scholarly journals Treatment of a Boy with Idiopathic Mental Retardation: From Uneducable to Educable.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Retarded Child ◽  
World Health ◽  
Heterogeneous Condition ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities ◽  
Educable Mentally Retarded ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Idiopathic Mental Retardation

Abstract Background: Mental retardation has been recently called by the American Psychiatric Association “Intellectual disability”, despite that the World Health Organization is still using the term “Mental retardation” in its ICD-10 publication. It is a heterogeneous condition marked by generalized neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with significant impairment in mental or intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors that affect every day general living. Patients and methods: A comprehensive multi-factorial treatment approach was used to treat a boy with idiopathic (Moderate to severe) mental retardation who was uneducable with the main aim of making him more educable. Treatment courses included intramuscular citicoline, piracetam, cerebrolysin and oral pyritinol. Results: Treatment was successful in advancing the mental and cognitive functions of the patient and making the child perfectly educable. Conclusion: There is no single agent that is known to convert an educable mentally retarded child to perfectly educable. Idiopathic mental retardation is a heterogeneous condition and the use of multi-factorial therapeutic agents is suggested for its treatment.

What's in a Name?

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J. Tassé
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
The World ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) is in the process of developing the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD–11). Part of this process includes replacing mental retardation with a more acceptable term to identify the condition. The current international consensus appears to be replacing mental retardation with intellectual disability. This article briefly presents some of the issues involved in changing terminology and the constraints and conventions that are specific to the ICD.

Epidemiology and burden

Depression ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Years Lived With Disability

Depression is a common condition with a lifetime prevalence of about 15%. People with depression experience significant impairment in psychosocial functioning, particularly in those with a recurrent or chronic course. Depression is now the leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide. Depression is also associated with increased risk of developing a medical illness and an increased risk of overall mortality, even when deaths from suicide are excluded. The economic costs of depression are staggering, largely owing to indirect costs associated with occupational impairment leading to work absence and reduced productivity. Depression remains undertreated, particularly in lower- and middle-income countries, but the World Health Organization has estimated that scaling up of depression treatment returns US$5 for every US$1 spent.

Gemcitabine as a Single Agent in the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 3786-3792 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fosså ◽  
A. Santoro ◽  
W. Hiddemann ◽  
L. Truemper ◽  
N. Niederle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Response ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Karnofsky Performance Status ◽  
Performance Status ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hematologic Toxicity ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphomas

PURPOSE: A multicenter phase II trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of gemcitabine in patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients with B-cell intermediate or high-grade NHL (Working Formulation) were enrolled onto the study. The median age was 61 years, with a Karnofsky performance status of ≤ 80% in 65% of patients. Forty-eight percent had stage III or IV (Ann Arbor Classification) at study entry. Pretreatment consisted of one, two, or three chemotherapeutic regimens in nine, 11, and 11 patients, respectively. Gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m2 was administered intravenously over 30 minutes on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day schedule. RESULTS: Thirty patients were assessable for efficacy, and 31 were assessable for toxicity. No complete responses were observed, but six patients showed a partial response, 11 stable disease, and 13 progressive disease. The overall response rate was 20% (95% confidence interval, 8% to 39%) for assessable patients and 19% (95% confidence interval, 8% to 34%) for the intent-to-treat analysis. The median duration of partial response was 6 months (range, 3.7 to 15+ months). Nonhematologic World Health Organization grade 3 toxicity included hepatic toxicity in four patients and infection in two. Hematologic toxicity was observed as grade 3 anemia in three patients, grade 3 leukopenia in two patients, grade 3/4 neutropenia in two patients, and grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia in six patients. CONCLUSION: The present schedule of gemcitabine displays modest efficacy and mild toxicity in pretreated aggressive NHL.

