scholarly journals Reforms Reaffirmed to Improve International Surveillance and Response Mechanism in WHO in the Post-Coronavirus Situation

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-81
Author(s):  
Srijan Pant
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Health Governance ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Epidemic Intelligence ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Previous Reaction ◽  
Do So

The emergence of COVID–19 has shown that the inability of WHO to have prompt disease surveillance could be callous to recognize and respond to the situation of Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). While the paper traces out the timeline of WHO to perform its mandate in combating the spread of infectious diseases, coincidently it also explains the needs to improve the epidemic intelligence on the basis of coordinated international and national surveillance and response mechanisms. On the note, the post COVID – 19 situation requires WHO member states to strengthen the institution within the international order of global health governance. The only way to do so will be through effective and prompt global disease surveillance and response systems. Further, the article attempts to shed light on the current and previous reaction of WHO over the infectious diseases including COVID – 19. In the process, this article tries to suggest reforms within the IHR and WHO’s applicable effort to develop effective disease surveillance and prompt response systems.

scholarly journals Exploration of Temporal-Spatially Varying Impacts on COVID-19 Cumulative Case in Texas Using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIU WU ◽  
Jinting Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
El Paso ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Health It ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Common ◽  
Spatially Varying ◽  
Virus Spreading

Abstract Since COVID-19 is extremely menacing human’s health, it is a significant to expose on its fator’s impacts for curbing the virus spreading. To tackle the complexity of COVID-19 expansion in spatial-temporal scale, This research is approriatedly analyzed the spatial-temporal heterogeneity at county-level in Texas. First,factors impacts of COVID-19 are captured on social, economic, and environmental multiple-facets and the Communality is extracted through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Second, this research is used COVID-19 CC as the dependent variable and the common factors as the independent variable. According to the virus prevailing hierarchy, spatial-temporal disparity is are categorized four quarters in the modeling GWR analysis according to the virus prevailing hierarchy. The findings are exibited that GWR models provided higher fitness, more geodata-oriented information than OLS models. In Texas El Paso, Odessa, Midland, Randall and Potter County areas, population, hospitalization, and age structure presented static, positive influences on COVID-19 cumulative casesm, indicating they should be adopt stringent stratgies in curbing COVID-19. Winter is the most sensitive season for the virus spreading, implying the last quarter should be pay more attention to prevent the virus and take pracutions. This research are expected to provide references for preventing and controlling COVID-19 and related infectious dieseaces, evidences for disease surveillance and response systems to facilitate the appropriate uptake and reuse of geographical data.

scholarly journals WHO and the Global Outbreak and Response Network: coordinated surveillance to combat infectious diseases

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Twisselmann
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Response Network ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

On 5 December 2001 Eurosurveillance Weekly reported on the second meeting of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s Global Outbreak and Response Network (GOARN), which was held on 29-30 November in Geneva (1). A review in the Lancet Infectious Diseases provides extensive background reading to this WHO venture, which was inaugurated in April 2000 by WHO’s Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response (CSR, http://www.who.int/emc/pdfs/csr%20strategyE.pdf) to respond to the resurgence of the microbial threat

scholarly journals Evaluation of the integrated disease surveillance and response system for infectious diseases control in northern Ghana

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Nyaaba Adokiya ◽  
John Koku Awoonor-Williams ◽  
Inuwa Yau Barau ◽  
Claudia Beiersmann ◽  
Olaf Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Response System ◽  
Surveillance And Response

De splitsing van de Belgische Socialistische Partij. Twee verklarende documenten

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Pieter-Jan Van Bosstraeten
Keyword(s):  
Socialist Party ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Do So

