scholarly journals Temporal Averaging Across Stimuli Signaling the Same or Different Reinforcing Outcomes in the Peak Procedure

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Delamater ◽  
Dorie-Mae Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Food Pellet ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Stimulus Compound ◽  
Peak Procedure ◽  
Temporal Averaging ◽  
Flashing Light ◽  
Compound Test ◽  
Pellet Reward

The present study examined factors that affect temporal averaging in rats when discriminative stimuli are compounded following separate training indicating the availability of reward after different fixed intervals (FI) on a peak procedure. One group of rats, Group Differential, learned that a flashing light stimulus signaled that one type of food pellet reward could be earned for lever pressing after an FI 5 s interval and that a second type of food pellet reward could be earned after an FI 20 s interval in the presence of a tone stimulus. A second group of rats, Group Non-Differential, was similarly trained except that both types of rewards were scheduled across flash and tone trials. When given non-reinforced flash + tone compound test trials the interval containing the maximal response rate was no different than on flash alone test trials, although some responding also appeared near the long FI time. After these FI contingencies were reversed (flash signaled FI 20 s and tone signaled FI 5 s), however, further compound test trials more clearly revealed a temporal averaging pattern in both groups. The peak interval was shifted to the right of the FI 5 stimulus. Moreover, Group Differential rats acquired the reversed discrimination somewhat more rapidly than Group Non-Differential rats, and in a final selective satiation test Group Differential rats responded less in later intervals after they had been sated on the FI 20 s reward. These data suggest that temporal averaging in stimulus compound tests occurs even when the stimuli being combined signal qualitatively different rewards, but that decreasing the value of one of those rewards can shift responding away from the relevant time interval in a selective satiation test. However, when an especially salient stimulus (e.g., flashing light) signals a short FI, rats tend to process the compound stimulus more in terms of its individual elements.

scholarly journals NACA and LRP6 Are Part of a Common Genetic Pathway Necessary for Full Anabolic Response to Intermittent PTH

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
René St-Arnaud ◽  
Martin Pellicelli ◽  
Mahmoud Ismail ◽  
Alice Arabian ◽  
Toghrul Jafarov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Compound Heterozygous ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Genetic Pathway ◽  
Anabolic Response ◽  
Intermittent Pth ◽  
Compound Heterozygotes

PTH induces phosphorylation of the transcriptional coregulator NACA on serine 99 through Gαs and PKA. This leads to nuclear translocation of NACA and expression of the target gene Lrp6, encoding a coreceptor of the PTH receptor (PTH1R) necessary for full anabolic response to intermittent PTH (iPTH) treatment. We hypothesized that maintaining enough functional PTH1R/LRP6 coreceptor complexes at the plasma membrane through NACA-dependent Lrp6 transcription is important to ensure maximal response to iPTH. To test this model, we generated compound heterozygous mice in which one allele each of Naca and Lrp6 is inactivated in osteoblasts and osteocytes, using a knock-in strain with a Naca99 Ser-to-Ala mutation and an Lrp6 floxed strain (test genotype: Naca99S/A; Lrp6+/fl;OCN-Cre). Four-month-old females were injected with vehicle or 100 μg/kg PTH(1-34) once daily, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Control mice showed significant increases in vertebral trabecular bone mass and biomechanical properties that were abolished in compound heterozygotes. Lrp6 expression was reduced in compound heterozygotes vs. controls. The iPTH treatment increased Alpl and Col1a1 mRNA levels in the control but not in the test group. These results confirm that NACA and LRP6 form part of a common genetic pathway that is necessary for the full anabolic effect of iPTH.

Relative Efficacy of Video versus Food-Pellet Reward of Joystick Tasks

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 545-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Andrews ◽  
Leonard A. Rosenblum
Keyword(s):  
Food Pellet ◽  
Relative Efficacy ◽  
Live Video ◽  
Pellet Reward

We suggest that the data reported by Washburn and Hopkins in their comment on our demonstration of the efficacy of live-video reward of joystick tasks supports, rather than impeaches, our earlier findings.

