scholarly journals A Correlation of Kidney Changes and Sars Cov 2 in Covid Positive Patients –A Review Article

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Punit Gupta ◽  
◽  
Sulakshna D ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Seriously Ill ◽  
Dialysis Staff

COVID-19, a respiratory illness caused by a newly discovered coronavirus, has become a pandemic affecting over 1.9 million people with over 130,000 deaths in 210 countries.Some people become infected with the virus but do not develop symptoms. When they appear, symptoms are non-specific, with fever, cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, fatigue, and headache being the most common. Symptoms are usually mild and benign in a vast majority (>80%) and recede gradually, leading to a full spontaneous recovery. A small number become seriously ill, develop difficulty in breathing and complications related to other organs. They may require hospitalization and a smaller subset need ICU care. The mortality is relatively higher in the latter group. This risk goes up in the elderly and those with co-orbidities (such ashypertension, diabetes, cardiac disease, kidney failure). Still, it is essential to emphasize that everybody is at risk for severe disease (including the relatively young and healthy dialysis staff). The strategy of physical distancing, case finding, contact tracing and quarantine/isolation of positive cases and high-risk contacts is critical to controlling the spread of this infection. This strategy is being implemented through nationwide lockdown during the period of intense transmission. Still, physical distancing is likely to remain in force after the end of the current lockdown to prevent disease spread.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 03-07
Author(s):  
Sudipta Dhar Chowdhury ◽  
Anu Mary Oommen
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health System Strengthening ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Limited Access

AbstractCOVID-19, an infectious respiratory illness caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome–corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV2), has now spread to multiple countries including India. The pace at which the disease spread in the last 4 months, since it was first recognized from China, is unprecedented. This review of the epidemiology of COVID-19 summarizes the burden of infection, transmission dynamics, and other related epidemiological features. While countries such as China, Italy, and the United States have particularly high-rates of infection, the disease is gradually spreading in India as well, threatening the health and economy of the country. Transmission in asymptomatic cases, early symptomatic phase, as well as limited access to testing in different settings are factors that have led to the rapid spread of infection. A large case series from China revealed that 81% of cases had mild symptoms, 14% had severe disease, and 5% were afflicted with critical illness. While the mortality in China was reported as 2.3%, Italy, with a high-proportion of elderly, reported a case fatality report of 7.2% due to higher infection and mortality rates among the elderly. Being a highly infectious disease, with a basic reproduction number between 2 to 3, COVID-19 is affecting a large number of healthcare workers, as evidenced by the fact that a sizeable portion of reported infections in the US included healthcare workers. Delivering health care for both COVID-19 affected individuals, as well those with other acute and chronic conditions, with limited access to healthcare facilities and services, are challenges for the health systems in low- and middle-income countries, which require immediate measures for health system strengthening across sectors.

scholarly journals Europe’s initial experience with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - mitigation and delaying policies and practices

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (29) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Nicoll ◽  
D Coulombier
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Active Case Finding ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Influenza Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Initial Difference

Europe has experienced more than two months of the first transmissions and outbreak of the 2009 pandemic of A(H1N1)v. This article summarises some of the experience to date and looks towards the expected autumn increases of influenza activity that will affect every country. To date the distribution of transmission has been highly heterogenous between and within countries, with one country the United Kingdom (UK) experiencing the most cases and the highest transmission rates. Most infections are mild but there are steadily increasing numbers of people needing hospital care and more deaths are being reported. An initial difference in practice between Europe and North America was over case-finding and treatment with some authorities in Europe using active case-finding, contact tracing and treatment/prophylaxis with antivirals to try and delay transmission. This article details the history of this practice in the past two months and explains how and why countries are moving to mitigation, especially treating with antivirals those at higher risk of experiencing severe disease.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC PROFILE OF THE INITIAL COVID 19 PATIENTS AT A DESIGNATED COVID HOSPITAL IN SOUTH TAMIL NADU

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-75
Author(s):  
John, Jebamalar ◽  
Manohar, Madhumitha ◽  
Kumaraswamy Uma Suresh Balan
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Transmission Probability ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Epidemiologic Profile ◽  
Positive Contact

