scholarly journals Features of the Socio-Cultural Development of Syria from Ancient Times to the Early XX Century

2018 ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
I. Vietrynskyi
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Cultural Transformations ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Syrian Arab Republic ◽  
Ancient Times

In order to determine the fundamental factors that have become the foundation of modern conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic the early stages of formation and development of the state on the territoryof modern-day Syria are analyzed. These processes are discussed in the context of socio-cultural transformations in the Middle East. The features of development of Syria in ancient times are also discussed, as well as Syrian role and place in international political processes of the early and late Middle Ages. The features of the socio-political situation in Syria, during its tenure as a part of the Arab Caliphate are considered, at the same time are the aspects of religious factors influencing the formation of Arab national identity as well as national identity of the Syrian in particular are analyzed. The specific character of development of Syria in Modern history, particularly in the context of regional dominance of the Ottoman Empire are determined.

scholarly journals The Stone Vessels in the Cities of Russian North-West

2018 ◽  
pp. 361-371
Author(s):  
П. Е. Сорокин ◽  
В. И. Кильдюшевский ◽  
В. Н. Матвеев
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
North West ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Russian North ◽  
The Baltic

Сосуды из каменной массы, изготавливавшиеся в городах Северной Германии и получившие в литературе название рейнской керамики, были широко распространены в позднее Средневековье и Новое время в Северной Европе. В русских городах они встречаются значительно реже, причем в основном на Северо-Западе, вовлеченном в балтийскую торговлю. Значительно более широко они представлены в Восточной Прибалтике, Финляндии, а также в городах Выборг, Ниеншанц и Но-тебург, входивших в состав шведских владений. Поступление сосудов из каменной массы в прибалтийские страны отражает торговые и политические процессы в Балтийском регионе. The stone vessels, manufactured in the cities of Northern Germany and got the name of Rhenish ceramics in literature were widespread in the Late Middle Ages and Modern Time in Northern Europe. In Russian cities, they are met much rarer, mostly in the North-West involved in the Baltic trade. Much more commonly they are represented in the Eastern Baltic countries, Finland, and also in the cities of Vyborg, Nyenschantz and Noteburg, which once were part of the Swedish realm. The flow of stone vessels into the Baltic countries reflects trade and political processes in the Baltic region.

scholarly journals Income and working time of a Fencing Master in Bologna in the 15th and early 16th century

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-176
Author(s):  
Alessandro Battistini ◽  
Niki Corradetti
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Primary Goods ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Since ancient times, the master-at-arms profession has always been considered essential for the education of the nobility and the common citizenship, especially in the Middle Ages. Yet, we know nothing about the real standard of living of these characters. The recent discovery of documents, which report the sums earned by fencing masters to teach combat disciplines, has brought us the possibility to estimate how highly this profession was regarded, and what its actual economic value was in the Italian late Middle Ages. They also give us also a material view into the modes of operation of a sala d’arme in those times. Using different comparative methods based on the quoted currencies, primary goods and the cost of living, it was possible to analyze prices and duration of various military teachings offered by the fencing Masters in the late Middle Ages and equivalent viable activities of the time. We use three ways to calculate equivalent income levels in euros: from the silver content of the coins (bolognini, equivalent to the soldo); from purchasing power in relation to bread prices; and from equivalent wages. As a result we were able to define more accurately both the accessibility of these services for citizens and the relative value to other professions. This cursory research study also aims to estimate approximately the current equivalent wages of a fencing master operating in the Italian peninsula in the 15th and early 16th century, confirming that this job was comparable to a modern, highly specialized, profession.

scholarly journals XVII century Azerbaijani culture through the eyes of european travelers

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Sevda Abdullayeva ◽  
Samira Gasimova
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
The People ◽  
The Middle Ages

At the beginning of the 16th century, due to the establishment of the Safavid Empire of Azerbaijan, the culture of the people also developed significantly, especially due to the strengthening of the centralized political structure. “Language commonality, which is one of the factors of the national stage of public unity” was a reality that closely united the people of Azerbaijan in the 17th century.In the 17th century, Azerbaijan was remaining one of the most important cultural centers of the Near and Middle East. The ongoing Safavid-Ottoman wars at that time dealt a crushing blow to the cultural development of the people. Many famous Azerbaijani scientists were captivated and taken to Istanbul, and some were transferred to Qazvin and Isfahan. Only in the middle of the 17th century there was a certain revival in the development of science and education in Azerbaijan. There were various educational institutions in the cities of the country, which were the centers of crafts, trade and culture. In the Middle Ages, all educational institutions, including madrassas, neighbour schools, tekyehs, were, of course, religious in nature.A careful analysis of the information provided by medieval historians and travelers leads to the conclusion that book printing was not only known in Azerbaijan in the middle of the 17th century, but even a printing press was brought here. The French traveler Chardin writes that the Safavid Empire, aware of the benefits of printing, was in favor of bringing it to Iran.Generally, the history of Azerbaijan in the Middle Ages (as well as in the XVII century) had the character of a scientific chronicle. However, even the mere recording of real events served to develop the historical thinking of the people, to ensure the connection of inheritance. The expansion of folk art, the spread of cultural potential in the Near and Middle East was one of the features of the development of Azerbaijani culture in the 17th century. Unfavorable socio-economic and political processes had a negative impact on the development of culture in the country.

