scholarly journals Cognitive Behaviour Therapy to Overcome Trauma of A Child Sexual Abuse Victim in Bandung-Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Ellya Susilowati ◽  
Krisna Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Child Victims ◽  
Single Subject Design ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
Work Intervention ◽  
The Impact

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a micro social work intervention technique that can reduce trauma experience by victims of sexual violence, including children. The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the application of CBT interventions in dealing with the trauma as experienced by a 10-year-old girl, a victim of sexual violence, who gets help from the Child Protection Agency (LPA) in Bandung. This study used experimental approach with Single Subject Design (SSD) with A-B measurement technique to show the impact of the interventions result. Trauma indications that are intervened with the CBT model are the fear of being alone, nightmare, and sadness when hearing the words related to rape or sexual violence. CBT interventions carried out in this study are performed by providing psychoeducation, relaxation, helping the victim to express feelings, teaching coping skills, and in vivo exposure. The results of CBT interventions indicated changes in the reduction in frequency of trauma indications in children who are victims of sexual violence. This proves that CBT interventions can be performed to reduce the trauma experienced by the 10-year-old victim of sexual violence. The recommendation that can be suggested based on the results of this study are; CBT should be carried out with a more complete session and give reinforcement to parents about mentoring traumatic child victims of sexual violence

EFEKTIVITAS REHABILITASI INTERAKTIF ANAK KORBAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL DI KOTA SURAKARTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Irfan Fatkhurrahman ◽  
Rahesli Humsona
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Child Victims ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Social Practice Theory ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Evaluation Approach ◽  
The Impact

<p>Abstract : The purpose of this research is to know the effectiveness of interactive rehabilitation of child victims of sexual violence and the impact of rehabilitation in Surakarta City. The theory used in this research is social practice theory from Bourdieu. Research location in Surakarta City namely Kakak Foundation and UPT PTPAS Surakarta. Qualitative research with case study and evaluation approach to support and know the effectiveness of rehabilitation. Sampling used purposive sampling that is director, daily management, student apprentice Kakak, psychologist UPT PTPAS Surakarta, parents, and child victims of sexual violence. Data collection with in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. Data validity using source triangulation. The analysis used is an interactive analysis model through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The result of this research shows that the institution that handles the child victims of sexual violence, especially Yayasan Kakak and UPT PTPAS has done rehabilitation in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 Year 2014 and Surakarta City Regulation Number 4 Year 2012 related to child protection. Rehabilitation works effectively for the purpose of rehabilitation. Through the interactive rehabilitation of children victims of sexual violence back cheerful, happy, reduced trauma, and can live everyday life normally as when the child has not been a victim.<br />Keywords: Child, effectiveness, sexual violence, interactive rehabilitation</p><p>Abstrak : Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efektivitas rehabilitasi interaktif anak korban kekerasan seksual dan dampak rehabilitasi di Kota Surakarta. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori praktik sosial dari Bourdieu. Lokasi penelitian di Kota Surakarta yaitu Yayasan Kakak dan UPT PTPAS Surakarta. Penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus dan evaluasi untuk mendukung dan mengetahui efektivitas rehabilitasi. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling yaitu direktur, pengurus harian, mahasiswa magang Kakak, psikolog UPT PTPAS Surakarta, orang tua, dan anak korban kekerasan seksual. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipan, dan dokumentasi. Validitas data menggunakan triangulasi sumber. Analisis yang digunakan adalah model analisis interaktif melalui reduksi data, penyajian data, serta penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lembaga yang melakukan penanganan terhadap anak korban kekerasan seksual terutama Yayasan Kakak dan UPT PTPAS telah melakukan rehabilitasi sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 dan Peraturan Daerah Kota Surakarta Nomor 4 Tahun 2012 terkait perlindungan anak. Rehabilitasi berjalan dengan efektif sesuai tujuan dari rehabilitasi. Melalui rehabilitasi interaktif anak korban kekerasan seksual kembali ceria, bahagia, berkurang traumanya, serta dapat menjalani kehidupan kesehariannya dengan normal seperti saat anak belum menjadi korban.<br />Kata Kunci : Anak, efektivitas, kekerasan seksual, rehabilitasi interaktif</p>

