scholarly journals The Instrumentally Derived Incentive-Motivational Function

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley J. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Neutral Group ◽  
Process Learning ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Operant Contingency ◽  
Discriminative Property ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
First Time

Though differential reinforcement, a discriminative stimulus (SD) acquires two properties. The operant contingency is responsible for the SDs response-discriminative property. However, as stimulus control develops an SD also acquires incentive-motivational properties through its association with reinforcement changes. A systematic series of experiments are described that breaks the usual co-variation of response and reinforcement rates in most discriminative operant situations. In three groups, SDs (a tone and a light) occasioned steady moderate lever pressing in rats that ceased when neither SD was present. Probably of reinforcement in these SDs, relative to when both were off, was systematically manipulated to make them incentive-motivationally excitatory, neutral or inhibitory. In each SD, for the “excitatory” group reinforcement (food) probability increased from 0 to 100%, for the “neutral” group it was unchanged and for the “inhibitory” group it decreased from 100 to 0%. Although behaviorally indistinguishable in training, a stimulus-compounding assay revealed that tone-plus-light tripled response rate in the incentive-excitatory group, doubled rate in the incentive-neutral group and didn’t increase rate in the incentive-inhibitory group – producing the instrumentally derived incentive-motivational function for the first time. This is discussed context of two-process learning theory, a functional analysis of transfer-of-control research plus how the response-discriminative and incentive-motivational properties acquired by an SD contribute to the stimulus control of behavior.

Thanato-Laboratorien. Theorien von Tod und Sterben und Elias Canettis Buch gegen den Tod

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-86
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Heyne
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Elias Canetti ◽  
History Of ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
First Time ◽  
Textual Form ◽  
Or History

AbstractAlthough visual culture of the 21th century increasingly focuses on representation of death and dying, contemporary discourses still lack a language of death adequate to the event shown by pictures and visual images from an outside point of view. Following this observation, this article suggests a re-reading of 20th century author Elias Canetti. His lifelong notes have been edited and published posthumously for the first time in 2014. Thanks to this edition Canetti's short texts and aphorisms can be focused as a textual laboratory in which he tries to model a language of death on experimental practices of natural sciences. The miniature series of experiments address the problem of death, not representable in discourses of cultural studies, system theory or history of knowledge, and in doing so, Canetti creates liminal texts at the margins of western concepts of (human) life, science and established textual form.

scholarly journals THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STIMULUS CONTROL BY INSTRUCTIONS AND BY DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT

1990 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Danforth ◽  
Philip N. Chase ◽  
Mark Dolan ◽  
James H. Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Differential Reinforcement

scholarly journals Channeling and radiation experiments at SLAC

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (34) ◽  
pp. 1943006
Author(s):  
U. Wienands ◽  
S. Gessner ◽  
M. J. Hogan ◽  
T. Markiewicz ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Beam Energy ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Test Beam ◽  
High Beam ◽  
Silicon Crystals ◽  
Volume Reflection ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
First Time

Since 2014, a SLAC-Aarhus-Ferrara-CalPoly collaboration augmented by members of ANL and MIT has performed electron and positron channeling experiments using bent silicon crystals at the SLAC End Station A Test Beam as well as the FACET accelerator test facility. These experiments have revealed a remarkable channeling efficiency of about 24% under our conditions. Volume reflection is even more efficient with almost the whole beam taking part in the reflection process. A positron experiment demonstrated quasi-channeling oscillations for the first time at high beam energy. In our most recent experiment we measured the spectrum of gamma radiation for crystal orientations covering channeling and volume reflection. This series of experiments supports the development of more advanced crystalline devices capable e.g. of producing narrow-band gamma rays with electron beams or studying the interaction of the electrons with the wakefields generated in the crystal at high beam intensity.

The Effects of Isolation Rearing on Behavioural Inhibition in the Rat

1975 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Morgan ◽  
D. F. Einon ◽  
D. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Operant Chamber ◽  
Free Food ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Isolation Rearing ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Socially Isolated

The possibility that isolation-rearing in the rat affects the development of inhibitory mechanisms was studied in a series of experiments. It was found that socially-isolated rats were (1) slower to learn both a lever-panel alternation, and a two-lever alternation schedule of reinforcement, (2) more persistent than controls in pressing a lever for food when a supply of identical “free food” was introduced into the operant chamber, but (3) similar to control rats in their response to preloading with food, a procedure which inhibited lever pressing to the same extent in the two groups. Finally, it was shown in a separate experiment that the effects of increased food deprivation on lever pressing in the presence of free food were qualitatively different from the effects of social isolation, and therefore the social/isolate difference cannot be interpreted as motivational. The possible contributions of neophobia to the difference are discussed. It is concluded that isolates may well suffer from a disinhibitory defect, but that there are probably other effects of isolation in addition.

