scholarly journals Stereotyping of Gender Roles and Norms by Society: a Feminist Analysis of I Stand Here Ironing

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
Mujahid Shah ◽  
Marukh Shakir ◽  
Syed Attia
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Feminist Analysis ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Tillie Olsen

The ideologies rampant in the societies ensure their reproduction through various means. Social institutions are employed to carry out the power structures and uphold the favourable ideologies. These ideologies always favour one over the other by means of differentiation. Gender is one such ideology/construct, which maintains the favourable hegemony of men over women by ascribing different gender roles that justify the society’s unequal treatment of men and women. Motherhood is the most natural aspect of female gender. However, society and social institutions are selective of what comprises good or bad mothering. I Stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olsen runs along the same line, where a mother is tormented by guilt of not fulfilling her role as a good mother. This study, thus, offers a critique on social stereotyping of gender roles from a social construction feminist perspective. The study specifically ventures to explore the various factors and institutions that normalize prescribed rules for good and bad mothering. The study also questions the unhelpful stance of the society with respect to child caring services, which makes women accept traditional gender roles. The aim of the study is to gain insight on social manipulation of gender as a way for upholding traditional gender values / roles.

Missed Opportunities: Perspectives of Incarcerated Israeli Women and Men on Their Unsuccessful Desistance

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Gueta ◽  
Gila Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Women Inmates ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Depth Interviews

The current study explores the factors that people incarcerated in Israeli prisons identify as contributing to their unsuccessful desistance. Twenty in-depth interviews were carried out with substance-involved men and women inmates. The findings showed that they faced subjective and sociostructural problems, reflecting interlocking axes of marginalization. However, the men and women constructed their narratives of unsuccessful desistance according to traditional gender roles: The men’s accounts were embedded in key concepts of masculinity such as unemployment, whereas the women’s accounts related to feminine notions such as motherhood. Possible implications for theory and intervention are discussed.

scholarly journals The Shift in Gender Roles in Amy Tan’s 'The Joy Luck Club' and Khaled Hosseini’s 'The Kite Runner'

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujad Didien Afandi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Patriarchal System ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
The Family ◽  
To Receive

The unfair gender roles under patriarchal system are constructed to preserve gender inequality between men and women. Gender role practices extend gradually to maintain the male hegemony to make women powerless because female traditional gender roles (femininities) create dependency to men. Men are assigned to masculinities equipped with power, whereas women are ascribed to femininities to set boundaries that limit their movement. Yet, the increase of female awareness of gender equality has changed this situation. Gender roles are gradually shifting from traditional to modern as the opportunities to receive education and job open widely to develop women's roles that enable them to give financial contribution to the family. This study was purposed to analyze the shift in gender roles in 'The Joy Luck Club' and 'The Kite Runner'. This study used qualitative design in which Chinese traditional gender roles were described using Confucian perspective, whereas Afghan traditional gender roles were exposed in Islamic perspective. Moreover, Karl Marx's conflict theory was used to analyze the shift in gender roles in both novels. The results of study found that the construction of traditional gender roles in both China and Afghanistan was influenced mostly by patriarchy which perceives men as more superior than women. However, the dynamic changes of gender roles, especially femininities, supported by the increase of female education and occupation provide women with more power to achieve development. Further studies are encouraged to analyze other gender roles which have not discussed in this study.

How Gender-Role Salience Influences Attitude Strength and Persuasive Message Processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asia A. Eaton ◽  
Penny S. Visser ◽  
Vicki Burns
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Attitude Strength ◽  
Message Processing ◽  
Role Salience ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Male Gender Roles ◽  
The Relationship

We conducted three studies to examine the relationship between gender and persuasion. We tested the notion that making gender roles salient affects the strength of individuals’ attitudes and the way they respond to persuasive information. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that priming women with the female gender role reduced the strength of their attitudes (Study 1, N = 50) and increased their susceptibility to persuasion through a low-thought process (Study 2, N = 98). In Study 3, we manipulated the salience of both the female and male gender roles among men and women and assessed persuasion to a counter-attitudinal message ( N = 185). We found that the female and male primes affected men and women similarly, with the female prime causing participants to process messages superficially and the male prime leading to thoughtful message processing. These findings help to explain women’s slightly greater persuadability in meta-analyses and provide evidence of harms that stereotypes about women can cause. Moving forward, we urge researchers to be wary of gender salience in the research context, especially when conducting persuasion research.

