves
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ceramic Body ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
The Village

The development of technology for the application of enamels on pieces of red pottery, in the handicraft sector, is an alternative to improve the quality of the ceramic body forming a waterproof layer that serves as a protection when used for foods and also to add a decorative effect and increase commercial value. This work develops an enameling technique in the production conditions of the artisans in the village of Icoaraci-PA/Brazil. The characterization of raw materials was performed by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, particle size analysis, Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis. Steps for enamel preparation using commercial transparent frit and bottle glass, and the technique for applying the glaze and firing are presented. The results for the test pieces were very good with the application of transparent frit fired at 900 ° C for 3 hours.

scholarly journals Mining Wastes of an Albite Deposit as Raw Materials for Vitrified Mullite Ceramics

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Pedro J. Sánchez-Soto ◽  
Eduardo Garzón ◽  
Luis Pérez-Villarejo ◽  
George N. Angelopoulos ◽  
Dolores Eliche-Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Mining Wastes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Maximum Value

In this work, an examination of mining wastes of an albite deposit in south Spain was carried out using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, thermo-dilatometry and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, followed by the determination of the main ceramic properties. The albite content in two selected samples was high (65–40 wt. %), accompanied by quartz (25–40 wt. %) and other minor minerals identified by XRD, mainly kaolinite, in agreement with the high content of silica and alumina determined by XRF. The content of Na2O was in the range 5.44–3.09 wt. %, being associated with albite. The iron content was very low (<0.75 wt. %). The kaolinite content in the waste was estimated from ~8 to 32 wt. %. The particle size analysis indicated values of 11–31 wt. % of particles <63 µm. The ceramic properties of fired samples (1000–1350 °C) showed progressive shrinkage by the thermal effect, with water absorption and open porosity almost at zero at 1200–1250 °C. At 1200 °C, the bulk density reached a maximum value of 2.38 g/cm3. An abrupt change in the phase evolution by XRD was found from 1150 to 1200 °C, with the disappearance of albite by melting in accordance with the predictions of the phase diagram SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O and the system albite-quartz. These fired materials contained as main crystalline phases quartz and mullite. Quartz was present in the raw samples and mullite was formed by decomposition of kaolinite. The observation of mullite forming needle-shape crystals was revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The formation of fully densified and vitrified mullite materials by firing treatments was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties of Handere Clays and Their Use as a Building Material

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasin Erdoğan
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Volcanic Glass ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Clay Deposits

Handere clay deposits were discovered at Adana in Turkey. These clay units primarily consist of uncoloured claystone, pebbly sandstone, sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone marl and include gypsum lenses and clay levels of various thicknesses in places. The physicochemical properties of these clays have been investigated by different techniques including Scanning Electron and Elemental Analysis (SEM and EDS), mineralogical analyses, chemical and physical analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and Atterberg (Consistency) Limits Test. The mineralogical composition deduced from XRD is wide (smectite + palygorskite + illite ± feldspar ± chlorite ± quartz ± calcite ± serpentine) due to the high smectite contents (≈85%). SEM studies reveal that smectite minerals are composed of irregular platy leaves and show honeycomb pattern in the form of wavy leaves in places. The leaves presenting an array with surface edge contact are usually concentrated in the dissolution voids and fractures of volcanic glass. Organic matter content and loss on ignition analysis of raw materials are good for all the studied samples. In summary, Handere clays can be used as building materials in bricks, roof tiles, and cement and as a binder.

scholarly journals Compositional and industrial assessment of Isua-Akoko, Akure, Ayadi and Lafe (Ode Aye) clay deposits of Ondo state, Nigeria

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
O Adegbuyi ◽  
GP Ojo ◽  
AJ Adeola ◽  
MT Alebiosu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Medium Sand ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Firing Test ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Ondo State

The physical and chemical properties of clay deposits around Isua-Akoko, Akure, Lafe and Ayadi in Ondo State southwestern Nigeria have been examined. The results have shown that Isua-Akoko, Akure and Lafe Clays are plastic fire clays while Ayadi clay is kaolinite. Grain size analysis reveals that Isua Akoko Clay contains 45% of clay, 18% silt, 12% fine sand,14% medium sand and 11% coarse sand and no gravel; Akure clay contains 42% clay, 14% silt, 13% fine sand, 20% medium sand and 8% coarse sand with 1% gravel. Lafe Clay contains 21% clay, 8% silt, 25% fine sand, 37% medium sand and 8% coarse sand with 1% gravel while Ayadi clay contains 83% clay and 17% silt. The liquid limits of these clay samples range from 41% to 73%% and plastic limits range from 18% to 26% respectively. The chemical analysis reveals that the most abundant mineral is silica (60.97%) and aluminum was next in abundance (23.69%) while other oxides are low. The results show that Isua-Akoko and Akure are residual while Lafe and Ayadi are sedimentary and transported Clays. The firing test, PH, and bleaching tests of the clays are also discussed. The chemical and physical characteristics of the clay deposits are strongly indicative of their industrial importance in the production of ceramics, refractories, paving bricks, paint and pharmaceutical products.KEYWORDS: Kaolinite, fire clay, gravel, ceramics and alumina.

