scholarly journals Explanations of an Unfamiliar Phenomenon Based on Categorical Names and Metaphors

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Marie Arsalidou ◽  
◽  
Ivan Aslanov ◽  
Denis Grischuk ◽  
Alexey Kotov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Verbal Label ◽  
Category Label ◽  
Separate Group ◽  
Behavioral Disorder ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
The Status

A study by Giffin and colleagues (2017) found the effect of a verbal label on the explanation of an unfamiliar phenomenon: when a name is used, people's judgments are more likely to express the belief that the phenomenon has an objective cause. This effect was demonstrated in behavior descriptions of a mental disorder that was either labeled with the fictional name “depataphy” or left unlabeled. In the present study, we replicated this effect (N = 110) and added new conditions in order to assess whether another linguistic form, a metaphor, could cause the same effect. A separate group (N = 119) evaluated two conditions wherein, instead of a verbal label, we informed participants that the internal state of the person behaving abnormally can be compared to some other event (e.g., a fire). One condition (the so-called nonconventional metaphor) emphasized that this comparison is made by the character of the story himself, and the second condition emphasized other people with a similar behavioral disorder (the so-called conventional metaphor). According to our hypothesis, only the conventional metaphor could affect the formation of explanations, because the conventionality would give the metaphor the status of a category name. The hypothesis was partially confirmed: in the condition with a nonconventional metaphor no significant effect was found, and in the condition with a conventional metaphor it was found in the answers to only one question. The results of the study are generally consistent with the interpretation by Giffin and colleagues that judgments are primarily influenced by a category label rather than other linguistic forms.

scholarly journals ISHARYŌ JAKO JAPOŃSKI SPOSÓB ZADOŚĆUCZYNIENIA ZA KRZYWDĘ W RAZIE ROZWODU

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
Rafał Andrzej ŁUKASIEWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Moral Injury ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
The Status ◽  
Japanese Law

The purpose of this article is to present a compensation for moral injury connected with conjugal infidelity in Japanese Law (isharyō). The compensation for moral injury, which is sentenced because of a divorce could be divided into a compensation for mental disorder and a compensation for deprivation of the status in the society. To analyze this issue it is necessary to discuss context of Japanese culture and society. Furthermore, I present statistics which show factors that have influence on the amount of compensation. Finally, there are remarks on comparative law.

scholarly journals Pedagogical conditions for the formation of counteraction to stressful phenomena in educational institutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Г.А. Арсаханова
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
First Graders ◽  
Behavioral Disorder ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Psychosomatic Diseases

Жизнедеятельность школьника полна проблем, решение которых приводит к стрессовым ситуациям. Прежде всего, это изменение социального статуса и изменение дошкольной деятельности ребенка на учебную. Статус школьника требует больше обязанностей, ответственности, дисциплинированности, структурированности режима дня, контроля собственных поступков. Даже в самом продуманном и хорошо налаженному жизни случаются ситуации, которые негативно влияют на детей и приводят к стрессу. Первоклассники не всегда готовы к таким изменениям, что вызывает ряд психофизиологических и поведенческих проявлений. В состоянии стресса поведение ребенка дезорганизовывается, наблюдаются неконтролируемые движения, определенные речевые отклонения, появляются эмоции, не соответствующие культуре взаимоотношений. Стресс – это сильное проявление эмоций вызывает комплексную физиологическую реакцию, это состояние душевного и поведенческого расстройства, связанного с неспособностью личности целесообразно действовать в соответствующих ситуациях. Из-за недостаточной сформированности эмоциональной сферы в школьном возрасте при частых стрессовых ситуациях у ребенка исчезает аппетит, наступает депрессия, снижается интерес к учебе, общению, наступает апатия. Стрессовые ситуации негативно сказываются на здоровье школьника, у ребенка появляется целый «букет» опасных психосоматических заболеваний: мигрень, гипертония, астма, артрит, аллергия, диабет, кожные болезни и тому подобное. The student's life is full of problems, the solution of which leads to stressful situations. First of all, this is a change in the social status and a change in the preschool activity of the child to the educational one. The status of a student requires more responsibilities, responsibility, discipline, structured daily routine, and control of one's own actions. Even in the most thoughtful and well-established life, there are situations that negatively affect children and lead to stress. First-graders are not always ready for such changes, which causes a number of psychophysiological and behavioral manifestations. In a state of stress, the child's behavior is disorganized, uncontrolled movements are observed, certain speech deviations appear, emotions that do not correspond to the culture of relationships. Stress-this strong manifestation of emotions causes a complex physiological reaction, this is a state of mental and behavioral disorder associated with the inability of the individual to act appropriately in appropriate situations. Due to the lack of formation of the emotional sphere at school age, with frequent stressful situations, the child's appetite disappears, depression sets in, interest in learning, communication decreases, and apathy sets in. Stressful situations negatively affect the health of the student, the child has a whole "bouquet" of dangerous psychosomatic diseases: migraine, hypertension, asthma, arthritis, allergies, diabetes, skin diseases, and the like.

