REAL-TIME SENSING THE GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION BY QUADRATIC-SHAPED MICROWAVE SENSOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2 (249)) ◽  
pp. 132-137
Author(s):  
B.A. Hovhannisyan ◽  
D.S. Hambaryan ◽  
L.A. Odabashyan ◽  
A.Zh. Babajanyan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Electromagnetic Interaction ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Minimum Detectable Concentration ◽  
Interaction Technique ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Microwave Sensor ◽  
Detectable Concentration

In this study we present a microwave sensor based on the quadratic-shape and designed for detecting glucose concentration in aqueous solutions by using a microwave near-field electromagnetic interaction technique. We found a linear relationship between the microwave $ S_{11} $ reflection coefficient of the suggested system and the concentration of glucose in solution. Due to this linear relationship we were able to determine the glucose concentration in the range of 0–250 mg/dL at an operating frequency near 3.6 GHz. The measured minimum detectable signal was 0.0044 dB/(mg/dL) and the measured minimum detectable concentration was 6.8 mg/dL. These results suggest that the system we offer has a high enough accuracy for non-contact glucose monitoring and provides a promising basis for developing a non-invasive glucometer.

scholarly journals Real-Time Noninvasive Measurement of Glucose Concentration Using a Modified Hilbert Shaped Microwave Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 5525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levon Odabashyan ◽  
Arsen Babajanyan ◽  
Zhirayr Baghdasaryan ◽  
Seungwan Kim ◽  
Jongchel Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Glucose Sensor ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Minimum Detectable Concentration ◽  
Hilbert Curve ◽  
Interaction Technique ◽  
Detectable Concentration

We developed a microwave glucose sensor based on the modified first-order Hilbert curve design and measured glucose concentration in aqueous solutions by using a real-time microwave near-field electromagnetic interaction technique. We observed S21 transmission parameters of the sensor at resonant frequencies depend on the glucose concentration. We could determine the glucose concentration in the 0–250 mg/dL concentration range at an operating frequency of near 6 GHz. The measured minimum detectable signal was 0.0156 dB/(mg/dL) and the measured minimum detectable concentration was 1.92 mg/dL. The simulation result for the minimum detectable signal and the minimum detectable concentration was 0.0182 dB/(mg/dL) and 1.65 mg/dL, respectively. The temperature instability of the sensor for human glycemia in situ measurement range (27–34 °C for fingers and 36–40 °C for body temperature ranges) can be improved by the integration of the temperature sensor in the microwave stripline platform and the obtained data can be corrected during signal processing. The microwave signal–temperature dependence is almost linear with the same slope for a glucose concentration range of 50–150 mg/dL. The temperature correlation coefficient is 0.05 dB/°C and 0.15 dB/°C in 27–34 °C and 36–40 °C temperature range, respectively. The presented system has a cheap, easy fabrication process and has great potential for non-invasive glucose monitoring.

scholarly journals Application of Broadband Microwave Near-Field Sensors for Glucose Monitoring in Biological Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1470
Author(s):  
Andrey S. Zapasnoy ◽  
Victor P. Belichenko ◽  
Vladimir P. Yakubov ◽  
Aleksandr V. Gorst ◽  
Aleksandr S. Mironchev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Field Zone ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Microwave Sensor ◽  
Sensor Geometry ◽  
Conical Horn ◽  
High Electric Field Strength

The paper presents results of numerical simulation and experimental testing of a microwave sensor for non-invasive glucose monitoring. The sensor represents a conical horn with a conical conductor inside expanding toward the horn aperture. Such a sensor has a significantly wider passband in comparison with sensors of other designs. It is essential that the sensor geometry provides formation of an extended near-field zone with high electric field strength near the sensor aperture. A clear relationship between the dielectric permittivity of the phantom biological tissue and the frequency dependence of the parameter S11 of the sensor is observed at frequencies in the range from 1.4 to 1.7 GHz. This circumstance can be used to develop a procedure for measuring the glucose level in blood that correlates with the parameter S11 of the sensor. From the viewpoint of monitoring of the glucose content in blood, the most convenient body sensor location is on the hands or feet, in particular, wrists.

