scholarly journals INTERACTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BODIES OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD FAIR WITH THE STATE AUTHORITIES IN SOLVING CUSTOMS POLICY ISSUES IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD OF THE 19th CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Lednev
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Industrial Estate ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

The present article examines interaction between public administration bodies of Nizhny Novgorod Fair and the state authorities in solving customs policy issues in the post-reform period of the 19th century It was the public administration bodies, whose functions included planning measures to improve the quality of trade and petitioning the government about the needs of domestic industry and trade, that influenced implementation of domestic and foreign state policy. The fair public administration, taking into account the importance that the Nizhny Novgorod Fair had in domestic and foreign trade, was the center of unification of all Russian merchants. Since the mid-1880s, public administration bodies, in particular the fair committee, formed in 1864, whose powers gradually grew, began to exercise representative functions on the issues of domestic trade and industry development. In particular, with direct involvement of the public fair management bodies in the 1880s, a large range of issues was discussed; these issues related to: the transit of foreign goods through the Transcaucasian Territory, which existed for several decades and caused significant damage to the production of Russian manufactory; sales markets in the Central Asia, Persia and the Far East; transformations of the entire customs system in Russia and changes in existing customs tariffs with the direct participation of the commercial and industrial estate representatives. As a result, a number of measures in the state customs policy carried out by the state authorities ultimately contributed to the development, expansion and strengthening the positions of domestic industrial production and trade. Public administration bodies, including the fair committee, became especially active in the 1890s. It is during this period that the authority of the fair management increases. And the fair committee itself began to express the interests of the commercial and industrial estate of whole Russia.

scholarly journals Minister-Permanent Secretary Relationships: Lessons from Zimbabwe’s Government of national Unity

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Tawanda Zinyama ◽  
Joseph Tinarwo
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
The State ◽  
Team Work ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Unity ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government

Public administration is carried out through the public service. Public administration is an instrument of the State which is expected to implement the policy decisions made from the political and legislative processes. The rationale of this article is to assess the working relationships between ministers and permanent secretaries in the Government of National Unity in Zimbabwe. The success of the Minister depends to a large degree on the ability and goodwill of a permanent secretary who often has a very different personal or professional background and whom the minster did not appoint. Here lies the vitality of the permanent secretary institution. If a Minister decides to ignore the advice of the permanent secretary, he/she may risk of making serious errors. The permanent secretary is the key link between the democratic process and the public service. This article observed that the mere fact that the permanent secretary carries out the political, economic and social interests and functions of the state from which he/she derives his/her authority and power; and to which he/she is accountable,  no permanent secretary is apolitical and neutral to the ideological predisposition of the elected Ministers. The interaction between the two is a political process. Contemporary administrator requires complex team-work and the synthesis of diverse contributions and view-points.

Sources of the recognition of belligerent status

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (192) ◽  
pp. 111-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Zorgbibe
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Sovereign Power ◽  
Equal Status ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Unilateral Action ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

“Whenever a large organized group believes it has the right to resist the sovereign power and considers itself capable of resorting to arms, war between the two parties should take place in the same manner as between nations…” This statement by de Vattel in the 19th century seemed destined to take its place as a part of positive law, constituting part of what was known as recognition of belligerency, tantamount to the recognition by the established government of an equal status for insurgents and regular belligerents. When a civil war became extensive enough, the State attacked would understand that it was wisest to acknowledge the existence of a state of war with part of the population. This would, at the same time, allow the conflict to be seen in a truer light. The unilateral action of the legal government in recognizing belligerency would be the condition for granting belligerent rights to the parties. It would constitute a demonstration of humanity on the part of the government of the State attacked and would also provide that government with prospects for effective pursuit of the war. By admitting that it was forced to resort to war, it would at least have its hands free to make war seriously.

Competences of Public Administration of the Slovak Republic in the Area of Defense

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-165
Author(s):  
Ryszard Szynowski
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
The State ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Administration ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many

In one of the many definitions of public administration it was stated that it is the fulfillment of individual and collective needs of citizens, resulting from the co-existence of people in society, realized by the state and its dependent organs. One of the needs of an individual is the need for safety. Ensuring the safety of citizens is realized by the public administration, due to its service to the society as an executive apparatus possessing a democratic mandate of political power, in service of the law created by said organs. A particular role in the area of defense belongs to authoritative administration, which performs tasks including reversing risks and removing dangers, including the realization of tasks and undertakings aimed at military preparation in case of war. The aim of the following article is to present the tasks and competences in the area of protecting the President, the government, government administration officials on duty and local self-administration of the Slovak Republic. Various methods have been used to reach the pre-determined goal, primarily the method of document investigation, which made it possible to gather, sort, describe and scientifically interpret the legal acts of the Slovak Republic regarding defensive matters.

scholarly journals Civil Sector of State Governance: New Forms of Self-Organization and the Community’s Participation in the Context of Digitization of the Public Space

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Solov'ev ◽  
Galina Pushkareva
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Public Space ◽  
The State ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
The Public ◽  
State Management ◽  
State Governance ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Civil Sector