scholarly journals The offence/defence of infanticide: A view from two perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-481
Author(s):  
Helen Howard
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Moral Agent ◽  
Theoretical Rationale ◽  
After Effects ◽  
The Status ◽  
Not Criminally Responsible ◽  
Women Who Kill

This article asks whether the time is right for abolition of the offence/defence of infanticide. To this end, a two-pronged approach is taken, examining infanticide initially as an offence, and then as a defence. In terms of the offence of infanticide, consideration is given both to the concept of the ‘infanticidal mother’ and to the status of infants below the age of 12 months. When considering the defence of infanticide, examination is made of the exclusive nature of the defence and of the scope for an individual to be a ‘partial’ moral agent. The contradictory nature of infanticide, being both inculpatory and exculpatory, suggests the need for a theoretical rationale that justifies disallowing the offence/defence to, inter alia, those women who kill their own children over 12 months and to men who suffer similar ‘environmental’ postnatal depression. It is suggested that women who kill their children while suffering from the ‘after-effects’ of childbirth are either, depending on the severity of mental disorder, fully competent and therefore criminally responsible (although perhaps entitled to a lesser sentence due to a reduction in culpability) or fully incompetent, therefore incurring no criminal responsibility at all. This proposal can be achieved by recognising that there is a place for reduced culpability or a complete absence of responsibility to fall within the current defence of diminished responsibility or within the Law Commission’s recommended alternative to the insanity defence of ‘not criminally responsible by reason of recognised medical condition’.

scholarly journals Influence of Category Label and Metaphor on Judgments About Mental Disorder Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-61
Author(s):  
I.A. Aslanov ◽  
Yu.V. Sudorgina ◽  
A.A. Kotov
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Category Label ◽  
Unusual Behaviour ◽  
Category Labels ◽  
Different Characteristics

Category labels affect people’s judgments regarding mental disorders which are unknown to them. Descriptions of these ‘unknown’ disorders that do have a name, are assumed by people to be more stable and having reasons to exist, when compared with the same descriptions of disorders - without a specific name [3]. However, it is not clear whether this effect can be evoked by other linguistic parameters, for instance, by metaphors. We hypothesized that including a metaphor in the description of a mental disorder would lead to the same effect even without a category name. We replicated a study by Giffin and colleagues’ and added a new experimental condition in which participants read texts with the descriptions of a person’s unusual behaviour without the disorder's name, but with its metaphoric description. After reading the texts, participants assessed a few statements concerning some characteristics of the disorder. The results showed that the effect of a category label was replicated, and the metaphoric description also evoked a significant effect, but it was found in judgments of different characteristics of the disorder.

scholarly journals Cognitive Radio RF: Overview and Challenges

VLSI Design ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Van Tam Nguyen ◽  
Frederic Villain ◽  
Yann Le Guillou
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Software Defined Radio ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Radio System ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
The Status ◽  
High Spectral Efficiency

Cognitive radio system (CRS) is a radio system which is aware of its operational and geographical environment, established policies, and its internal state. It is able to dynamically and autonomously adapt its operational parameters and protocols and to learn from its previous experience. Based on software-defined radio (SDR), CRS provides additional flexibility and offers improved efficiency to overall spectrum use. CRS is a disruptive technology targeting very high spectral efficiency. This paper presents an overview and challenges of CRS with focus on radio frequency (RF) section. We summarize the status of the related regulation and standardization activities which are very important for the success of any emerging technology. We point out some key research challenges, especially implementation challenges of cognitive radio (CR). A particular focus is on RF front-end, transceiver, and analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog interfaces which are still a key bottleneck in CRS development.

ON THE STUDY OF PROPER NAMES OF TREES IN EAST SLAVIC CHARMS

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
T.A. Agapkina ◽  
E.L. Berezovich ◽  
O.D. Surikova
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Separate Group ◽  
The Status ◽  
Points Of View

The article is devoted to the proper names of trees in East Slavic charms. Functional groups of texts and folklore motives, which include the proper names of trees, are established. Onyms are categorized from the areal and motivational points of view. The most typical tree species that receive their own names in charms are listed. The problem of the status of epithets of trees as proper names or appellatives is considered in the material of a separate group of homogeneous but widely variable names (“carcolist tree”).

scholarly journals Notes on the role of metapragmatic awareness in language use

Pragmatics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jef Verschueren
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
The Status ◽  
Specific Manifestation