Comparison Between Subcutaneous and Intravenous DDAVP in Mild and Moderate Hemophilia A

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (02) ◽  
pp. 387-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
L De Sio ◽  
G Mariani ◽  
M G Muzzucconi ◽  
A Chistolini ◽  
M C Tirindelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Intravenous Route ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Subcutaneous Route ◽  
Coagulant Activity ◽  
Baseline Levels

SummarySixteen patients with mild and moderate hemophilia were given Desmopressin (DDAVP) subcutaneously in the absence of any actual bleeding. The response to the drug – in terms of factor VIII coagulant activity rise – became apparent 15 min after the injection, reaching the maximal response after one hour (x̄ 3.2 times the baseline levels; SD 1.21). This response was not different from that elicited using the intravenous route in 18 hemophiliacs of comparable severity after the same time interval. No local or general side-effects were recorded after the subcutaneous administration of DDAVP. We therefore conclude that the subcutaneous route adds further evidence to the reliability of this alternative treatment in mild factor VIII deficiencies, thus making home treatment with this vasopressin analogue possible.

scholarly journals Diabetes Mellitus e sua Influência no Sucesso do Tratamento Endodôntico: Um Estudo Clínico Retrospetivo

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Marques Ferreira ◽  
Eunice Carrilho ◽  
Francisco Carrilho
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Apical Periodontitis ◽  
Endodontic Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

<strong>Introduction:</strong> Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease in which are involved the hormones produced by the islets of Langerhans. The diabetes mellitus can affect various functions of the immune system of the individual, predisposing them to chronic inflammation, progressive degradation of tissues and decreased tissue repair. The changes caused by this disease at the level of the oral cavity can highlight xerostomia, dysgeusia, periodontal alterations, increased susceptibility to infection and changes both in the dental pulp and periapical tissues.<br /><strong>Objectives:</strong> The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of diabetes mellitus at the periapical tissues and the success of endodontic treatment in these patients.<br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> We analyzed 737 cases treated in consultation Area of Dental Medicine, which were made nonsurgical endodontic treatments, between the years 2003 and 2012. These were selected patients with diabetes mellitus, a total of 32, of whom 23 were willing to come to the consultation and to participate in this study. The data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 19, at a significance level of 5%.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 37 teeth in the test group and 25 in the control group. For the analyzed parameters related to the diagnosis pulp, mobility, fistula, pain on percussion horizontal and vertical evaluation of final restoration and the time interval between the query and the final restoration shutter and / or the control visit, there were no differences statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). Regarding the assessment of the success of endodontic treatment, this was 62% in the test group and 80% in the control group (p &gt; 0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results of this study are inconclusive regarding the increasing prevalence of apical periodontitis in diabetic patients. Regarding the evaluation of the success of endodontic treatments examined it was found that the success rate in diabetic patients is lower, though not statistically significant. For this reason and given the limitations of this study, we cannot state that patients with diabetes mellitus have a greater predisposition to the development of periradicular lesions or that the success of endodontic treatment in these patients is compromised. It is important, however, that further studies are developed to characterize the pulp and periradicular<br />changes and to assess the prevalence of apical periodontitis and progression in patients with diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Rapid stain biomarker: A novel tool for forensic detection of semen (effect of time, different fabrics and vaginal secretions on its reliability)

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Abdelrahman ◽  
S A Mahmoud ◽  
E A Attia
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Human Semen ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Vaginal Secretions