scholarly journals Peculiaries of interactions between proteins of the macroglobulin family and with the endocytic receptors (a possible mechanism of transmembrane transfer)

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
V.N. Zorina ◽  
R.M. Zorina ◽  
N.A. Zorin
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Receptor Associated Protein ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Family ◽  
Density Lipoprotein Receptor ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
First Time ◽  
Lipoprotein Receptor Related Protein

We have conducted a series of experiments, for specification of mechanisms which proteins of the macroglobulin family deliver regulatory substances inside of a cells. We have shown that all members of the family are not only compete for binding to proteinases, but also can interact with each other. We have confirmed that only a complex of alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2-MG) with proteinase is capable to react with the major endocytic receptor (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, LRP). For the first time we have demonstrated, that interaction of α2-MG firstly with proteinase, and then with LRP provokes a progressive conformational consolidation of the multicomplex, which is accompanied by a paradoxical increase of the electrophoretic mobility in comparison with native α2-MG. We suggest that such stepwise conformational consolidation, together with earlier demonstrated charge neutralization (versus pI of internal environments) after interaction firstly with proteinase, and then with LRP, components of is the key moment of the mechanism of transmembrane transfer. Taking into account, that α2-MG transfers a broad spectrum of protein regulators, and interacts not only with LRP, but also with a signal receptor (grp78), and also can regulate (under certain conditions) both own synthesis, and synthesis of LRP and its blocker (receptor - associated protein, RAP), we suggest that this main member of the macroglobulin family plays a leading role in the regulation of intercellular interactions and in the transmission of signal inside of a cell.

scholarly journals Emotion increases the similarity between neural representations of pictures, but not their perceived similarity.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Riberto ◽  
Rony Paz ◽  
Gorana Pobric ◽  
Deborah Talmi
Keyword(s):  
Objective Measures ◽  
Similarity Analysis ◽  
Perceived Similarity ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Search Volume ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Similarity Space ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
First Time

Emotional similarity refers to the tendency to group stimuli together because they evoke the same feelings in us, even when they look different and have different semantic meanings. It is still unclear which features define the similarity space of emotional categories. Additionally, whether emotional stimuli are perceived as more similar than neutral ones, and whether this difference is paralleled by differences in their neural representations, has never been investigated. We conducted a series of experiments to quantify behavioural similarity, and one that used fMRI and Representation similarity analysis to compute neural similarity. We hypothesised that the similarity between emotional stimuli will be greater than between non-emotional stimuli, paralleled by higher neural similarity among emotional stimuli. We tested these hypotheses with two measures of similarity and two different databases of complex negative and neutral pictures, the second of which allowed us to control semantic similarity. For the first time, we found a decoupling between subjective and objective measures of emotional similarity. Pictures taken from two distinct emotional and neutral categories were perceived as equally similar; however, their neural similarity was higher. This effect was detected in brain clusters localised in a constrained search volume. We conclude that features representing participants similarity space may have different weights in these regions than they do in explicit ratings.

scholarly journals Identification of Motor and Mental Imagery EEG in Two and Multiclass Subject-Dependent Tasks Using Successive Decomposition Index

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tariq Sadiq ◽  
Xiaojun Yu ◽  
Zhaohui Yuan ◽  
Muhammad Zulkifal Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Public ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Neural Network Classifiers ◽  
Public Datasets ◽  
Dependent Tasks ◽  
First Time

The development of fast and robust brain–computer interface (BCI) systems requires non-complex and efficient computational tools. The modern procedures adopted for this purpose are complex which limits their use in practical applications. In this study, for the first time, and to the best of our knowledge, a successive decomposition index (SDI)-based feature extraction approach is utilized for the classification of motor and mental imagery electroencephalography (EEG) tasks. First of all, the public datasets IVa, IVb, and V from BCI competition III were denoised using multiscale principal analysis (MSPCA), and then a SDI feature was calculated corresponding to each trial of the data. Finally, six benchmark machine learning and neural network classifiers were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. All the experiments were performed for motor and mental imagery datasets in binary and multiclass applications using a 10-fold cross-validation method. Furthermore, computerized automatic detection of motor and mental imagery using SDI (CADMMI-SDI) is developed to describe the proposed approach practically. The experimental results suggest that the highest classification accuracy of 97.46% (Dataset IVa), 99.52% (Dataset IVb), and 99.33% (Dataset V) was obtained using feedforward neural network classifier. Moreover, a series of experiments, namely, statistical analysis, channels variation, classifier parameters variation, processed and unprocessed data, and computational complexity, were performed and it was concluded that SDI is robust for noise, and a non-complex and efficient biomarker for the development of fast and accurate motor and mental imagery BCI systems.

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