Psychiatric social work intervention with a person with severe depression based on cognitive behavioural case work approach: A case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Kelhouletuo Keyho ◽  
Nilesh Maruti Gujar ◽  
Arif Ali ◽  
Kamlesh Kumar Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
Work Intervention ◽  
Case Work ◽  
Psychiatric Social Work

Background: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a widely recognized and accepted approach of treatment for depression. Aim: To examine the application of case work based on a cognitive behavioural approach concerning working with a client experiencing severe depression. Methodology: The single-subject case study design was adopted. Based on the assessment, psychiatric social work intervention was provided to client and family members. Pre and post assessment was done to see the effectiveness of psychiatric social work intervention in person with depression. Assessments were done using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI), and Family Assessment Proforma. Results: Client’s level of understanding about the illness was improved and the depressive symptoms were significantly reduced along with somatic complaints. Conclusion: The outcome of the case study approves that the cases with depression can be effectively seen using cognitive behavioural case work approach along with pharmacological treatment. Keywords: Depression, cognitive behaviour therapy, psychosocial, social work intervention

KOLABORASI COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY DAN TERAPI REALITAS UNTUK PERILAKU MENARIK DIRI

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Puspa Sari Muraidandini
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavior Therapy ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Single Subject Design ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour

Abstrak  PUSPA SARI M. Penerapan Cognitive Behaviour Therapy terhadap perilaku menarik diri klien “B” penyandang disabilitas tubuh Kelurahan Campaka Kecamatan Andir Kota Bandung. Penyandang disabilitas tubuh merupakan salah satu penyandang masalah kesejahteraan sosial  yang memiliki kecenderungan memiliki perilaku menarik diri. Dengan banyak nya pola pikir yang terdistorsi yang menyebabkan perilaku mereka pun menjadi mal adaptif. Menarik diri yang nampak pada pada penelitian ini adalah perilaku menarik diri dengan aspek-aspek di dalamnya seperti : mengasingkan diri, membesar-besarkan kekurangan dirinya, mudah tersinggung dan apatis terhadap aktivitas kegiatan di masyarakat atau di sekolah.  Cognitive Behaviour Therapy adalah terapi yang  efektif  dapat menolong klien untuk dapat merubah kognitif yang terdistorsi dan mengakibatkan perilaku yang mal adapif. Penyandingan  terapi realitas dan positive reinforcement dalam menerapkan cognitive behavior therapy pada klien dengan masalah menarik diri dirasakan sangat membantu klien untuk menemukan permasalahan dirinya, apa yang sudah dilakukannya, rencana klien kedepannya, evaluasi dan komitmen klien terhadap masa depannya. Positive reinforcement merupakan pembentukan tingkah laku dengan memberikan ganjaran atau perkuatan segera setelah tingkah laku yang diharapkan muncul. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuatitatif dengan metode penelitian single subject design dengan model A-B-A. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara angket atau kuisioner, observasi, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Adapun pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan cara perhitungan rumus dua standart deviasi (2SD). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan cognitive behavior therapy yang dikolaborasikan dengan terapi realitas dan positive reinforcement untuk menolong klien B dengan masalah menarik diri sangat efektif dilakukan dan dapat mengurangi perilaku menarik diri tersebut.  Kata Kunci : Menarik Diri, Penyandang Disabilitas Tubuh, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Terapi Realitas.

PENERAPAN COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY TERHADAP KEPERCAYAAN DIRI PENYANDANG DISABILITAS NETRA DI PANTI SOSIAL BINA NETRA WYATA GUNA BANDUNG

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutmainah .
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Cognitive Behavior Therapy ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Single Subject Design ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
Post Test

