scholarly journals EDITORIAL: A legacy of gendered culture

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Janet Bedggood ◽  
Allison Oosterman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Women's Status ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Gender Divisions

This edition of Pacific Journalism Review has a gender theme. Sex is a fundamental division in all societies; all human behaviour has a biological base. The differences between men and women often involve inequalities, and this stratification is frequently seen as due to innate characteristics present in all societies. But what we do with our biological capacities is mainly a matter of learning. Anthropologists tell us that people learn their gender roles; knowing how to be a woman or a man in any society, is culturally learned. Historically, the diversity of traditional gender roles across the Pacific reveals many forms of gender difference. Women’s status varied in the region. The complexity of cultural behaviour and belief systems, the variability in the gender divisions of labour and sociopolitical systems show there were a range of determinants of female and male activities. Men and women were treated differently and behaved differently.

Missed Opportunities: Perspectives of Incarcerated Israeli Women and Men on Their Unsuccessful Desistance

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Gueta ◽  
Gila Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Women Inmates ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Depth Interviews

The current study explores the factors that people incarcerated in Israeli prisons identify as contributing to their unsuccessful desistance. Twenty in-depth interviews were carried out with substance-involved men and women inmates. The findings showed that they faced subjective and sociostructural problems, reflecting interlocking axes of marginalization. However, the men and women constructed their narratives of unsuccessful desistance according to traditional gender roles: The men’s accounts were embedded in key concepts of masculinity such as unemployment, whereas the women’s accounts related to feminine notions such as motherhood. Possible implications for theory and intervention are discussed.

scholarly journals The Shift in Gender Roles in Amy Tan’s 'The Joy Luck Club' and Khaled Hosseini’s 'The Kite Runner'

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujad Didien Afandi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Patriarchal System ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
The Family ◽  
To Receive

The unfair gender roles under patriarchal system are constructed to preserve gender inequality between men and women. Gender role practices extend gradually to maintain the male hegemony to make women powerless because female traditional gender roles (femininities) create dependency to men. Men are assigned to masculinities equipped with power, whereas women are ascribed to femininities to set boundaries that limit their movement. Yet, the increase of female awareness of gender equality has changed this situation. Gender roles are gradually shifting from traditional to modern as the opportunities to receive education and job open widely to develop women's roles that enable them to give financial contribution to the family. This study was purposed to analyze the shift in gender roles in 'The Joy Luck Club' and 'The Kite Runner'. This study used qualitative design in which Chinese traditional gender roles were described using Confucian perspective, whereas Afghan traditional gender roles were exposed in Islamic perspective. Moreover, Karl Marx's conflict theory was used to analyze the shift in gender roles in both novels. The results of study found that the construction of traditional gender roles in both China and Afghanistan was influenced mostly by patriarchy which perceives men as more superior than women. However, the dynamic changes of gender roles, especially femininities, supported by the increase of female education and occupation provide women with more power to achieve development. Further studies are encouraged to analyze other gender roles which have not discussed in this study.

Mary Astell: Defender of the “Disembodied Mind”

Hypatia ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia B. Bryson
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Major Premise ◽  
Cartesian Dualism ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Social Contracts ◽  
Intrinsic Difference ◽  
Mary Astell ◽  
Disembodied Mind

This paper demonstrates how Mary Astell's version of Cartesian dualism supports her disavowal of female subordination and traditional gender roles, her rejection of Locke's notion of “thinking matter” as a major premise for rejecting his political philosophy of “social contracts” between men and women, and, finally, her claim that there is no intrinsic difference between genders in terms of ratiocination, the primary assertion that grants her the title of the first female English feminist.

scholarly journals Gender roles produce divergent economic expectations

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. e2008534118
Author(s):  
Francesco D’Acunto ◽  
Ulrike Malmendier ◽  
Michael Weber
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Inflation Expectations ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Expectations Gap ◽  
Economic Expectations ◽  
Frequent Exposure