Glucose Biosensing Using a Near-Field Microwave Microprobe

2006 ◽  
Vol 321-323 ◽  
pp. 1048-1051
Author(s):  
Arsen Babajayan ◽  
Jong Chul Kim ◽  
Song Hui Kim ◽  
Barry Friedman ◽  
Kie Jin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Dielectric Resonator ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Biosensor ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Noninvasive Evaluation ◽  
High Q ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
Glucose Biosensing

We observed the glucose concentration of solutions using a near-field microwave microprobe (NFMM). Instead of the usual invasive technique, we take the advantage of the noncontact and noninvasive evaluation capabilities of an NFMM. The NFMM with a high Q dielectric resonator allows observation of small variations of the permittivity due to changes in the glucose concentration. By measuring the reflection coefficient we could observe the concentration of glucose with a detectable resolution to 0.5 mg/ml (0.05 %). The glucose biosensor using a NFMM provides an unique approach for glucose monitoring for diabetes.

scholarly journals Feasibility Evaluation of Metamaterial Microwave Sensors for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 6871
Author(s):  
Lukas Malena ◽  
Ondrej Fiser ◽  
Paul R. Stauffer ◽  
Tomas Drizdal ◽  
Jan Vrba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Maximum Relative Error ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

The use of microwave technology is currently under investigation for non-invasive estimation of glycemia in patients with diabetes. Due to their construction, metamaterial (MTM)-based sensors have the potential to provide higher sensitivity of the phase shift of the S21 parameter (∠S21) to changes in glucose concentration compared to standard microstrip transmission line (MSTL)-based sensors. In this study, a MSTL sensor and three MTM sensors with 5, 7, and 9 MTM unit cells are exposed to liquid phantoms with different dielectric properties mimicking a change in blood glucose concentration from 0 to 14 mmol/L. Numerical models were created for the individual experiments, and the calculated S-parameters show good agreement with experimental results, expressed by the maximum relative error of 8.89% and 0.96% at a frequency of 1.99 GHz for MSTL and MTM sensor with nine unit cells, respectively. MTM sensors with an increasing number of cells show higher sensitivity of 0.62° per mmol/L and unit cell to blood glucose concentration as measured by changes in ∠S21. In accordance with the numerical simulations, the MTM sensor with nine unit cells showed the highest sensitivity of the sensors proposed by us, with an average of 3.66° per mmol/L at a frequency of 1.99 GHz, compared to only 0.48° per mmol/L for the MSTL sensor. The multi-cell MTM sensor has the potential to proceed with evaluation of human blood samples.

scholarly journals Millimeter-Wave-Based Spoof Localized Surface Plasmonic Resonator for Sensing Glucose Concentration

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Yelim Kim ◽  
Ahmed Salim ◽  
Sungjoon Lim
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Microfluidic Channel ◽  
Microwave Frequency ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Localized Surface Plasmon ◽  
Minimum Detectable Concentration ◽  
Plasmonic Resonator

Glucose-monitoring sensors are necessary and have been extensively studied to prevent and control health problems caused by diabetes. Spoof localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonance sensors have been investigated for chemical sensing and biosensing. A spoof LSP has similar characteristics to an LSP in the microwave or terahertz frequency range but with certain advantages, such as a high-quality factor and improved sensitivity. In general, microwave spoof LSP resonator-based glucose sensors have been studied. In this study, a millimeter-wave-based spoof surface plasmonic resonator sensor is designed to measure glucose concentrations. The millimeter-wave-based sensor has a smaller chip size and higher sensitivity than microwave-frequency sensors. Therefore, the microfluidic channel was designed to be reusable and able to operate with a small sample volume. For alignment, a polydimethylsiloxane channel was simultaneously fabricated using a multilayer bonding film to attach the upper side of the pattern, which is concentrated in the electromagnetic field. This real-time sensor detects the glucose concentration via changes in the S11 parameter and operates at 28 GHz with an average sensitivity of 0.015669 dB/(mg/dL) within the 0–300 mg/dL range. The minimum detectable concentration and the distinguishable signal are 1 mg/dL and 0.015669 dB, respectively, from a 3.4 μL sample. The reusability and reproducibility were assessed through replicates.

scholarly journals Near Infrared Spectrum for Non-Invasive Glucose Measurement

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghozzi Dorsaf
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Clarke Error Grid