Against the background of a general theory of pragmatics, reflections are formulated on the central role of metapragmatic awareness as a specific manifestation of salience, the status of processes of meaning generation in language use in relation to the cognitive apparatus. First the notions of metalanguage and metapragmatics, as used in linguistics, are discussed. Then metalinguistic and metapragmatic phenomena are presented as reflections of metapragmatic awareness. Two ways in which indicators of metapragmatic awareness function in language use are distinguished: Their functioning as anchoring devices locating linguistic form in relation to context, and their functioning as signals of the language users’ reflexive interpretations of the activities they are engaged in. Finally, some social implications of metapragmatic functioning are discussed, in particular in relation to language ideologies and identity construction.

scholarly journals OCHRONA CZŁONKÓW RODZINY SPADKODAWCY NA TLE HISTORYCZNOPRAWNYM ORAZ PRAWNOPORÓWNAWCZYM

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Witold Borysiak
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
General Clause ◽  
The Status ◽  
Statutory Protection ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Do So

Protection of the Deceased’s Family Members in the Historical and Comparative PerspectiveSummaryAll of the contemporary legal systems provide special regulations which protect the deceased’s family members from order’s occurring in his will. Freedom of the testacy is one of the most important rules in the law of successions. Nevertheless it should have limits – the most common example of that situation exists when deceased’s orders omits entirely the members of his closest family.The origins of that protection could be found in the Roman Law. This legal system creates two types of protection – “counter-will formal succession” (previous in the Roman Law evolution) and “counter-will material succession”.According to the first one, testator has a duty to disinherit all of his sons (sui heredes) in the clear and precise words (exhereditatio nominatim). He should also disinherit all of the other members of his family (such as daughters or grandchildren); however he has possibility to do so in a general clause. His will would be overthrown if he has not disinherited members of his family. In that case entitled persons acquired the status of the heirs. This system gave no property rights to descendants of the deceased - they had only right to be an heir or to be disinherit (which was described in the rule that sui heredes should be set up as heirs or should be disinherit - sui heredes aut instituendi sunt aut exheredandi).According to the second type of protection if deceased did not gave part of his property (so called pars legitima) to the entitled persons they have a legal claim (querela inofficiosi testamenti) to declare his will void. On the ground of that regulation existed fiction that testator, who disinherit the members of his closed family, acting in the mental disorder (cum colore insaniae) and violates his father duties (action contra officium pietatis). Roman Law protects the entitled person also against all of the donationes (those performing during the live of testator and mortis causa donations) in which deceased try to evade statutory protection of his family members.

Multiaxial Diagnosis of Mental and Behavioral Disorders

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Norma J. Leclair ◽  
Steven W. Leclair ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Behavioral Disorder ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Five Axes ◽  
Mental And Behavioral Disorders

Abstract Most health care professionals who diagnose and treat mental disorders use the diagnostic criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition–Text Revised (DSM-IV-TR), which uses a multiaxial system to ensure a comprehensive assessment and evaluation of the patient's presenting symptoms, general medical condition, psychosocial and environmental problems, and level of function. The five axes are mental disorders; personality and mental disorders; general medical conditions; psychosocial and environmental problems, and global assessment of functioning (GAF) scale. Psychosocial and environmental problems may affect diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mental disorders; the problems or stressors can contribute to the development of a mental disorder or can be the result of a mental disorder. The multiaxial assessment process should result in the following; documentation of the primary and any secondary mental and behavioral disorders; definition of physical disorders that may be present and indication if they are related to or influence the mental and behavioral disorders; identification of environmental stressors that may affect, contribute to, complicate, or exacerbate the mental and behavioral disorder; and a rating of the person's psychological, social, and occupational functioning. A table shows the GAF scale (ratings by deciles from 1 to 100; higher numbers indicate fewer problems) and does not include impairments that result from physical or environmental limitations.

Psychiatry as Ideology

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Biological Psychiatry ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Laboratory Science ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Research

Background: The current psychiatric literature carries numerous papers arguing that the correct approach to mental disorder is to see it as a special form of brain disorder, whose precise biochemical and genetic causes will be revealed by the normal methods of laboratory science. In particular, these claims are repeated in numerous papers outlining and advocating the new Research Domain Criteria project of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health.Material: An extensive search of the literature shows that not one of these biologically oriented papers ever provides citations or references to authorities such that the claim “mental disorder is brain disorder” is established to the standard required of valid scientific claims.Discussion: As it stands, the notion that mental disorder is brain disorder is unsubstantiated. In particular, no authorities in the field of biological psychiatry have ever demonstrated that they have a formal theory of mental disorder, or a model of mental disorder to guide their daily practice, their teaching or their research.Conclusion: This means that biological psychiatry has the status of an ideology only, and the many papers arguing its case meet the definition of propaganda.

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