Expectations about economic variables vary systematically across genders. In the domain of inflation, women have persistently higher expectations than men. We argue that traditional gender roles are a significant factor in generating this gender expectations gap as they expose women and men to different economic signals in their daily lives. Using unique data on the participation of men and women in household grocery chores, their resulting exposure to price signals, and their inflation expectations, we document a tight link between the gender expectations gap and the distribution of grocery shopping duties. Because grocery prices are highly volatile, and consumers focus disproportionally on positive price changes, frequent exposure to grocery prices increases perceptions of current inflation and expectations of future inflation. The gender expectations gap is largest in households whose female heads are solely responsible for grocery shopping, whereas no gap arises in households that split grocery chores equally between men and women. Our results indicate that gender differences in inflation expectations arise due to social conditioning rather than through differences in innate abilities, skills, or preferences.

scholarly journals Examining the Relationship Between Victimization, Psychopathy, and the Acceptance of Rape Myths

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052096666
Author(s):  
Eric M. Cooke ◽  
Richard H. Lewis ◽  
Brittany E. Hayes ◽  
Leana A. Bouffard ◽  
Danielle L. Boisvert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Rape Myths ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Path Modeling ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
The Relationship

Rape myths are attitudes that implicitly and explicitly blame victims for their own sexual victimization. Greater adherence to rape myths is linked to several negative outcomes, including the neutralization of gender-based violence and the perpetration of sexual violence. Few studies have considered how previous life experiences and individual-level traits influence the development and greater adherence to rape myths. The current study examines how traits associated with the three-factor model of psychopathy (i.e., egocentric, callous, and antisocial dimensions) and adherence to traditional gender roles mediate the relationship between prior childhood/adolescent victimization and the acceptance of rape myths in a sample of college men and women ( N = 789). Path modeling indicates that experiences of psychological victimization (before age 16) increased egocentric psychopathic traits, which then increased the acceptance of rape myths in men. In women, however, sexual victimization (before age 16) increased the acceptance of traditional gender roles, which then influenced the acceptance of rape myths. Additionally, the egocentric facet of psychopathy exerted indirect effects on the acceptance of rape myths through traditional views on gender roles in both men and women. These findings highlight the need to continue to examine egocentric personality traits in relation to the development of rape myths in adolescent and young adult populations. Directions for collegiate programming are discussed.

scholarly journals Gender Transgression as Heresy: The Trial of Joan of Arc

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Grigat ◽  
Gregory Carrier
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
The Political ◽  
Traditional Authority ◽  
Political Aspect ◽  
Joan Of Arc ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Transgression ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Church

Joan of Arc has exercised a hold on the imagination, both medieval and modern, far exceeding her limited military achievements. It is perhaps for this reason that the trial of Joan on charges of heresy, culminating in her conviction and execution, is typically interpreted in a cynical light. The primary theme of the literature is that the she was brought to trial and convicted for challenging the institutionalized power of state and church. The issue of gender transgression, which is repeated throughout the transcripts of Joan’s trial, is either ignored or dismissed as irrelevant. It is typical of the medieval narrative that belief systems no longer accepted today are not taken seriously, and this is done through reducing them to familiar categories. This paper aims to take the trial of Joan of Arc seriously by arguing that Joan really was a heretic because she was different from orthodox Christians in that she transgressed traditional gender roles. This issue played a major role in Joan’s trial and one can scarcely read two paragraphs of the record without issues of gender transgression being raised and denounced. Furthermore, gender transgression was explicitly identified as amounting to heresy, and theological arguments were given by learned experts to justify this connection. This is not to deny that Joan was a heretic on other grounds; her obstinate refusal to submit herself to the Church militant and insistence on her ability to interpret her own revelations are crucial issues. Likewise, we do not intend to deny the political aspect of her trial, but rather to argue that the defense and reinforcement of traditional authority structures cannot be demarcated from the issue of heresy and gender transgression.

