scholarly journals Grigoriev institute for medical radiology and oncology centenary: historic events

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-325
Author(s):  
M.V. Krasnoselskyi ◽  
N.O. Artamonova
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
The Past ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Medical Radiology ◽  
To Receive

Background. The historical survey of the activities carried out at Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology and Oncology is of present interest, resulting from the need to structure the Institute development trends in terms of a centenary celebration. Providing insight to visions of the past, one can also apprehend historical events, personalities and phenomena. Purpose – to summarize historical findings on establishing and development of SO «Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology and Oncology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine». Materials. The study deals with analyzing historical scientific literature, manuscripts, archive paper records, data on electronic data storage devices and other carriers that reveal the historical aspects of forming X-ray Radiography, Radiology and Oncology in Ukraine, particularly in Kharkiv. Results and discussion. For a century of the existence of the Institute, the scientists of several generations have come a long way in forming and developing X-ray Radiography, Radiation Therapy, Diagnostic Radiology, Oncology, Radiobiology, Radiation Dosimetry and others. They were the first to receive radium for the country alongside with establishing oncology dispensaries, X-ray technical school and setting up a chain of remote research and support stations (13 radiology and 26 oncology ones). These days, the team of the Institute are going out of their way to further develop science and medicine to the benefit of human health. Conclusions. One hundred years ago, the first step in developing Oncology and Radiology initiated forming a new scientific community of experts, who contributed a lot to the formation of some frontmost medical science along with non-stop promoting efficacious scientific and theoretical evolvement of those.

Memory disc defect characterization using SEM and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 172-173
Author(s):  
R. A. Bass ◽  
A. S. Brar
Keyword(s):  
Packing Density ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Defect Characterization ◽  
Media Processing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Media ◽  
High Track

In this era of computers, users of storage devices are requesting increased quantities of storage while maintaining or reducing the size of the package. This has meant a reduction in the size of a data bit and increased the susceptability of the media to microscopic defects, which occur in many shapes and sizes and at all stages of media processing. These processes are the machining of the raw substrates, coating the substrates, polishing the media and assembling the media in modules.In the past many of these defects could be overlooked since they didn't introduce missing bits in the read write process. The reason for this was the fact that the recording did not require a high track per inch or bit per inch packing density. Since all media specifications include requirements dealing with the quantity of missing bits or extra bit errors and their sizes; a study of media defects was implemented and the results are presented in this paper.

Application of Computers in Electron Probe and X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

1971 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Stanley D. Rasberry
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
List Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Routine Service

This paper is a review of automation of electron microprobe and x-ray fluorescence instrumentation. Such a review seems timely because of the great increase in the application of computer systems in this field over the past decade. Some of these applications have been conceived to meet true technological needs while in other cases they have “been undertaken to “keep up with the Joneses.” I would like to show not only what automated systems are now feasible but also when and how they should he employed. The “when” and “how” of automation are largely dependent upon the application being considered; in this study, x-ray applications have been divided into the following classes; (1)on-stream process-control,(2)off-line quality assurance,(3)routine service laboratory,(4)general purpose analytical laboratory. Several phases are present in these classes, including: specimen preparation and loading, measurement, data acquisition and transfer, data processing and display, and finally, archival data storage. Various workers have undertaken the automation of all these operations in one or the other of the classes of applications; from a review of their work and by examining details of each operation within the framework of a given application, we can now draw conclusions on the extent of desirable automation.

Thermal and elastic properties of Ge-Sb-Te based phase-change materials

2011 ◽  
Vol 1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Zalden ◽  
C. Bichara ◽  
J. v. Eijk ◽  
R. P. Hermann ◽  
I. Sergueev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Crystalline Phase ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Atomic Displacements ◽  
Optical Modes