BACKGROUND:COVID-19, caused by SARS CoV-2 has caused a worldwide pandemic since its origins in December 2019. The spectrum of the disease ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe respiratory illness causing mortality in severe cases. Person to person spread through respiratory droplets appears to be the most common route of spread. AIM & OBJECTIVE:This study aims to assess the demographic prole of COVID-19 patients. In addition, measures of transmission probability are determined using travel history and contact tracing. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This study was done at a Government medical college in South Tamil Nadu over four months among patients who were RT-PCR positive for SARS CoV-2. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Aquestionnaire from NCDC for COVID-19 patients was used for collecting demographic and clinical details. Travel history and contact tracing were obtained using telephonic interviews and in person interviews. STATISTICALANALYSIS USED: Data was entered using MS-Excel and analysed using R studio version 3.6.3. RESULTS: Majority of the patients belonged to 20 to 49 years of age. Around 14.6% were symptomatic with fever and sore throat being predominant. Diabetes and hypertension were the most associated comorbidities. A positive contact history was present among 46.58% of the cases. The secondary attack rate was 25.03% and R0 was 2.76 CONCLUSIONS: The absence of a positive contact history and the preponderance of asymptomatic cases seem to contribute to the spread of the disease and impede control efforts. Hence, a multi-pronged approach including community participation, active surveillance systems and legal measures would be of great impact in slowing disease spread.

scholarly journals The Immune-Buffer COVID-19 Exit Strategy that Protects the Elderly

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vered Rom-Kedar ◽  
Omer Yaniv ◽  
Roy Malka ◽  
Ehud Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Population At Risk ◽  
The Family ◽  
Large Scale Screening ◽  
Viral Respiratory

COVID-19 is a viral respiratory illness, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus with frequent symptoms of fever and shortness of breath. COVID-19 has a high mortality rate among elders. The virus has spread world-wide, leading to shut-down of many countries around the globe with the aim of stopping the spread of the disease. To date, there are uncertainties regarding the main factors in the disease spread, so sever social distancing measures and broad testing are required in order to protect the population at risk. With the increasing spread of the virus, there is growing fraction of the general population that may be immune to COVID-19, following infection. This immunised cohort can be uncovered via large-scale screening for the SARS-CoV-2 (Corona) virus and/or its antibodies. We propose that this immune cohort be deployed as a buffer between the general population and the population most at risk from the disease. Here we show that under a broad range of realistic scenarios deploying such an immunized buffer between the general population and the population at risk may lead to a dramatic reduction in the number of deaths from the disease. This provides an impetus for: screening for the SARS-CoV-2 virus and/or its antibodies on the largest scale possible, and organizing at the family, community, national and international levels to protect vulnerable populations by deploying immunized buffers between them and the general population wherever possible.

scholarly journals Age-determined expression of priming protease TMPRSS2 and localization of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung epithelium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryce A. Schuler ◽  
A. Christian Habermann ◽  
Erin J. Plosa ◽  
Chase J. Taylor ◽  
Christopher Jetter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Lung Epithelium ◽  
Human Lung Tissue

AbstractThe SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus global pandemic (COVID-19) has led to millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths around the globe. While the elderly appear at high risk for severe disease, hospitalizations and deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 among children have been relatively rare. Integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the developing mouse lung with temporally-resolved RNA-in-situ hybridization (ISH) in mouse and human lung tissue, we found that expression of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein primer TMPRSS2 was highest in ciliated cells and type I alveolar epithelial cells (AT1), and TMPRSS2 expression was increased with aging in mice and humans. Analysis of autopsy tissue from fatal COVID-19 cases revealed SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected most frequently in ciliated and secretory cells in the airway epithelium and AT1 cells in the peripheral lung. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was highly colocalized in cells expressing TMPRSS2. Together, these data demonstrate the cellular spectrum infected by SARS-CoV-2 in the lung epithelium, and suggest that developmental regulation of TMPRSS2 may underlie the relative protection of infants and children from severe respiratory illness.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 on Healthy Related Issues, A structured Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
Hiyam Rauof Al-Hamamy
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Chronic Medical Conditions ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Seriously Ill ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

Coronavirus: (COVID-19) is a recently discovered viral disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. The majority of patients with corona-virus infections will have a mild-moderate respiratory disease that recovers without special care. Most often, the elderly, and others with chronic medical conditions such as asthma, coronary disease, respiratory illness, and malignancy are seriously ill.     COVID-19 is spread mostly by salivary droplets or nasal secretions when an infected person coughs or sneezes.     COVID-19 causes severe acute respiratory illness (SARS-COV-2). The first incidence was recorded in Wuhan, China, in 2019.  Since then it spreads leading to a pandemic. The typical incubation time for COVID-19 infection is 2-14 days (normally 5). The common features include fever, cough, tiredness, difficulty in breathing, loss of smell or taste. Occasionally, signs are absent. COVID-19 complications include renal failure, syndrome of cytokine release, pneumonia, respiratory failure, lung fibrosis.

