scholarly journals Morphological substrate and clinical manifestations of neurosurgical conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Leonid B. Likhterman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Incidental Findings ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Noninvasive Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques ◽  
Made In

Frequent dissociations between morphological substrate and clinical manifestations of the disorder were analyzed. Noninvasive neuroimaging techniques created the opportunity for the life-time verification of incidental findings, which resulted in development of the new area, preventive neurosurgery. Systematization, diagnosis, and criteria for the surgical treatment of incidental findings in neurosurgery are reported. It had been emphasized that while the brain and spinal cord disorder recognition during the preclinical period can only be accomplished based on imaging data, the decision on the management and treatment strategy in apparently healthy individuals has to be clinical-philosophical, and has to be made in view of the subsequent quality of life.

Depression and Inflammatory Markers in Veterans With Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 109980042110500
Author(s):  
Pamela Newland ◽  
Yelyzaveta Basan ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Gregory Wu
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), afflicts over one per thousand people in the United States. The pathology of MS typically involves lesions in several regions, including the brain and spinal cord. The manifestation of MS is variable and carries great potential to negatively impact quality of life (QOL). Evidence that inflammatory markers are related to depression in MS is accumulating. However, there are barriers in precisely identifying the biological mechanisms underlying depression and inflammation. Analysis of cytokines provides one promising approach for understanding the mechanisms that may contribute to MS symptoms. Methods: In this pilot study, we measured salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta (β), and IL-10 in 24 veterans with MS. Descriptive statistics were reported and Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained between cytokines and depression. Results: The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly negatively associated with depression in veterans with MS (r = −0.47, p = .024). Conclusion: Cytokines may be useful for elucidating biological mechanisms associated with the depression and a measure for nurses caring for veterans with MS.

Comprehensive Review of the Genetics of Albinism

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-700
Author(s):  
Ramon Jauregui ◽  
Laryssa A. Huryn ◽  
Brian P. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Social Stigma ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Molecular Classification ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Dark Complexion ◽  
Made In

Introduction It is important to understand albinism, since it is a disorder associated with visual impairment, predisposition to malignant melanomas, and social stigma. The main objective of this article is to review the genetics and biologic mechanisms of the non-syndromic albinism subtypes and to describe associated clinical manifestations. We also discuss research on its treatments. Methods A review of the published literature on albinism subtypes was performed, spanning basic laboratory research, published case reports, and experiences of people with albinism. Results Clear progress has been made in comprehending the causes of albinism; research has shed light on the complexity of the disorder and has led to the molecular classification of subtypes. Discussion Despite the increase in knowledge with regards to albinism, gaps still exist. It is important to continue the pursuit of unraveling the mechanism of the disorder and to monitor the frequency of the subtypes worldwide in order to aid in the development of treatments. Furthermore, disseminating knowledge of albinism is crucial for future progress. Implications for practitioners Albinism is a disorder characterized by hypopigmentation of the hair, skin, and eyes, with accompanying ocular abnormalities that remain relatively stable throughout life. The disorder is defined by a spectrum of pigmentation where albinism is more evident among individuals of dark complexion than their lighter-pigmented peers. Patients with albinism require protection against sun exposure and special resources to address visual impairments. When albinism patients are diagnosed and properly accommodated, they generally report a positive quality of life.

scholarly journals New Insights into the Susceptibility of Immunocompetent Mice to Usutu Virus

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emna Benzarti ◽  
Michaël Sarlet ◽  
Mathieu Franssen ◽  
Daniel Desmecht ◽  
Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Geographic Spread ◽  
Immunocompetent Mice ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mass Mortalities

Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that shares many similarities with the closely related West Nile virus (WNV) in terms of ecology and clinical manifestations. Initially distributed in Africa, USUV emerged in Italy in 1996 and managed to co-circulate with WNV in many European countries in a similar mosquito–bird life cycle. The rapid geographic spread of USUV, the seasonal mass mortalities it causes in the European avifauna, and the increasing number of infections with neurological disease both in healthy and immunocompromised humans has stimulated interest in infection studies to delineate USUV pathogenesis. Here, we assessed the pathogenicity of two USUV isolates from a recent Belgian outbreak in immunocompetent mice. The intradermal injection of USUV gave rise to disorientation and paraplegia and was associated with neuronal death in the brain and spinal cord in a single mouse. Intranasal inoculation of USUV could also establish the infection; viral RNA was detected in the brain 15 days post-infection. Overall, this pilot study probes the suitability of this murine model for the study of USUV neuroinvasiveness and the possibility of direct transmission in mammals.

scholarly journals Use of monoclonal antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis in the practice of a neurologist

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Lashch
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
First Line ◽  
System Reconstruction ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Antibody Preparations ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Multiple sclerosis (MS) ranks first for prevalence among diseases affecting the CNS white matter with 2.5 million cases estimated globally. InRussia, the number of cases is about 200 thousand. MS in most cases has a wavy course (periods of exacerbations and remissions), over time the progression of disease worses the quality of life of patients. The “gold standard” at the beginning of MS is first-line drugs disease-modifying therapies (DMT). If they are ineffective, it is necessary to strengthen the effect on the immune processes and the patient is prescribed second-line drugs (escalation of therapy). There is a method of induction therapy, when high activity of MS is recommended to start with drugs that have a strong immunosuppressive effect with a possible subsequent transition to soft supportive treatment. In patients with frequent exacerbations and signs of radiological activity of the disease, according to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord, monoclonal antibody preparations are effectively used. Except of escalation and induction, it is also used the method of immune system reconstruction, which leads to a decrease in autoagression in MS. This article discusses a clinical case of using a drug of monoclonal antibodies that selectively bind to CD 52 on the surface of lymphocytes. The issues of efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab therapy in patients with MS are considered.