ABSTRACTPhase-change materials undergo a change in bonding mechanism upon crystallization, which leads to pronounced modifications of the optical properties and is accompanied by an increase in average bond lengths as seen by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), neutron and x-ray diffraction. The reversible transition between a crystalline and an amorphous phase and its related property contrast are already employed in non-volatile data storage devices, such as rewritable optical discs and electronic memories. The crystalline phase of the prototypical material GeSb2Te4 is characterized by resonant bonding and pronounced disorder, which help to understand their optical and electrical properties, respectively. A change in bonding, however, should also affect the thermal properties, which will be addressed in this study. Based on EXAFS data analyses it will be shown that the thermal and static atomic displacements are larger in the meta-stable crystalline state. This indicates that the bonds become softer in the crystalline phase. At the same time, the bulk modulus increases upon crystallization. These observations are confirmed by the measured densities of phonon states (DPS), which reveal a vibrational softening of the optical modes upon crystallization. This demonstrates that the change of bonding upon crystallization in phase-change materials also has a profound impact on the lattice dynamics and the resulting thermal properties.

Formation of ordered cobalt nanowire arrays in the mesoporous silica channels

2006 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 1749-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina V. Chernysheva ◽  
Nina A. Sapoletova ◽  
Andrei A. Eliseev ◽  
Alexey V. Lukashin ◽  
Yuri D. Tretyakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Magnetic Measurements ◽  
Silica Matrix ◽  
Nanowire Arrays ◽  
Magnetic Nanowires ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Novel Variant

Here we report the synthesis and investigation of cobalt nanowire arrays using mesoporous silica as a host material. In the present work, a novel variant of synthesis of ordered magnetic nanowires in the mesoporous silica matrix was suggested. The method is based on incorporation of a hydrophobic metal compound Co2(CO)8 into the hydrophobic part of the silica-surfactant composite. The amount of cobalt intercalated into the mesoporous matrix was measured by chemical analysis (~5 wt %). Additional thermal modification was performed in order to provide a crystallization process of the cobalt nanowires. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray spectroscopy (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen capillary adsorption method (BET and BJH), and magnetic measurements. The anisotropy parameters of nanowires were determined using temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility. For cobalt-containing sample annealed at 300 °C (form factor of nanowire higher than 16), the coercive force at room temperature was found to be 42.2 kA/m at saturation magnetization of 0.5 A.m2/kg, which is nearly sufficient for modern information recording media. According to TEM studies, cobalt particles are uniform and well ordered in the silica matrix. Thus, the suggested method leads to one-dimensional anisotropic nanostructures, which could find an application in high-density data storage devices.

scholarly journals The scope of medical harm within the framework of civil liability: نطاق الضرر الطبي في إطار المسئولية المدنية

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Subhi Mezher
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Civil Responsibility ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Cause Of Failure

Due to the enormous scientific developments and technological advances in all areas of life, It has become very important to follow these developments, so that they must be surrounded by legislative guarantees guaranteeing respect and care for the human personality as much as possible in all circumstances. There is no doubt that modern medical science has become providing services to humanity with distinguished services, and medicine has become more effective and more ambitious than it was in the past and at the same time more dangerous as any scientific progress, where medicine has witnessed a significant and significant development in recent years, making many acknowledge that what happened The development and progress in the medical fields during the last fifty years exceeds in its importance what happened during the twenty centuries of medical science. And medicine still comes every day with what is new in all its specialties, so that the most important thing that distinguishes it is the positivity and effectiveness that made him exceed the limits of his original mission, which is prevention and treatment of diseases, to also include the fulfillment of human desires in many non-therapeutic areas, as is the case, for example, in Plastic and other surgeries. The Department of Medical Sciences has expanded and renewed today, as have the tools and methods used by the doctor in treating the patient, and this is what made the patient think often that the doctor could not fail, or disappointment in his therapeutic or surgical intervention, until he knowingly and consciously confused his right to medical care and his right to the safety of his health and the guarantee of recovery, in many cases where the doctor or surgeon fails to treat or surgery, the patient does not hesitate in the percentage of error and default or the cause of failure and failure to this doctor or that surgeon, asking him to compensate for the damage caused to him. Hence, it is not surprising that doctors sense a degree of injustice when applying to their relationship with their patients the general rules of civil responsibility. In many cases, the doctor makes sincere and vigilant efforts to treat the patient, but in spite of this the patient suffers untold damage. However, this error is attributed to the doctor.