scholarly journals Archaeometric Characterisation of Decorated Pottery from the Archaeological Site of Villa dei Quintili (Rome, Italy): Preliminary Study

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Ricca ◽  
Giuseppe Paladini ◽  
Natalia Rovella ◽  
Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo ◽  
Luciana Randazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Geochemical Study ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Materials Used

This work focused on the study of decorated pottery dated back to the 16th century from the Roman archaeological site of Villa dei Quintili, a monumental complex located in the south-eastern part of Rome (Italy). A minero-petrographic and geochemical study was undertaken to analyse five archaeological samples in order to define textural features and raw materials used for their production, along with the chemical and physical composition of the superficial decorative glazed coatings. For this purpose, different analytical methods were used, such as polarising optical microscope (POM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), and electron microprobe analysis coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (EMPA-EDS). The results of such a multidisciplinary approach allowed us to achieve important results crucial to recognise the shards as majolica of the Renaissance period, improving knowledge about manufacturing processes of these renowned painted ceramic artefacts.

scholarly journals Characterization of Algerian kaolins for utilization as a raw material in electrical insulators

Cerâmica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (374) ◽  
pp. 267-273
Author(s):  
M. Laraba
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Dielectric Strength ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Electrical Insulator ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Porcelain Insulators

Abstract The aim of this investigation was to characterize three samples of kaolin (DD1, DD2 and DD3) collected from Djebel Debbagh deposit (East of Algeria) to be used in electrical porcelain insulators. Grain-size analysis, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis (TG-DTA) were performed. Each sample was mixed with feldspar and silica to obtain three porcelain formulations. The obtained results indicated that the three kaolins were composed by kaolinite and halloysite with variable contents of MnO and Fe2O3 as associated impurities. It was found that the DD1 was the appropriate kaolin as raw material for making the high-voltage electrical insulator which had the highest electrical and mechanical properties (dielectric strength, bending strength and bulk density), while DD2 and DD3 were less suitable due to their lower properties caused by the presence of impurities which must be removed.

Compositional data analysis of sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical data for the evaluation of Austrian loess and loess loam deposits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz Reitner ◽  
Christian Benold ◽  
Peter Filzmoser ◽  
Maria Heinrich ◽  
Gerhard Hobiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Compositional Data Analysis ◽  
Rock Composition ◽  
Log Ratio

&lt;p&gt;Austrian loess and loess loam deposits represent an important source of raw materials for the heavy clay industry for centuries. Building material quality of loess and loess loam deposits and their suitability for different applications is significantly influenced by their heterogeneous properties. These depend on the geology of the source area, climatic conditions, geomorphological location, stratigraphic position, intensity of weathering and redeposition potential. The description of occurrences, properties and availability of these raw materials is therefore an important prerequisite to meet the industrial quality requirements. A large number of different sub-datasets exist at the Geological Survey of Austria, which comprise grain-size analysis, bulk rock composition, clay mineralogy, and geochemistry data of loess and loess loam. Within our project, these individual data sets underwent a thorough examination and have been merged into a coherent database to enable the joint regional and statistical analysis of the data. By applying a log-ratio approach the compositional nature of the analysis data has been taken into account for multivariate statistical methods.&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;Within our study we focused on the classic Austrian loess regions in the Northern Alpine foreland areas of Upper and Lower Austria and in the Vienna Basin. By transferring the results of the statistical analysis to a Geographic Information System (GIS) these served as the fundamental basis for our categorization of the loess and loess loam occurrences. Taking into account previously published approaches based on soil profile classifications as well as trends and patterns derived from the analysis data, we finally were able to delineate different districts of brick raw materials deposits. These will be made publically accessible to the industry and interested parties as part of the web application of the Austrian Interactive Raw Material Information System IRIS-Online.&lt;/p&gt;

Preliminary Evaluation of Mukah Clay Deposits

2012 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. 458-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazman Seli ◽  
Japri Bujang ◽  
Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Structural Ceramics ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Floor Tiles

Mukah clay deposits are characterized and evaluated for their potential as industrial raw materials through chemical, mineralogical and fired body (900 to 1250o C) physical properties determinations. Results show that the main oxides in the samples are SiO2 and Al2O3, whereas the other oxides present only in small quantity. Kaolinite and quartz present as dominant mineral phases and the minor phases of muscovite, nacrite, illite also appeared in the samples. From the results of the fired properties, the significant development of densification of ceramic behaviour can be noticed at the firing temperature above 1000°C. Mukah clay demonstrated that it is most suitable to be used as raw materials for making pottery, general refractory, structural ceramics, wall and floor tiles.

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