Abstract Background The identification of semen stain is one of the most common human stains that can provide crucial information for crime scene reconstruction and forensic investigation. In sexual assault cases semen identification helps to prove victim’s allegations it also provides a material for DNA analysis that generate the genetic profile of the alleged suspect. The rapid Stain Identification of Human Semen (RSIDTM-Semen) bioassay is designed to detect specifically the presence of human semenogelin. Test development is completed within 10 minutes and can detect as little as 2.5 nL of human semen and it does not cross-react with other human or nonhuman tissues. The detection protocol can be completely integrated into the procedures for DNA extraction and analysis. Aim To assess the efficacy of RSIDTM – Semen strip test for the detection of human semen under some different variables (different fabrics, different time intervals and mixed with vaginal secretions) in order to be used in the routine forensic work of sexual assault cases and for further personal identification. Methodology: Semen samples were collected from four male participants. Vaginal specimens were collected from four female participants on cotton, linen or nylon-tipped swabs (2 swabs from each female). Each semen sample was divided into two portions; one used for semen only test group and the other mixed with vaginal secretions for the mixed test group. One of the fabrics tipped vaginal swab was mixed with semen for the mixed test group and the other used as a positive control group to test the sensitivity and specificity of the RSIDTM – Semen strip. The semen samples were deposited over different fabrics at the same time. All the samples were left to dry for 15 minutes at room temperature then extracted and analyzed according to the protocol designed for The Rapid Stain Identification Test (RSIDTM – Semen). The collected samples were studied as two test groups and one control group. Each of the previous groups, was categorized into 4 subgroups (a, b, c and d) according to the time interval of semen extraction (zero (on the spot), 2, 4, 6 and 10 days respectively). Results Semen could be identified in 100% of tested samples of the semen only group as well as of the combined semen and vagina group over cotton and linen fabrics at all the different tested time intervals. However, semen extracted from nylon fabric was identified in tested samples of the semen only group and of the combined semen and vagina group only at zero time only and couldn’t be identified at the rest of tested time intervals. Conclusion the current study evidenced that the new RSIDTM-semen kit is a reliable method for semen identification over different types of fabrics even in the presence of vaginal secretions. It also resists environmental factors up to 10 days.

scholarly journals CIRCADIAN-RELATED ECTOPIC RHYTHMS IN YOUNG PATIENTS: ETHIOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
V.M. Zhdan ◽  
О.І. Katerenchuk
Keyword(s):  
Young Patients ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Ventricular Extrasystoles ◽  
Working Day ◽  
And Control

The autonomic nervous system plays a key role in the processes of adaptation, regulating the functioning of the whole organism. And a disturbance of the heart rhythm is typically one of the first manifestations of autonomic circadian maladaptation. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between circadian rhythm disorders and autonomic misbalance with the occurrence of arrhythmic events in young patients with the further development of treatment strategy. Materials and methods: the study was performed at the Medical Centre «MEDION». 34 patients aged 18-35 years were enrolled to the study, divided into the test and control groups. Results: despite a significantly higher frequency of supraventricular arrhythmias in the test group compared to the control group, the supraventricular extrasystoles occurred in the control group predominantly at night time (with peak from 3 to 6 a.m.). In the test group, atrial ectopic beats were observed predominantly from 5 to 12 a. m. In the group of patients with the number of ventricular ectopic complexes over 500 / day, no time interval was found, during which the number of ventricular extrasystoles was statistically significantly predominant. The most important factors of ventricular ectopic events occurrence included: sleeping less than 6 hours, job lasting over 10 hours a day, and too little time spent outdoors. All individuals were recommended to modify their lifestyle and take when necessary autonomic normalization agents and antiarrhythmics. Conclusion: the modern lifestyle of the young generation leads to the disturbance of circadian biorhythms as a result of the unbalanced autonomic regulation and the subsequent occurrence of ectopic arrhythmic events. The most unfavourable factors in this case are sleeping less than 6 hours, a working day lasting over 10 hours, and outdoor-spent time lasting less than 2 hours a day.

scholarly journals A randomized comparative study of platelet-rich fibrin along with hydroxyapatite graft for the treatment of 3-walled defects in chronic periodontitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anshuj Ajayrao Thetay ◽  
Santosh Kumar ◽  
Mohammed Irfan ◽  
Rafael Guerra Lund ◽  
Khushboo Desai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
Periodontal Regeneration ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Porous Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Platelet Rich Fibrin ◽  
Polypeptide Growth Factors ◽  
Radiographic Measurements ◽  
And Control