scholarly journals Update on novel hormonal and non-hormonal male contraceptive development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill E Long ◽  
Min S Lee ◽  
Diana L Blithe
Keyword(s):  
Single Agent ◽  
Development Program ◽  
World Health ◽  
Male Contraception ◽  
Efficacy Trial ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Male Contraceptive ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Contraceptive Agents ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background The advent of new methods of male contraception would increase contraceptive options for men and women and advance male contraceptive agency. Pharmaceutical R&D for male contraception has been dormant since the 1990’s. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) has supported a contraceptive development program since 1969 and supports most ongoing hormonal male contraceptive development. Non-hormonal methods are in earlier stages of development. Content Several hormonal male contraceptive agents have entered clinical trials. Novel single agent products being evaluated include Dimethandrolone Undecanoate (DMAU), 11β-methyl-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate (11β-MNTDC), and 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT). A contraceptive efficacy trial of Nestorone® (NES)/testosterone (T) gel is underway. Potential non-hormonal methods are at preclinical stages of development. Many non-hormonal male contraceptive targets that affect sperm production, sperm function, or sperm transport have been identified. Summary NICHD supports development of reversible male contraceptive agents. Other organizations such as the World Health Organization, the Population Council, and The Male Contraception Initiative are pursuing male contraceptive development, but industry involvement remains limited.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency: socio-economic problems and new approaches to its solution in veterinary medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Alexey Yevglevsky ◽  
Andrey Gostev
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
World Health ◽  
Polymer Complex ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

One of the global, vital problems of humanity is iodine deficiency. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 billion people live in conditions of iodine deficiency. people: among them, 740 million have endemic goiter, 43 million have mental retardation, more than 6 million. they suffer from cretinism (an extreme degree of mental retardation). Currently, iodine deficiency diseases are the most common non-infectious diseases in the world. What about mammalian animals? In animals, iodine performs the same functions as in humans. Animals, especially agricultural animals, are just as sensitive to iodine deficiency as humans. With a lack of iodine in the body of animals, the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones is disrupted, which leads to a decrease in the intensity of redox processes, as a result of which all types of metabolism are disrupted:-protein, fat, carbohydrate, macro – and microelement, energy. In this regard, the failure of the thyroid gland is accompanied by the development of severe pathobiochemical processes, which, in the end, leads to the clinical manifestation of pathophysiological conditions. Taking into account the fact that in conditions of constant iodine deficiency it is very problematic to ensure the health of productive animals, the issues of prevention of iodine deficiency conditions are economically significant for industrial animal husbandry. It is no accident that in countries experiencing natural iodine deficiency, state programs have been developed that provide for the use of iodine-containing additives in the diets of productive animals. Despite the fact that the simplest and most affordable method of eliminating iodine deficiency in humans and animals is the inclusion of iodized salt in the diet, however, this method can not be used for veterinary purposes. First of all, the feed method of using biologically active additives eliminates the possibility of dosed therapeutic or preventive treatment. On the pages of this article, we draw attention to the emerging prospects for the use of a new iodine-metabolic composition in non-infectious and infectious pathology, based on an iodine polymer complex known in pharmacology as iodinol and succinic acid.

scholarly journals Male Contraceptive Development: Update on Novel Hormonal and Nonhormonal Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill E Long ◽  
Min S Lee ◽  
Diana L Blithe
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Development Program ◽  
World Health ◽  
Male Contraception ◽  
Male Contraceptive ◽  
Contraceptive Agents ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract BACKGROUND Development of new methods of male contraception would address an unmet need for men to control their fertility and could increase contraceptive options for women. Pharmaceutical research and development for male contraception was active in the 1990s but has been virtually abandoned. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) has supported a contraceptive development program since 1969 and supports the majority of hormonal male contraceptive development. Nonhormonal methods are also in development but are at earlier stages. CONTENT Several hormonal male contraceptive agents have entered clinical trials. Single-agent products being evaluated include dimethandrolone undecanoate, 11β-methyl-nortestosterone dodecyl carbonate, and 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone. A contraceptive efficacy trial of Nestorone® gel and testosterone gel in a single application will begin in 2018. Potential nonhormonal methods are at preclinical stages of development. Many nonhormonal male contraceptive targets that affect either sperm production or sperm function have been identified. Targeted pathways include the retinoic acid pathway, bromodomain and extraterminal proteins, and pathways for Sertoli cell–germ cell adhesion or sperm motility. Druggable targets include CatSper, the sperm Na+/K+-exchanger, TSSK, HIPK4, EPPIN, and ADAMs family proteins. Development of a procedure to reversibly block the vas deferens (initially developed in India in the 1980s) is undergoing early stage research in the US under the trade name Vasalgel™. SUMMARY NICHD has supported the development of reversible male contraceptive agents. Other organizations such as the World Health Organization and the Population Council are pursuing male contraceptive development, but industry involvement remains dormant.