Abstract This research aims to examine the implementation of cognitive behaviour therapy to self-confidence of people with disability at Wyata Guna Social Institution for People with Visual Impaired, the subject is 1 person, total visual impaired (IK), 20 years old, has low confidence according to the observation conducted in accordance with confidence characteristic by Peter Lauster (2002) related to stuttering, less participate in starting talk, aloof behaviour and supported by the score of Peter Lauster (2002) self-confidence test translated by Gulo that IK has low confidence characteristic. The method used action research with Single Subject Design ABA model which is aimed to monitor IK behaviour on baseline (A1), intervention and baseline (A2) phase.The result showed that the Cognitive Behavior Therapy intervention proved to enhance self-confidence of people with visual impaired. According to the observation there is a change in positive and significant that is proven from the hypothesis result to the bahavior where the deviation gained is greater than 2 standard deviant (2SD). Moreover it is also supported by the score of self-confidence test of Peter Lauster (2002) on the post-test that has increased with strong average category. Researcher also performed epsilon variable measurement to know the determination coefficient level with a score of 94% while the 6% is the epsilon variable outside factor of Cognitive Behavior Therapy such as influence from family especially parents and peer influence in the environment of subject that contributes to self-confidence of research subject (IK). The interview result showed that IK experienced positive benefit by following the intervention program. Key words: Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Self-Confidence Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji penerapan cognitive behavior therapy terhadap kepercayaan diri penyandang disabilitas netra di Panti Sosial Bina Netra Wyata Guna Bandung. Subjek penelitian berjumlah satu orang, penyandang disabilitas netra total (IK), usia 20 tahun, memiliki kepercayaan diri rendah berdasarkan observasi yang dilakukan sesuai dengan karakterisitik kepercayaan diri menurut Peter Lauster (2002) yang berkaitan dengan perilaku gagap, perilaku kurang berinisiatif dalam memulai pembicaraan, perilaku menyendiri, dan didukung juga berdasarkan skor Tes Kepercayaan Diri Peter Lauster (2002) diterjemahkan oleh Gulo bahwa IK memiliki kategori kepercayaan diri rata-rata lemah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian tindakan (action reseach), dengan desain penelitian Single Subject Design model ABA yang bertujuan memonitor perilaku IK pada fase baseline (A1), fase intervensi, dan fase baseline (A2).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan intervensi Cognitive Behavior Therapy terbukti dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan diri penyandang disabilitas netra. Berdasarkan observasi yang dilakukan mengalami perubahan yang positif dan signifikan, hal tersebut terbukti pada hasil uji hipotesis terhadap perilaku di mana nilai selisih yang diperoleh lebih besar dari 2 standard deviant (2SD). Selain itu didukung pula dengan hasil skor tes kepercayaan diri Peter Lauster (2002) pada post-test yang mengalami peningkatan dengan kategori rata-rata kuat. Peneliti juga melaksanakan pengukuran variabel epsilon untuk mengetahu tingkat koefisien determinasi dengan nilai 94%, sedangkan 6% lagi adalah nilai dari variabel epsilon yaitu faktor di luar penerapan Cognitive Behavior Therapy berupa pengaruh dari keluarga terutama orangtua dan pengaruh teman sebaya dari lingkungan subjek yang berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan kepercayaan diri subjek penelitian (IK). Hasil wawancara juga menunjukkan bahwa IK merasakan manfaat positif dengan mengikuti program intervensi. Kata kunci: Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Kepercayaan Diri

The impact of interpersonal violence in youth sport on adult psychopathology

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S748-S748
Author(s):  
T. Vertommen ◽  
J. Kampen ◽  
N. Schipper-van Veldhoven ◽  
K. Uzieblo ◽  
F. Van Den Eede
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
Brief Symptom Inventory ◽  
Psychological Violence ◽  
Symptom Inventory ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionA recent cohort study in the Netherlands and Belgium showed that 38% of children experienced psychological violence, 11% physical violence, and 14% sexual violence in sport (Vertommen et al., 2016). This study aims to explore the long-term consequences on anxiety, depression and somatic complaints in adults who experienced psychological, physical or sexual violence in the specific context of organized youth sport.MethodsA web survey in a representative sample of adults, prescreened on having participated in organized sport before the age of 18 (n = 4043) was conducted. In this sample, depression, anxiety and somatic problems were assessed using the brief symptom inventory. A generalized linear model was used to quantify the impact of experiencing severe interpersonal violence in sport on psychopathology.ResultsAll three types of severe interpersonal violence (psychological, physical and sexual) were significantly associated with the total score and the subscales of the brief symptom inventory. The effect remains significant after controlling for socio-demographics, as well as disability, sexual orientation, adverse childhood experiences outside sport, recent trauma and family history of psychological problems.ConclusionsExperiencing interpersonal violence against in youth sport is associated with mental health problems in adulthood. This is an important finding to consider in child protection policy in sport.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals TERAPI CYBERBULLYING BERBASIS REKREASI