Background. Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) is a concentrate of leucocyte and platelets that contains various polypeptide growth factors. It has immense potential for use as a periodontal regenerative material in periodontal defects. Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) has long been used as bone grafting material. Recently it has been reported that when PRF is used in combination with HA, itgives a synergistic effect and results in a better periodontal regeneration. The present study aims to explore the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of autologous PRF versus PRF+HA in the regenerative treatment of intrabony defects (IBD) in patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods. Sixty patients with IBDs were divided into test and control groups. The test group patients were treated with autologous PRF, whereas the control group patients were treated with PRF+HA. Clinical parameters were recorded at baseline, three months, six months and nine months’ time interval. Radiographic measurements were recorded at baseline and nine months. Results. A reduction in PI, MGI, PPD, RAL, and IBD was observed in both the groups at nine months. Mean IBD reduction in the control group was 3.70 ± 1.16 mm, whereas, the mean reduction in the test group was 4.80 ± 1.03 mm, showing a significant reduction in IBDs. Similarly, the percentage of bone fill in the test group was 65% ± 3.67%, whereas bone fill in controls was 56.7% ± 3.56%, showing a significant bone fill in the study group. Conclusion. Treatment of IBDs with PRF+HA showed a significant improvement in all the clinical and radiographic parameters. When HA was added to PRF, it increased the regenerative effect in the treatment of 3 wall IBDs.

Focusing of Visuospatial Attention

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Pesce ◽  
Rainer Bösel
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Simple Rt

Abstract In the present study we explored the focusing of visuospatial attention in subjects practicing and not practicing activities with high attentional demands. Similar to the studies of Castiello and Umiltà (e. g., 1990) , our experimental procedure was a variation of Posner's (1980) basic paradigm for exploring covert orienting of visuospatial attention. In a simple RT-task, a peripheral cue of varying size was presented unilaterally or bilaterally from a central fixation point and followed by a target at different stimulus-onset-asynchronies (SOAs). The target could occur validly inside the cue or invalidly outside the cue with varying spatial relation to its boundary. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) were recorded to target stimuli under the different task conditions. RT and ERP findings showed converging aspects as well as dissociations. Electrophysiological results revealed an amplitude modulation of the ERPs in the early and late Nd time interval at both anterior and posterior scalp sites, which seems to be related to the effects of peripheral informative cues as well as to the attentional expertise. Results were: (1) shorter latency effects confirm the positive-going amplitude enhancement elicited by unilateral peripheral cues and strengthen the criticism against the neutrality of spatially nonpredictive peripheral cueing of all possible target locations which is often presumed in behavioral studies. (2) Longer latency effects show that subjects with attentional expertise modulate the distribution of the attentional resources in the visual space differently than nonexperienced subjects. Skilled practice may lead to minimizing attentional costs by automatizing the use of a span of attention that is adapted to the most frequent task demands and endogenously increases the allocation of resources to cope with less usual attending conditions.

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder Symptoms

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Leonard Burns ◽  
James A. Walsh ◽  
David R. Patterson ◽  
Carol S. Holte ◽  
Rita Sommers-Flanagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Disruptive Behavior Disorder ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Frequency Count ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant

Summary: Rating scales are commonly used to measure the symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD). While these scales have positive psychometric properties, the scales share a potential weakness - the use of vague or subjective rating procedures to measure symptom occurrence (e. g., never, occasionally, often, and very often). Rating procedures based on frequency counts for a specific time interval (e. g., never, once, twice, once per month, once per week, once per day, more than once per day) are less subjective and provide a conceptually better assessment procedure for these symptoms. Such a frequency count procedure was used to obtain parent ratings on the ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms in a normative (nonclinical) sample of 3,500 children and adolescents. Although the current study does not provide a direct comparison of the two types of rating procedures, the results suggest that the frequency count procedure provides a potentially more useful way to measure these symptoms. The implications of the results are noted for the construction of rating scales to measure the ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms.

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