Mary Astell: Defender of the “Disembodied Mind”

Hypatia ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia B. Bryson
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Major Premise ◽  
Cartesian Dualism ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Social Contracts ◽  
Intrinsic Difference ◽  
Mary Astell ◽  
Disembodied Mind

This paper demonstrates how Mary Astell's version of Cartesian dualism supports her disavowal of female subordination and traditional gender roles, her rejection of Locke's notion of “thinking matter” as a major premise for rejecting his political philosophy of “social contracts” between men and women, and, finally, her claim that there is no intrinsic difference between genders in terms of ratiocination, the primary assertion that grants her the title of the first female English feminist.

scholarly journals Gender roles produce divergent economic expectations

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. e2008534118
Author(s):  
Francesco D’Acunto ◽  
Ulrike Malmendier ◽  
Michael Weber
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Inflation Expectations ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Expectations Gap ◽  
Economic Expectations ◽  
Frequent Exposure

Expectations about economic variables vary systematically across genders. In the domain of inflation, women have persistently higher expectations than men. We argue that traditional gender roles are a significant factor in generating this gender expectations gap as they expose women and men to different economic signals in their daily lives. Using unique data on the participation of men and women in household grocery chores, their resulting exposure to price signals, and their inflation expectations, we document a tight link between the gender expectations gap and the distribution of grocery shopping duties. Because grocery prices are highly volatile, and consumers focus disproportionally on positive price changes, frequent exposure to grocery prices increases perceptions of current inflation and expectations of future inflation. The gender expectations gap is largest in households whose female heads are solely responsible for grocery shopping, whereas no gap arises in households that split grocery chores equally between men and women. Our results indicate that gender differences in inflation expectations arise due to social conditioning rather than through differences in innate abilities, skills, or preferences.

scholarly journals Examining the Relationship Between Victimization, Psychopathy, and the Acceptance of Rape Myths

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052096666
Author(s):  
Eric M. Cooke ◽  
Richard H. Lewis ◽  
Brittany E. Hayes ◽  
Leana A. Bouffard ◽  
Danielle L. Boisvert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Rape Myths ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Path Modeling ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
The Relationship

Rape myths are attitudes that implicitly and explicitly blame victims for their own sexual victimization. Greater adherence to rape myths is linked to several negative outcomes, including the neutralization of gender-based violence and the perpetration of sexual violence. Few studies have considered how previous life experiences and individual-level traits influence the development and greater adherence to rape myths. The current study examines how traits associated with the three-factor model of psychopathy (i.e., egocentric, callous, and antisocial dimensions) and adherence to traditional gender roles mediate the relationship between prior childhood/adolescent victimization and the acceptance of rape myths in a sample of college men and women ( N = 789). Path modeling indicates that experiences of psychological victimization (before age 16) increased egocentric psychopathic traits, which then increased the acceptance of rape myths in men. In women, however, sexual victimization (before age 16) increased the acceptance of traditional gender roles, which then influenced the acceptance of rape myths. Additionally, the egocentric facet of psychopathy exerted indirect effects on the acceptance of rape myths through traditional views on gender roles in both men and women. These findings highlight the need to continue to examine egocentric personality traits in relation to the development of rape myths in adolescent and young adult populations. Directions for collegiate programming are discussed.