Op 11 oktober 1978 splitste de Belgische Socialistische Partij zich als laatste van de drie unitaire partijen op in twee autonome partijen. Langs Franstalige zijde werd éénzijdig de Parti Socialiste opgericht, twee jaar later volgde de Socialistische Partij. De splitsing vormde het eindpunt van een lange en bewogen geschiedenis van de socialistische eenheidspartij.Ondanks het feit dat heel wat auteurs reeds een licht hebben geworpen op de belangrijkste gebeurtenis uit de na-oorlogse geschiedenis van de BSP, is het antwoord op de vraag naar de oorzaken van de splitsing vrij eenduidig. Overwegend wordt aangenomen dat de splitsing van de BSP het gevolg is van een moeilijke samenwerking in het kader van het communautaire dossier. Andere oorzaken worden amper aangehaald, of onvoldoende verduidelijkt. Tevens wordt slechts het politiek-tactische aspect van het communautaire dossier uitvoerig besproken. In de bestaande literatuur wordt zo goed als nergens dieper ingegaan op de inhoudelijke elementen die binnen de partij problemen teweegbrachten.Onderzoek van twee cruciale documenten heeft de mogelijkheid geboden het verhaal van de splitsing beter te reconstrueren. Daarbij is gebleken dat de splitsing van de partij in een ruimer kader dient te worden geïnterpreteerd dan het communautaire dossier. Aan de splitsing van de partij ging een lang proces van autonomisering en vleugelvorming vooraf. Bovendien werd aangetoond dat de problematiek inzake het Egmont-Stuyvenbergpact niet de enige directe oorzaak vormde voor de splitsing van de partij, in de periode 1977-1978. Enkele andere oorzaken hebben daartoe eveneens bijgedragen.________The division of the Belgian Socialist Party. Two explanatory documentsOn 11 October 1978 the Belgian Socialist Party divided into two autonomous parties, the last of the three unitary parties to do so. First the French speaking section unilaterally founded the ‘Parti Socialiste’, two years later the ‘Socialistische Partij’ followed. The division constituted the termination of the long and eventful history of the socialist unitary party.In spite of the fact that many authors have already shed light on the most important event from the post-war history of the BSP, the answer to the question about the causes for the division are fairly unequivocal. The majority of opinions favour the view that the division of the BSP was the consequence of the difficulty of collaborating within the framework of the community dossier. Other causes are hardly cited, or insufficiently elucidated. Moreover only the politico-tactical aspect of the community dossier is discussed in detail. The existing literature hardly ever carries out a more thorough examination of the intrinsic elements that caused problems within the party.The investigation of the two crucial documents has offered the opportunity to provide a better reconstruction of the division. This showed that the division of the party should be interpreted within a larger framework than the community dossier alone. A long process of autonomisation and the formation of political wings preceded the division of the party. It also demonstrated that the issues concerning the Egmont-Stuyvenberg pact were not the only direct cause for the division of the party, during the period 1977-1978. There were several other causes that also contributed to this division.

scholarly journals Assessment of the core and support functions of the integrated disease surveillance and response system in Zanzibar, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Saleh ◽  
Jovin Kitau ◽  
Flemming Konradsen ◽  
Leonard E. G. Mboera ◽  
Karin L. Schiøler
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Facility Level

Abstract Background Disease surveillance is a cornerstone of outbreak detection and control. Evaluation of a disease surveillance system is important to ensure its performance over time. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of the core and support functions of the Zanzibar integrated disease surveillance and response (IDSR) system to determine its capacity for early detection of and response to infectious disease outbreaks. Methods This cross-sectional descriptive study involved 10 districts of Zanzibar and 45 public and private health facilities. A mixed-methods approach was used to collect data. This included document review, observations and interviews with surveillance personnel using a modified World Health Organization generic questionnaire for assessing national disease surveillance systems. Results The performance of the IDSR system in Zanzibar was suboptimal particularly with respect to early detection of epidemics. Weak laboratory capacity at all levels greatly hampered detection and confirmation of cases and outbreaks. None of the health facilities or laboratories could confirm all priority infectious diseases outlined in the Zanzibar IDSR guidelines. Data reporting was weakest at facility level, while data analysis was inadequate at all levels (facility, district and national). The performance of epidemic preparedness and response was generally unsatisfactory despite availability of rapid response teams and budget lines for epidemics in each district. The support functions (supervision, training, laboratory, communication and coordination, human resources, logistic support) were inadequate particularly at the facility level. Conclusions The IDSR system in Zanzibar is weak and inadequate for early detection and response to infectious disease epidemics. The performance of both core and support functions are hampered by several factors including inadequate human and material resources as well as lack of motivation for IDSR implementation within the healthcare delivery system. In the face of emerging epidemics, strengthening of the IDSR system, including allocation of adequate resources, should be a priority in order to safeguard human health and economic stability across the archipelago of Zanzibar.

scholarly journals Web monitoring of emerging animal infectious diseases integrated in the French Animal Health Epidemic Intelligence System

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. e0199960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Arsevska ◽  
Sarah Valentin ◽  
Julien Rabatel ◽  
Jocelyn de Goër de Hervé ◽  
Sylvain Falala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Intelligence System ◽  
Epidemic Intelligence

Lawful Remedy or Illegal Response? Resolving the Issue of Foreign Subsidization Under WTO Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Victor Crochet ◽  
Marcus Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
The World ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Do So

Abstract Discontentment is growing such that governments, and notably that of China, are increasingly providing subsidies to companies outside their jurisdiction, ‘buying their way’ into other countries’ markets and undermining fair competition therein as they do so. In response, the European Union recently published a proposal to tackle such foreign subsidization in its own market. This article asks whether foreign subsidies can instead be addressed under the existing rules of the World Trade Organization, and, if not, whether those rules allow States to take matters into their own hands and act unilaterally. The authors shed light on these issues and provide preliminary guidance on how to design a response to foreign subsidization which is consistent with international trade law.

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