As digital technologies develop, a new form of relations between the state and the public is developing as well. Additional opportunities for the expression of public interests and the establishment of values preferred by the society arise, new mechanisms of political mobilization develop, new forms of public organization and self-organization emerge, the social media gain more power, and local and general public narrative develop on a number of online platforms. With the digitization of the public space, the state is forced to change its communication strategies and improve the dialogue between the government and the society based on deliberative democracy principles. After analysing the architecture of public communication emerging in new conditions the paper concludes that Russia is making certain efforts to adapt for the new digitized reality. However, current state priorities are shifting towards e-government and the digital economy. On the one hand, it seems justified, as it allows to bring the public services to a completely new level, reduce corruption risks, and simplify state management of economic processes. On the other hand, the lack of due attention to the issues of openness of public administration and involvement of citizens in making public decisions results in accumulation of contradictions in the public area of public administration, as well as increasing mutual misunderstanding and distrust between the state bodies and the civil society, which may entail bursts of social discontent and protests.

scholarly journals The Idea of the Construction Police in the Historical Perspective against the Background of the German Legal Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Karol Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The 19Th Century

Th Construction Police, as a task (function) of the state, is the public safety department, which ensures the safety and culture for the using of the building objects. Th institutional roots of this department date back to the age of Enlightenment, the doctrinal ones – to early modern period or even earlier and the legislative ones – to the 19th century. Ths Police is connected with the fire and sanitary safety of buildings. Building laws became the part of the code law, then of police ordinances and, finally, the separate building ordinances were issued (in cities at fist). In the German territories, the period after the Thirty Years’ war was of great importance for the development of the legislation and the building policies, together with the development of cameralism (Kameralismus) and political economy (Polizeiwissenschaft). Th 19th century was the era of codification of the building law in the form of nationwide building acts.

scholarly journals From Ally to Enemy: the Ottoman Empire in Publicistic Works by Ephraim Deinard

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 77-92
Author(s):  
Esther Zyskina
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper considers is the transformation of the image of the Ottoman Empire in the publicistic texts by Ephraim Deinard, outstand ing Jewish writer and journalist of the turn of the 19th and 20th centu ries. The research was based on two Deinard’s works, “Atidot Israel” (“The Future of Israel”, 1892) and “Tzion be’ad mi?” (“Zion for Whom?”, 1918), which deal with a variety of topics, including Deinard’s opinion on the Ottoman Empire. In particular, the radical change of his position from the statements in “Atidot Israel” to those in “Tzion be’ad mi?” is observed. Deinard discusses the following three aspects, each case being a vivid example of this controversy: 1. The Ottoman government’s attitude towards Jews and the pros pects of the collaboration of the Jewish community with the government; 2. The economic situation in the Ottoman Empire and its foreign policy; 3. The culture and cultural policy in the Ottoman Empire. Deinard’s interest in Turkey was initially caused by his Zionist views, as the Land of Israel was part of the Ottoman Empire. Later, after World War I and especially after the Balfour Declaration in 1917, the Zionists placed their expectations on Britain, while Turkey, after losing the war and the territory so important for Jews, could no more be praised by Dei nard. In addition, Deinard had lived in the USA for more than 30 years by 1918, and it is merely logical that his publicistic works were aimed against the USA’s enemy in World War I. This shift looks especially interesting when looked at through the context of the history of the Russian Jewish Enlightenment. A very simi lar process occurred in the ideology of the Russian maskilim in the 19th century. Throughout the 19th century, they believed that the Jews should be integrated in the Russian society and viewed the Russian government as their ally. The Russian authorities, correspondingly, tried to assimilate the Jews and to make them an integral part of the society. However, af ter the pogroms of 1880s, the authorities’ attitude towards Jews changed dramatically, and so did that of the maskilim towards the government. Laws regarding Jews were tightened and became openly anti-Semitic, and the maskilim started to criticize the state instead of hoping for col laboration with it. Deinard’s works used for this research date to a later period. More over, the aforementioned events influenced his positive attitude towards the Ottoman Empire: concerning the status of Jews in the both countries, Deinard opposed Turkey to Russia. Eventually, however, Turkey took the same place for Deinard as Russia did for his predecessors, the maskilim. His hopes for collaboration with the state were just as replaced by disap pointment and criticism. To conclude, the above similarity may suggest that the shift in Dein ard’s views might have correlated with the change in the ideology of the Russian maskilim.

Contractors' Bounties or Due Consideration?: Evidence on the Commercial Nature of The Royal Mail Steam Placket Company's Mail Contracts, 1842-1905

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ. Arnold ◽  
Robert G. Greenhill
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Returns ◽  
Excess Returns ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

This essay discusses the negotiation of postal contracts between the government and the private sector, and asks whether the state provided private sector shipping companies with excess returns. The essay also describes the operation of Royal Mail’s mail contracts and the development of its non-contract revenues; its commercial and financial returns, and finally compares its results with financial returns in the second half of the 19th century.