The gateway to consumption freedom through a communal glass of wine

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyuho Lee ◽  
Melih Madanoglu ◽  
Steve W. Henson ◽  
Jae-Youn Ko
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Wine Consumption ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Female Consumers ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles

Purpose Confucian philosophy emphasizes gender roles that place significant restrictions on the consumption of non-traditional products. The authors use wine to advance our understanding of how South Korean female consumers have established a new female gender role and identity by adopting new communities that allow non-traditional consumption while still accepting gender roles. This paper aims to examine how South Korean female consumers create a unique consumption culture with respect to wine consumption. Design/methodology/approach A hermeneutic approach was adopted to understand what motivates South Korean female consumers to join a wine consumption community and their perceptions about consuming wine. Researchers conducted 26 semi-structured face-to-face interviews that ranged from 45 to 120 min, with an average duration of 1 h. Findings The results of the study suggest that wine can be a medium for emancipating women from traditional gender roles and social images of women embedded in South Korean society that call for women to sacrifice themselves for their families. In addition, the study’s findings suggest that Western wine marketers need to understand the power of wine consumption communities that are a unique consumption ritual among South Korean female wine consumers. Originality/value South Korean female respondents drink wine as both a way to seek pleasure through a Western alcoholic beverage and to consume and experience Western culture and lifestyles. However, South Korean female respondents tend to drink wine within consumption communities, which are a powerful consumption ritual in South Korea. In other words, although South Korean female respondents consume wine to experience and learn about Western culture and lifestyles, they have entirely not abandoned their traditional consumption rituals.

12. Gender and crime

Criminology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Jones
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Female Crime ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender And Crime ◽  
Social Construction Of Gender ◽  
Male Gender Roles ◽  
Criminal Statistics

This chapter discusses the extensive consideration given to the different roles played by men and women in the commission of crime. Feminist writers first highlighted the fact that most criminologists, in assuming that crime is a male phenomenon, had largely ignored female crime. If it was discussed at all, the focus was on the biological given of sex rather than the social construction of gender. A number of writers have also started to consider the part that different assumptions of male gender roles-‘masculinities’-play in the commission of crime. Different explanations have been offered for the earlier neglect of women’s crime. One reason may be that official criminal statistics have routinely shown that women are convicted of crimes to a far lesser extent than men.

scholarly journals Hegemony, Gender Stereotypes and Disney: A Content Analysis of Frozen and Snow White

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Arnold ◽  
McKenna Seidl ◽  
Ariel Deloney
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Snow White ◽  
Chi Square Test

A content analysis was conducted and focused on the gender roles, gender expectations, and social norms in Disney films. The researchers studied one past Disney film, Snow White and compared it with the most recent Disney film, Frozen to draw distinctions and similarities between them. Through a chi square test of association comparing specific Disney roles of both men and women, minimum differences have been shown between past and recent films. Disney has made changes in their films by removing some overt gender stereotypes from the films; however, they continue to use many of these stereotypical gender expectations. The data suggests that hegemonic principles can be applied to the most recent Disney film Frozen. Disney has hidden traditional gender norms under the guise of being progressive while still utilizing the successful Disney formula of traditional gender roles and expectations.

scholarly journals EDITORIAL: A legacy of gendered culture

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Janet Bedggood ◽  
Allison Oosterman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Women's Status ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Gender Divisions

This edition of Pacific Journalism Review has a gender theme. Sex is a fundamental division in all societies; all human behaviour has a biological base. The differences between men and women often involve inequalities, and this stratification is frequently seen as due to innate characteristics present in all societies. But what we do with our biological capacities is mainly a matter of learning. Anthropologists tell us that people learn their gender roles; knowing how to be a woman or a man in any society, is culturally learned. Historically, the diversity of traditional gender roles across the Pacific reveals many forms of gender difference. Women’s status varied in the region. The complexity of cultural behaviour and belief systems, the variability in the gender divisions of labour and sociopolitical systems show there were a range of determinants of female and male activities. Men and women were treated differently and behaved differently.

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