The Living Tradition of "Yaren Talks" as an Indigenous Community of Practice in Today's Knowledge Society

2011 ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tunç Medeni
Keyword(s):  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Indigenous Community ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Living Tradition ◽  
Ancient Times

The “corporations” of craftsmen and guilds of artisans can be considered as the communities of practice of ancient times and the Middle Ages. The “Ahi (Brotherhood) Organization” in the Ottoman Empire is an example of these. Today, although the Ahi Organization itself has ceased to exist, the “Yaren (Friend) Talks” still continue in certain parts of Turkey as a living tradition of the Ahi principles and practices. Viewing the continuing custom of the Yaren Talks as a precious practice of society and a unique community of practice, in this short article, we will first provide some background information about this tradition and then address some related discussions, mainly about how to make this tradition continue. We believe that the Yaren Talks will provide a rich source that can be fruitful for improving the understanding and use of communities of practice in a knowledge society.

scholarly journals Anika Stroganov and russia n regional art of the 16th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
S. Voroshin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Character Traits ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Art Patronage ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Material Capital

The article is devoted to the study of the personality of Anika Fedorovich Stroganov, the entrepreneur and philanthropist, who formed the foundations of the conduct of commercial and industrial affairs, ktitor and art patronage activities of the dynasty. To understand the factors that influenced his worldview and were reflected in the art of the Late Middle Ages, the author chose the theory of identity, which determines the involvement of a person in certain areas of culture. In the course of the study, the author identified historical figures who, by their example, influenced the formation and development of Anika Fedorovich. The author make an attempt to identified those character traits that led to the success of the family not only in commercial and industrial activities, but also in the patronage of art. The material capital and spiritual baggage formed by Anika Stroganov became the foundation for the prosperity and cultural development of many subsequent generations. The article reveals preconditions of humanistic ideals, characteristic of subsequent representatives of the dynasty and who found their expression in the art they support.

scholarly journals The last Venetian-Byzantine Trade Agreement and Mehmed II’s First Peace Agreement with Venice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iassen Vanev
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Period

The goal of this article is to compare two inter-state commercial charters as the title suggests, a chrysobull by the Byzantine emperor John VIII and a document signed by Mehmed the Conqueror. The Ottoman Empire at that time was expanding at the expense of the Venetian thalassocracy, and particularly Byzantium. Venice, in its turn, was deriving more trade privileges from the dying Byzantine Empire. The emphasis in the article will be put on the similarities between the documents proving the continuity in the various spheres of international politics in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period.

scholarly journals Prodaja roblja na Jadranu u 17. stoljeću

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tea Perinčić
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Status ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Christian Warfare

Since Antiquity the slave trade in the Adriatic had been a long term activity which had an important impact on the economy of the Dalmatian communes. The status of slaves and their traffic was originally regulated by the Statutes of individual Dalmatian towns. With the appearance of Ottomans in late Middle Ages into their hinterland numerous changes occurred. The traffic in slaves was redirected towards the east where the Christian captives were then sold. Nevertheless, with the new intensity of Christian warfare against the Ottomans, the Muslim slave trade from the Ottoman Empire increased particularly in Dalmatian marketplaces which were mediatory because the real trade of Ottoman subjects was across the Adriatic on the Apennine Peninsula. This traffic reached a special intensity during the Candian and Morean Wars in the second half of the 17th century. The trade of the Ottoman captives in the Adriatic, how they were kept and sold, including the legal regulations of the trade from the Venetian and Papal points of view in the 17th century, are discussed in this paper.

The Establishment and Maintenance of Socially Imposed Monogamy in Western Europe

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Sexual Pleasure ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Social Controls

Although stratified societies have typically been characterized by intensive polygyny, socially imposed monogamy has developed in the stratified societies of Western Europe. Following a critical review of other theories of socially imposed monogamy, a multivariate, nondeterministic theory is developed. Within this theory, a variety of internal political processes can result in socially imposed monogamy, but this phenomenon—while consistent with evolutionary theory—is underdetermined with respect to (1) evolutionary theory, (2) human nature/nurture (i.e., the characteristics of humans), and (3) external ecological variables. Data on the origins and maintenance of socially imposed monogamy in Western Europe are reviewed, indicating that post-antiquity socially imposed monogamy originated in the late Middle Ages and has been maintained since that period by a variety of social controls and ideologies, including political activities of the Christian Church and, in later periods, of women and lower- and middle-status males. As a result of institutionalized controls on reproduction, non-monogamous Western sexuality has been directed at obtaining psychological rewards deriving from evolved motivational systems (e.g., sexual pleasure, excitement, feelings of dominance, status, or intimacy), but this non-monogamous sexuality has not typically been a major source of increased reproductive success.

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