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1711
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Clara ◽  
Franky Liauw
Keyword(s):  
Generation X ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
Concept Building ◽  
The Impact

A lot of new problem arise as the result of the development of information and digital technology that leads to the use of the Internet by millennials, namely cyberbullying. Cyberbullying hasn’t been solved by the millennials even the though the causes has been known. This problem also affects the other generations such as generation X and generation Z also feel the impact. To be more spesific, the definition of cyberbullying is the development of bullying from the traditional way to using digital devices. This is important because until now this problem still underestimated and hasn't received any special treatment even though the bullying cause a lot off negative effect such as depression which lead to suicide. This statement supported by the Kaspersky Lab's researchThe problem is 20% of people who witness of cyberbullying and 7% of the cases of those involved in bullying. Cyberbullying Theracreation project is designed to raise the awareness of cyberbullying in the community targeting the bullier. Theracreation are created from the word combination of theraphy and recreation. it’s related to the used solution method of the project called cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). It’s combined with spatial experience in architecture and digital technology which consists of VR so that the therapy process is carried out without having to deal directly with a psychologist. The benefits of this therapeutic system can be done at any time in a predetermined location so that improving the community's process of cyberbullying can be done effectively. For the design concept, emphasize on the improvements in the community the concept building which blend with the level difference building design and focusing the activities at one center point. AbstrakSebagai hasil dari perkembangan teknologi informasi dan digital yang mengarah pada penggunaan Internet secara berlebihan oleh generasi millenial muncul masalah yaitu intimidasi dunia maya atau lebih dikenal dengan cyberbullying. Cyberbullying sendiri tidak terpaku pada generasi milenial saja melainkan generasi lainnya seperti generasi X dan generasi Z. Cyberbullying merupakan pengembangan perilaku bullying dari cara tradisional ke penggunan perangkat digital. Untuk menangani kasus tersebut diajukanlah proyek Cyberbullying Theracreation atau Terapi Cyberbullying berbasis rekreasi yang difokuskan untuk membangun cyberbullying awareness dalam masyarakat khususnya pelaku cyberbullying. Karena sampai sekarang belum kasus ini masih disepelekan dan belum mendapat perlakuan khusus. Hal tersebut didukung oleh hasil penelitian Kaspersky Lab. Cyberbullying dapat menimbulkan pemikiran tentang bunuh diri, terkadang bertahan hingga dewasa. Bahayanya 20% dari orang-orang yang menyaksikan bullying secara online dan di 7% kasus mereka bahkan berpartisipasi dalam kasus bullying. Theracreation sendiri berasal dari pengabungan kata terapi (therapy) dan rekreasi (recreation) ini mengacu pada metode yang digunakan yaitu terapi rekreasi berprogram terapi kognitif perilaku (CBT) yang dipadukan dengan unsur arsitektur (pengalaman ruang) dan teknologi digital berupa VR sehingga proses terapi dilakukan tanpa harus berhadapan langsung dengan psikolog. Keuntungan dari sistem terapi ini adalah terapi bisa dilakukan kapanpun di lokasi yang sudah ditentukan sehingga dalam proses meningkatkan empati masyarakat terhadap cyberbullying bisa dilakukan secara efektif. Dalam desainnya, dengan tetap menekankan peningkatan empati dalam masyarakat dciptakan konsep arsitektur yang berbaur sehingga perbedaan level pada bangunan tersamarkan dan memusatkan aktivitas pada 1 titik pusat.