scholarly journals Manifestasi Okular dan Non Okular Sindrom Rubella Kongenital Pada Penderita Katarak Kongenital

Medicinus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiah Irma ◽  
Iwan Sovani ◽  
Maya Sari Wahyu ◽  
Feti Karfiati
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Congenital Cataract ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ocular Manifestation ◽  
Pigmentary Retinopathy ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Health Organization

<p>Background: Maternal infection with rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy result in congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). It caused blindness, deafness, congenital heart dissease and mental retardation. One of the main cause of blindness in CRS is congenital cataract. Infant affected with CRS worldwide estimated 238.000 each year and 46.000 live in South East Asia.<br />Objective: This study aimed to looked for other ocular and non ocular manifestation from 0-11months old congenital cataract infants based on World Health Organization (WHO) CRS case definiton: suspected, clinically confirmed and labaratory confirmed.<br />Methods:This is a retrospective observational study. We colected all data from computer base medical record, patient with congenital cataract 0-11 months old that came to Pediatric Ophthalmology unit Cicendo Eye Hospital from January 2012 until December 2013. Age, sex, laterality, axial length, cataract morphology, retinopathy pigmentary, cardiac dissorder, hearing impairment, mental dissorder and laboratory serology rubella for IgM and IgG were recorded.<br />Results: We found ninety three patients diagnosed with CRS from congenital cataract cases. Ocular manifestation include microphthalmia in 63 eyes (33.9%), microcornea in 30 eyes (16.1%), and pigmentary retinopathy in 1 eye (0.5%) . The most common type of cataract morphology was nuclear type (49.9%.). Non-ocular manifestation include cardiac dissorder in 16 cases (17.2%), hearing impairment in 1 case (1.1%) and mental retardation in 6 cases (6.4%). Case definition based on WHO criteria were 93 cases (100%) for suspected, 20 cases (25.8%) for clinically confirmed and 15 cases (42,8%) for laboratory confirmed.<br />Conclusion: Ocular manifestation for CRS in congenital cataract 0-11 months old were microphthalmia, microcornea, pigmentary retinopathy. Other manifestation found were cardiac disorder, hearing impairment and mental retardation.</p>

AAIDD Proposed Recommendations for ICD–11 and the Condition Previously Known as Mental Retardation

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J. Tassé ◽  
Ruth Luckasson ◽  
Margaret Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
American Association ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Stakeholder Groups ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) is in the process of seeking input from professional stakeholder groups and consumers regarding the draft proposals of the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD–11). The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) convened a small group of distinguished interdisciplinary expert professionals in intellectual disability to review the ICD–11 proposal regarding revisions of the condition previously known as “mental retardation.” This article presents the recommendations made by the AAIDD to the WHO Secretariat regarding the name, definition, diagnostic guidelines, and classification of the condition known today as intellectual disability.

Concepts for Immunotherapies in Gliomas

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 062-072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Platten ◽  
David Reardon
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Combinatorial Immunotherapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health Organization

Strategies to empower the immune system to successfully attack cancers, including vaccination approaches, adaptive T cell therapies, and immune checkpoint modulators, have recently achieved remarkable success across a spectrum of cancer indications. Nonetheless, with rare exception, only a minority of patients with a given type of cancer respond to an immunotherapeutic when administered as single-agent therapy. Although under extensive laboratory and clinical investigation, the role of these approaches for glioma patients remains to be determined. While the central nervous system (CNS) is no longer regarded as an immunoprivileged sanctuary, nuances regarding immune responses in the CNS may impact on the activity of immunotherapy treatments of brain tumor patients. Furthermore, many common CNS tumors such as World Health Organization grade III and IV (high grade) gliomas utilize myriad, nonoverlapping strategies to dampen or extinguish antitumor immune responses. For these reasons, critical research efforts are focused on identifying biomarkers that predict patients with a heightened likelihood of therapeutic benefit as well as evaluating rationally designed combinatorial immunotherapy approaches with potentially complementary mechanisms of immune-activation for brain cancer patients.

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