Alhambra

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fairchild D. Ruggles
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Unesco World Heritage ◽  
Charles V ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
The City ◽  
Great Wall

The Alhambra (from al-hamra, meaning “red”) is a complex of palaces and gardens that stands on the Sabika Hill overlooking the city of Granada, in southern Spain (the last remnant of the larger Muslim-ruled territory known as al-Andalus). The original palace was built to serve as the seat of the Zirid dynasty (r. 1012–1090), on even older Roman remains, but little remains of the ancient and Zirid phases. Most of the standing architecture dates to the 13th and 14th centuries and was built under the patronage of the Nasrid dynasty (1232–1492). The patrons who made the biggest impact on the palace-city were the Nasrid sultans Muhammad III (r. 1302–1309), Ismaʾil I (r. 1314–1325), Yusuf I (r. 1333–1354) and Muhammad V (r. 1354–1359 and 1362–1391). Built in phases by them, the Alhambra consists of not one but many palaces, including the so-called Comares Palace, the Palace of the Lions, the Partal, and others of which only archaeological traces remain, all enclosed by a great wall. The Alhambra’s various structures included massive gates, formal reception halls, less formal halls for entertainment, residential rooms and towers, a congregational mosque and smaller oratories, multiple bathhouses, courtyards with central fountains and pools, an aqueduct, gardens, service buildings, and a highly fortified area for the military. Across a ravine stands the Generalife (built between 1302 and 1319), a pleasure palace for the Nasrid sultan and his family. When Granada was conquered by the Catholic Monarchs Isabel and Ferdinand in 1492, the Nasrids were sent into exile and the Alhambra and Generalife became property of the Crown. But, aside from brief visits, the Spanish rulers did not reside at the palace and made few changes to it, with the exception of the enormous palace added by Charles V in 1533. In the 19th century, as the complex attracted more visitors, the government began to restore the crumbling fabric. By 1870 the Alhambra was declared a Monumento Histórico Artístico Nacional and placed under the protection of the state. The complex became a UNESCO World Heritage monument in 1984.

scholarly journals ASPEK HUKUM DALAM PELAKSANAAN ADMINISTRASI PUBLIK DI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Evi Oktarina ◽  
Liza Deshaini ◽  
Bambang Sugianto
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Binding Power ◽  
State Territory

ABSTRAK Bentuk dari aspek hukum dalam pelaksanaan administrasi publik di Indonesia adalah kebijakan publik dapat ditinjau tidak hanya secara sosial, politik dan ekonomi tetapi juga yuridis (perundang-undangan). Tujuannya agar penyusunan kebijakan tidak sembarangan atau benar-benar mempertimbangkan dalam menyusun kebijakan akan tidak dianggap melakukan tindakan sewenang-wenang melanggar kewenangan atau mengacuhkan kepentingan publik. Fungsi pemerintah dalam membuat kebijakan dibidang hukum adminstrasi publik yaitu fungsi regeling, membuat produk hukum tertulis yang berisikan materi daya ikat terhadap sebagian atau seluruh penduduk wilayah Negara dan fungsi beschikking, produk hukum yang berupa penetapan yang dibuat oleh pejabat tata usaha Negara. Kata kunci: Aspek Hukum, Administrasi Publik, Pemerintahan. ABSTRACT The form of the legal aspect in the implementation of public administration in Indonesia is that public policy can be reviewed not only socially, politically and economically but also juridically (legislation). The aim is that the formulation of policies is not carelessly or truly considerate in formulating policies that will not be considered as having arbitrarily violated authority or ignored the public interest.The function of the government in making policies in the field of public administration law is the function of regeling, making written legal products containing material binding power to part or all of the population of the State territory and the beschikking function, legal products in the form of decisions made by state administrative officials.

scholarly journals With no right to have rights. Conflict analysis and the common rights of the townsfolk of Rymanów in the latter half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-38
Author(s):  
Joachim Popek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Commission ◽  
Official Document ◽  
The Public ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Common ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

This article concentrates on an inquest held by the local commission in Sanok into the common rights claimed by the inhabitants of the town of Rymanów in the latter half of the 19th century. The negotiations, which commenced in 1859, sometimes took a heated turn. They were attended by much conflict and misunderstanding, equally between the manor and the town as among the townsfolk themselves. Conclusions drawn from the analysis of the archive source provided the basis on which to evaluate the activities of each of the parties – the town’s agents and the landlords – and, interestingly, those of the commissioners and other officials in the public administration, whose decisions exhibited bias. The townsfolk began the negotiation from a position of certainty and conviction of the legal force of Prince Czartoryski’s privilege granting the disputed common rights to them. The manor’s agent, on the other hand, took a bold position, which he consistently maintained. He disputed the authenticity of Czartoryski’s grant and even the fact that the Prince had ever held the manor. This approach ultimately proved successful. Attention is also drawn to the role played by local commissioners and the officials in the National Commission in Lviv, the latter making the most important decisions. The first phase demonstrates the commissioners’ influence on the original outcome. The rationale given for the second decision, on the other hand, shows the arbitrariness with which the Lviv Commission made its ruling, based on just one official document. Analysis of the proceedings highlights a more general trend prevalent in Galicia, first described in the example of Rymanów. This is a case in which two consecutive inquests in the same matter ultimately ended in a negative decision. In other words, the townsfolk’s claims were dismissed, and they were denied any common rights eligible for buyout or regulation.

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