scholarly journals Hegemony, Gender Stereotypes and Disney: A Content Analysis of Frozen and Snow White

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Arnold ◽  
McKenna Seidl ◽  
Ariel Deloney
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Snow White ◽  
Chi Square Test

A content analysis was conducted and focused on the gender roles, gender expectations, and social norms in Disney films. The researchers studied one past Disney film, Snow White and compared it with the most recent Disney film, Frozen to draw distinctions and similarities between them. Through a chi square test of association comparing specific Disney roles of both men and women, minimum differences have been shown between past and recent films. Disney has made changes in their films by removing some overt gender stereotypes from the films; however, they continue to use many of these stereotypical gender expectations. The data suggests that hegemonic principles can be applied to the most recent Disney film Frozen. Disney has hidden traditional gender norms under the guise of being progressive while still utilizing the successful Disney formula of traditional gender roles and expectations.

scholarly journals The Transformation of Gender in English-Language Fiction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E Underwood ◽  
David Bamman ◽  
Sabrina Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
English Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gender Divisions ◽  
Eye Opening ◽  
Gender Categories

This essay explores the changing significance of gender in fiction, asking especially whether its prominence in characterization has varied from the end of the eighteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first. We have reached two conclusions, which may seem in tension with each other. The first is that gender divisions between characters have become less sharply marked over the last 170 years. In the middle of the nineteenth century, very different language is used to describe fictional men and women. But that difference weakens steadily as we move forward to the present; the actions and attributes of characters are less clearly sorted into gender categories. On the other hand, we haven't found the same progressive story in the history of authorship. In fact, there is an eye-opening, under-discussed decline in the proportion of fiction actually written by women, which drops by half (from roughly 50% of titles to roughly 25%) as we move from 1850 to 1950. The number of characters who are women or girls also drops. We are confronted with a paradoxical pattern. While gender roles were becoming more flexible, the space actually allotted to (real, and fictional) women on the shelves of libraries was contracting sharply. We explore the evidence for this paradox and suggest a few explanations.

scholarly journals Stereotyping of Gender Roles and Norms by Society: a Feminist Analysis of I Stand Here Ironing

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
Mujahid Shah ◽  
Marukh Shakir ◽  
Syed Attia
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Feminist Analysis ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Tillie Olsen

The ideologies rampant in the societies ensure their reproduction through various means. Social institutions are employed to carry out the power structures and uphold the favourable ideologies. These ideologies always favour one over the other by means of differentiation. Gender is one such ideology/construct, which maintains the favourable hegemony of men over women by ascribing different gender roles that justify the society’s unequal treatment of men and women. Motherhood is the most natural aspect of female gender. However, society and social institutions are selective of what comprises good or bad mothering. I Stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olsen runs along the same line, where a mother is tormented by guilt of not fulfilling her role as a good mother. This study, thus, offers a critique on social stereotyping of gender roles from a social construction feminist perspective. The study specifically ventures to explore the various factors and institutions that normalize prescribed rules for good and bad mothering. The study also questions the unhelpful stance of the society with respect to child caring services, which makes women accept traditional gender roles. The aim of the study is to gain insight on social manipulation of gender as a way for upholding traditional gender values / roles.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Whited ◽  
Kevin T. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

Sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress are well documented, with some studies showing women having greater heart rate responses than men, and men having greater blood pressure responses than women, while other studies show conflicting evidence. Few studies have attended to the gender relevance of tasks employed in these studies. This study investigated cardiovascular reactivity to two interpersonal stressors consistent with different gender roles to determine whether response differences exist between men and women. A total of 26 men and 31 women were assigned to either a traditional male-oriented task that involved interpersonal conflict (Conflict Task) or a traditional female-oriented task that involved comforting another person (Comfort Task). Results demonstrated that women exhibited greater heart rate reactions than men independent of the task type, and that men did not display a higher reactivity than women on any measure. These findings indicate that sex of participant was more important than gender relevance of the task in eliciting sex differences in cardiovascular responding.

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