Acquired haemophilia in the elderly is a severe disease: report of five new cases

Haemophilia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Godreuil ◽  
R. Navarro ◽  
P. Quittet ◽  
L. Landreau ◽  
J-F. Schved ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Acquired Haemophilia

scholarly journals Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1457
Author(s):  
Dewald Schoeman ◽  
Burtram C. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Inhibition Antibody ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Over the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19, is still poorly understood. The highly pathogenic hCoVs differ in some respects, but also share some similarities in clinical presentation, the risk factors associated with severe disease, and the characteristic immunopathology associated with the progression to severe disease. This review aims to highlight these overlapping aspects of the highly pathogenic hCoVs—SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2—briefly discussing the importance of an appropriately regulated immune response; how the immune response to these highly pathogenic hCoVs might be dysregulated through interferon (IFN) inhibition, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); and how these could link to the ensuing cytokine storm. The treatment approaches to highly pathogenic hCoV infections are discussed and it is suggested that a greater focus be placed on T-cell vaccines that elicit a cell-mediated immune response, using rapamycin as a potential agent to improve vaccine responses in the elderly and obese, and the potential of stapled peptides as antiviral agents.

scholarly journals Symptom cluster is associated with prolonged return-to-play in symptomatic athletes with acute respiratory illness (including COVID-19): a cross-sectional study—AWARE study I

2021 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2020-103782
Author(s):  
Martin Schwellnus ◽  
Nicola Sewry ◽  
Carolette Snyders ◽  
Kelly Kaulback ◽  
Paola Silvia Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Symptom Cluster ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Cross Sectional

BackgroundThere are no data relating symptoms of an acute respiratory illness (ARI) in general, and COVID-19 specifically, to return to play (RTP).ObjectiveTo determine if ARI symptoms are associated with more prolonged RTP, and if days to RTP and symptoms (number, type, duration and severity) differ in athletes with COVID-19 versus athletes with other ARI.DesignCross-sectional descriptive study.SettingOnline survey.ParticipantsAthletes with confirmed/suspected COVID-19 (ARICOV) (n=45) and athletes with other ARI (ARIOTH) (n=39).MethodsParticipants recorded days to RTP and completed an online survey detailing ARI symptoms (number, type, severity and duration) in three categories: ‘nose and throat’, ‘chest and neck’ and ‘whole body’. We report the association between symptoms and RTP (% chance over 40 days) and compare the days to RTP and symptoms (number, type, duration and severity) in ARICOV versus ARIOTH subgroups.ResultsThe symptom cluster associated with more prolonged RTP (lower chance over 40 days; %) (univariate analysis) was ‘excessive fatigue’ (75%; p<0.0001), ‘chills’ (65%; p=0.004), ‘fever’ (64%; p=0.004), ‘headache’ (56%; p=0.006), ‘altered/loss sense of smell’ (51%; p=0.009), ‘Chest pain/pressure’ (48%; p=0.033), ‘difficulty in breathing’ (48%; p=0.022) and ‘loss of appetite’ (47%; p=0.022). ‘Excessive fatigue’ remained associated with prolonged RTP (p=0.0002) in a multiple model. Compared with ARIOTH, the ARICOV subgroup had more severe disease (greater number, more severe symptoms) and more days to RTP (p=0.0043).ConclusionSymptom clusters may be used by sport and exercise physicians to assist decision making for RTP in athletes with ARI (including COVID-19).

scholarly journals How detection ranges and usage stops impact digital contact tracing effectiveness for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin D. Pandl ◽  
Scott Thiebes ◽  
Manuel Schmidt-Kraepelin ◽  
Ali Sunyaev
Keyword(s):  
Disease Spread ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Proximity Detection ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTo combat the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries around the globe have adopted digital contact tracing apps. Various technologies exist to trace contacts that are potentially prone to different types of tracing errors. Here, we study the impact of different proximity detection ranges on the effectiveness and efficiency of digital contact tracing apps. Furthermore, we study a usage stop effect induced by a false positive quarantine. Our results reveal that policy makers should adjust digital contact tracing apps to the behavioral characteristics of a society. Based on this, the proximity detection range should at least cover the range of a disease spread, and be much wider in certain cases. The widely used Bluetooth Low Energy protocol may not necessarily be the most effective technology for contact tracing.

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