scholarly journals Culture and therapist self-disclosure

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Phiri ◽  
Shanaya Rathod ◽  
Mary Gobbi ◽  
Hannah Carr ◽  
David Kingdon
Keyword(s):  
Drop Out ◽  
List Type ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Psychological Therapies ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
Lay Members ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) as a treatment for schizophrenia and psychotic-related disorders has been shown to have significantly greater drop-out rates in clients of black and minority ethnic (BME) groups. This has resulted in poor outcomes in treatments. Our recent qualitative study thus aimed to develop culturally sensitive CBT for BME clients. The study consisted of individual in-depth 1:1 interviews with patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizo-affective, delusional disorders or psychosis (n = 15) and focus groups with lay members (n = 52), CBT therapists (n = 22) and mental health practitioners (n = 25) on a data set of 114 participants. Several themes emerged relating to therapist awareness on culturally derived behaviours, beliefs and attitudes that can influence client response and participation in therapy. The current paper aims to explore one of these themes in greater detail, i.e. client-initiated therapist self-disclosure (TSD). Using thematic analysis, the paper highlights key elements of TSD and how this could impact on therapist’s reactions towards TSD, the therapeutic alliance and ultimately, the outcomes of therapy. The findings appear to show that TSD has significant relevance in psychological practice today. Some BME client groups appear to test therapists through initiating TSD. It is not the content of TSD they are testing per se, but how the therapist responds. Consequently, this requires therapists’ cognisance and sensitive responses in a manner that will nurture trust and promote rapport. Further investigation in this area is suggested with a recommendation for guidelines to be created for clinicians and training.Key learning aims(1)To develop a dialogue and practice with confidence when addressing issues of self-disclosure with diverse populations.(2)To appreciate the impact therapist self-disclosure has in early stages of engagement, in particular when working with patients from BME communities.(3)To understand the impact and role of self-disclosure as initiated by patients.(4)To increase therapist awareness on cultural differences in self-disclosure and develop ways to address this in therapy.(5)To challenge therapists to adapt psychological therapies to diverse cultures and be cognisant that ‘one size does not fit all’.

The Impact of Health Anxiety in Multiple Sclerosis: A Replication and Treatment Case Series

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Carrigan ◽  
Leon Dysch ◽  
Paul M. Salkovskis
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Health Anxiety ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
The Impact

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is commonly associated with psychological complications. Previous research by Hayter and colleagues (2016) found that in patients with MS, health anxiety (HA) can account for part of the variance in quality of life (QoL) independent of physical and cognitive impairment caused by the disease. MS patients with HA perceived their intact physical and cognitive performance as impaired relative to those without HA and attributed the impairment to MS. These misperceptions might be useful targets in the treatment of HA in MS using cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). Aims: Study 1 sought to replicate the main findings from Hayter et al. (2016). Study 2 examined the impact of HA-focused CBT in a case series. Method: In Study 1, twenty participants with MS were screened for HA and assigned to either a high or low HA group. They completed assessments of cognitive and physical functioning before rating their performance on these tasks, followed by measures of QoL, mood and physical disability. Four participants in the high HA group subsequently received six sessions of CBT using a consecutive AB case series in Study 2. Results: Study 1 replicated the main findings from the earlier study. In Study 2, three of the four patients who received treatment showed substantial improvements in HA and mood and all showed improvement in QoL. Conclusion: Given the high rates of HA in MS patients and its impact on QoL, this case series suggests that a brief CBT intervention could significantly improve patients’ wellbeing.

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Menopausal Hot Flushes and Night Sweats: A Qualitative Analysis of Women's Experiences of Group and Self-Help CBT

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Balabanovic ◽  
Beverley Ayers ◽  
Myra S. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Hot Flushes ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
Night Sweats ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group Cbt

Background: There is a growing need for non-medical treatments for women experiencing problematic menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes and night sweats (HF/NS). A recent randomized control trial (RCT) (MENOS2) provides evidence of the effectiveness of Group CBT and Self-Help CBT for HF/NS. Aims: This study examines MENOS 2 participants’ experience of the CBT treatments. Method: Twenty women who had experienced CBT for HF/NS (10 Group CBT and 10 Self-Help CBT) were interviewed at the end of the trial to explore how they experienced the treatment and its effects. The interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results: Women experienced both treatment formats as positive and helpful, increasing their ability to cope and their sense of control over HF/NS. Four super-ordinate themes were identified: making sense of symptom change, new ways of coping and regaining control, acknowledging and challenging the menopause taboo, and social interaction and support versus individual learning. Conclusions: These qualitative results are consistent with those of the main trial in that women found both CBT formats helpful in reducing the impact of HF/NS. However, the results also suggest possible mechanisms of change and provide useful information on women's responses to the different treatment components and formats.

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