Electric field effects in chalcogenides

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (57-58) ◽  
pp. 3419-3425
Author(s):  
Litian Chew ◽  
Weiling Dong ◽  
Alok Ranjan ◽  
Jitendra K. Behera ◽  
Li Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Crystallization Temperature ◽  
Electric Field Effects ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Field Effects

ABSTRACTThe objective of this paper is to demonstrate that Ag readily diffuses into Sb2S3 and that electric fields can control the diffusion. Ag diffusion influences the crystallization temperature and electrical properties of Sb2S3. We studied the interface between Ag and Sb2S3 using X-ray reflectivity and show that the Ag cations can be controlled by applying an electric field. We believe this effect has technological applications in data storage devices.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

RNA polymerase: Preparation and structural analysis of helical polymers

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 152-153
Author(s):  
E. Loren Buhle ◽  
Pamela Rew ◽  
Ueli Aebi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Helical Polymers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ordered Arrays ◽  
Low Ionic Strength

While DNA-dependent RNA polymerase represents one of the key enzymes involved in transcription and ultimately in gene expression in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells, little progress has been made towards elucidation of its 3-D structure at the molecular level over the past few years. This is mainly because to date no 3-D crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis have been obtained with this rather large (MW ~500 kd) multi-subunit (α2ββ'ζ). As an alternative, we have been trying to form ordered arrays of RNA polymerase from E. coli suitable for structural analysis in the electron microscope combined with image processing. Here we report about helical polymers induced from holoenzyme (α2ββ'ζ) at low ionic strength with 5-7 mM MnCl2 (see Fig. 1a). The presence of the ζ-subunit (MW 86 kd) is required to form these polymers, since the core enzyme (α2ββ') does fail to assemble into such structures under these conditions.

Time-Resolved Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Oscillating Microtubules

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 502-503
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Mandelkow ◽  
Ron Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dynamic Instability ◽  
Entire Solution ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Ray Scattering

Microtubules form part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. They are hollow libers of about 25 nm diameter made up of 13 protofilaments, each of which consists of a chain of heterodimers of α-and β-tubulin. Microtubules can be assembled in vitro at 37°C in the presence of GTP which is hydrolyzed during the reaction, and they are disassembled at 4°C. In contrast to most other polymers microtubules show the behavior of “dynamic instability”, i.e. they can switch between phases of growth and phases of shrinkage, even at an overall steady state [1]. In certain conditions an entire solution can be synchronized, leading to autonomous oscillations in the degree of assembly which can be observed by X-ray scattering (Fig. 1), light scattering, or electron microscopy [2-5]. In addition such solutions are capable of generating spontaneous spatial patterns [6].In an earlier study we have analyzed the structure of microtubules and their cold-induced disassembly by cryo-EM [7]. One result was that disassembly takes place by loss of protofilament fragments (tubulin oligomers) which fray apart at the microtubule ends. We also looked at microtubule oscillations by time-resolved X-ray scattering and proposed a reaction scheme [4] which involves a cyclic interconversion of tubulin, microtubules, and oligomers (Fig. 2). The present study was undertaken to answer two questions: (a) What is the nature of the oscillations as seen by time-resolved cryo-EM? (b) Do microtubules disassemble by fraying protofilament fragments during oscillations at 37°C?

A 200-Year History of the Study of Childhood Language Disorders of Unknown Origin: Changes in Terminology

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence B. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Developmental Language Disorder ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

Purpose The current “specific language impairment” and “developmental language disorder” discussion might lead to important changes in how we refer to children with language disorders of unknown origin. The field has seen other changes in terminology. This article reviews many of these changes. Method A literature review of previous clinical labels was conducted, and possible reasons for the changes in labels were identified. Results References to children with significant yet unexplained deficits in language ability have been part of the scientific literature since, at least, the early 1800s. Terms have changed from those with a neurological emphasis to those that do not imply a cause for the language disorder. Diagnostic criteria have become more explicit but have become, at certain points, too narrow to represent the wider range of children with language disorders of unknown origin. Conclusions The field was not well served by the many changes in terminology that have transpired in the past. A new label at this point must be accompanied by strong efforts to recruit its adoption by clinical speech-language pathologists and the general public.

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