Progression in Moyamoya Disease: Clinical Feature, Neuroimaging Evaluation and Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Weiping Xiao ◽  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Ding Xia ◽  
Peng Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Moyamoya Disease ◽  
Cognitive Rehabilitation ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Neurological Protection ◽  
Temporal Dimensions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic cerebrovascular disease characterized by progressive stenosis of the arteries of the circle of Willis, with the formation of the collateral vascular network at the base of the brain. Its clinical manifestations are complicated. Numerous studies have attempted to clarify the clinical features of MMD, including its epidemiology, genetic characteristics, and pathophysiology. With the development of neuroimaging techniques, various neuroimaging modalities with different advantages have deepened the understanding of MMD in structural, functional, spatial, and temporal dimensions. At present, the main treatment for MMD focuses on neurological protection, cerebral blood flow reconstruction, and neurological rehabilitation, such as pharmacological treatment, surgical revascularization, and cognitive rehabilitation. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding the clinical features, neuroimaging evaluation, and treatment of MMD.

2. English Psychological Retrospect

1873 ◽  
Vol 19 (87) ◽  
pp. 466-469
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

In Numbers CII. and CIII. of the “British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review,” Dr. J. Batty Tuke publishes the results of investigations made in ninety-two Autopsies as bearing “On the Morbid Histology of the Brain and Spinal Cord as observed in the Insane.”

2. English Psychological Retrospect

1873 ◽  
Vol 19 (87) ◽  
pp. 466-469
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

In Numbers CII. and CIII. of the “British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review,” Dr. J. Batty Tuke publishes the results of investigations made in ninety-two Autopsies as bearing “On the Morbid Histology of the Brain and Spinal Cord as observed in the Insane.”

scholarly journals Fatigue in Liver Disease: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G Swain
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Fatigue is the most commonly encountered symptom in patients with liver disease, and it has a significant impact on their quality of life. However, although some progress has been made with regard to the understanding of the processes which may generate fatigue in general, the underlying cause(s) of liver disease-associated fatigue remain incompletely understood. The present review describes recent advances which have been made in our ability to measure fatigue in patients with liver disease in the clinical setting, as well as in our understanding of potential pathways which are likely important in the pathogenesis of fatigue associated with liver disease. Specifically, experimental findings suggest that fatigue associated with liver disease likely occurs as a result of changes in neurotransmission within the brain. In conclusion, a reasonable approach to help guide in the management of the fatigued patient with liver disease is presented.

Investigation on the protein constituents of nerve Axoplasm

1937 ◽  
Vol 123 (833) ◽  
pp. 520-529 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Direct Extraction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Axis Cylinder ◽  
The One ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Great Complexity ◽  
Nissl Substance ◽  
Made In

Studies made in the past on the proteins of nervous tissue have been carried out almost exclusively with the large masses of material available in the brain and spinal cord of vertebrates. Because of the great complexity of such material it has been impossible to determine the position of the proteins in the various histological components of the neuron. It is uncertain, for example, which of the proteins are characteristic of the axis cylinder on the one hand and of such structures as chromatin or Nissl substance of the cell body on the other. Recently, Schmitt and Bear (1935), realizing this situation, began studies of the proteins of crustacean peripheral nerve. This tissue was chosen both because it consists predominantly of axoplasm and because its low lipoid content allows direct extraction of the proteins without preliminary desiccation or lipoid removal. It was found that the largest part (about 65%) of the protein of the entire nerve (including connective tissue) is extracted in neutral salt solutions and that the properties of this soluble protein are in many respects similar to those described by previous investigators working with mammalian central nervous system, the most reliable results being those of McGregor (1917). Though the amount of this fraction agrees roughly with estimates of the relative amount of axis cylinder in crustacean nerve (Young 1936), it was still not certain that all the components of the conjugated protein present could be considered to be derived solely from axoplasmic protein, for it was demonstrated that in lobster nerve an alkali-soluble fraction similar to the“neurostromin” of Danilevsky (1891) and Shkarin (1902) is also present. The axoplasm of the giant nerve fibres of Loligo may be obtained merely by extrusion from a cut end. In this way it is possible to obtain the axoplasmic complex uncontaminated by foreign material. The present paper contains a preliminary account of the properties of the proteins of the axon as revealed by study with a special microtechnique of this extruded axoplasm.

scholarly journals Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: from clinical research to practical application

2020 ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Lashch
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Humanized Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity ◽  
Dependent Cell ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Antibody Preparations ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease with a multifactorial etiology of development. MS in most cases has a wave-like course (periods of exacerbations and remissions), over time, the disease becomes progressive, which worsens the quality of life of patients. The drugs disease-modifying therapies (DMT) has been actively used in clinical practice for more than 30 years to prevent exacerbations and progression of MS. In patients with MS, in which the disease occurs with frequent exacerbations and signs of radiological activity of the demyelinating process, according to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord, it is recommended to use monoclonal antibody preparations. The only drug registered for the treatment of primary progressive MS is ocrelizumab. In addition, ocrelizumab is indicated for patients with remitting and secondary progressive MS. Ocrelizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively depletes a population of CD20+ B cells. The article presents data from clinical studies of OPERA I and OPERA II and describes a clinical case from the practice of a neurologist. Depletion of the B cell population is achieved by several mechanisms, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis, antibody-dependent T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and apoptosis induction. The issues of efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab therapy in patients with MS are considered.

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