This paper deals with novel approach for non-invasive glucose monitoring based on NIR spectroscopy. The technique was demonstrated on 300 human serums of different concentrations range of 08-297 mg/dl. In order to compare the proposed approach to a standard one, a regression analysis was performed and used to predict glucose concentration overall range of values. In vitro experiments showed a strong correlation between noninvasively device result and real glucose concentration. The correlation was 0.97 and Clarke error grid analysis showed that 97.33% of the measured fall within the clinically acceptable regions. Results showed that the created model can open a new path to a real-time, painless and a portable device that would well-being the lives of millions of diabetics in the world.

scholarly journals Simulation and Experimental Study of the Near Field Probe in the Form of a Folded Dipole for Measuring Glucose Concentration

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5415
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Gorst ◽  
Kseniya Zavyalova ◽  
Aleksandr Mironchev ◽  
Andrey Zapasnoy ◽  
Andrey Klokov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Measurement ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Vector Network Analyzer ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Network Analyzer ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Average Deviation

The article investigates the near-field probe of a special design to account for changes in glucose concentration. The probe is designed in such a way that it emits radiation in both directions from its plane. In this paper, it was proposed to modernize this design and consider the unidirectional emission of the probe in order to maximize the signal and reduce energy loss. We have done extensive research for both bidirectional and unidirectional probe designs. Numerical simulations and field experiments were carried out to determine different concentrations of glucose (0, 4, 5.3, 7.5 mmol/L). Numerical modeling of a unidirectional probe showed that the interaction of radiation generated by such a probe with a multilayer structure simulating a human hand showed a better result and high sensitivity compared to a bidirectional probe. Further, based on the simulation results, a phantom (physical model) of a human hand was recreated from layers with dielectric properties as close as possible to the properties of materials during simulation. The probe was constructed from a copper tube and matched both the geometric and physical parameters of the model. The experimental measurement was carried out using a vector network analyzer in the frequency range 2–10 GHz. The experimental measurement was carried out using a vector network analyzer in the frequency range 2–10 GHz for the unidirectional and bidirectional probes. Further, the results of the experiment were compared with the results of numerical simulation. According to the results of multiple experiments, it was found that the average deviation between the concentrations was 2 dB for a unidirectional probe and 0.4 dB for a bidirectional probe. Thus, the sensitivity of the unidirectional probe was 1.5 dB/(mmol/L) for the bidirectional one 0.3 dB/(mmol/L). Thus, the improved design of the near-field probe can be used to record glucose concentrations.

scholarly journals Continuous Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring via Contact Lenses: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
David Bamgboje ◽  
Iasonas Christoulakis ◽  
Ioannis Smanis ◽  
Gaurav Chavan ◽  
Rinkal Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Biofuel Cell ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Rf Power ◽  
Lacrimal Fluid ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that must be carefully managed to prevent serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is a crucial tool for managing diabetes and, at present, all relevant procedures are invasive while they only provide periodic measurements. The pain and measurement intermittency associated with invasive techniques resulted in the exploration of painless, continuous, and non-invasive techniques of glucose measurement that would facilitate intensive management. The focus of this review paper is the existing solutions for continuous non-invasive glucose monitoring via contact lenses (CLs) and to carry out a detailed, qualitative, and comparative analysis to inform prospective researchers on viable pathways. Direct glucose monitoring via CLs is contingent on the detection of biomarkers present in the lacrimal fluid. In this review, emphasis is given on two types of sensors: a graphene-AgNW hybrid sensor and an amperometric sensor. Both sensors can detect the presence of glucose in the lacrimal fluid by using the enzyme, glucose oxidase. Additionally, this review covers fabrication procedures for CL biosensors. Ever since Google published the first glucose monitoring embedded system on a CL, CL biosensors have been considered state-of-the-art in the medical device research and development industry. The CL not only has to have a sensory system, it must also have an embedded integrated circuit (IC) for readout and wireless communication. Moreover, to retain mobility and ease of use of the CLs used for continuous glucose monitoring, the power supply to the solid-state IC on such CLs must be wireless. Currently, there are four methods of powering CLs: utilizing solar energy, via a biofuel cell, or by inductive or radiofrequency (RF) power. Although, there are many limitations associated with each method, the limitations common to all, are safety restrictions and CL size limitations. Bearing this in mind, RF power has received most of the attention in reported literature, whereas solar power has received the least attention in the literature. CLs seem a very promising target for cutting edge biotechnological applications of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic relevance.

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