Investigation on the protein constituents of nerve Axoplasm

1937 ◽  
Vol 123 (833) ◽  
pp. 520-529 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Direct Extraction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Axis Cylinder ◽  
The One ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Great Complexity ◽  
Nissl Substance ◽  
Made In

Studies made in the past on the proteins of nervous tissue have been carried out almost exclusively with the large masses of material available in the brain and spinal cord of vertebrates. Because of the great complexity of such material it has been impossible to determine the position of the proteins in the various histological components of the neuron. It is uncertain, for example, which of the proteins are characteristic of the axis cylinder on the one hand and of such structures as chromatin or Nissl substance of the cell body on the other. Recently, Schmitt and Bear (1935), realizing this situation, began studies of the proteins of crustacean peripheral nerve. This tissue was chosen both because it consists predominantly of axoplasm and because its low lipoid content allows direct extraction of the proteins without preliminary desiccation or lipoid removal. It was found that the largest part (about 65%) of the protein of the entire nerve (including connective tissue) is extracted in neutral salt solutions and that the properties of this soluble protein are in many respects similar to those described by previous investigators working with mammalian central nervous system, the most reliable results being those of McGregor (1917). Though the amount of this fraction agrees roughly with estimates of the relative amount of axis cylinder in crustacean nerve (Young 1936), it was still not certain that all the components of the conjugated protein present could be considered to be derived solely from axoplasmic protein, for it was demonstrated that in lobster nerve an alkali-soluble fraction similar to the“neurostromin” of Danilevsky (1891) and Shkarin (1902) is also present. The axoplasm of the giant nerve fibres of Loligo may be obtained merely by extrusion from a cut end. In this way it is possible to obtain the axoplasmic complex uncontaminated by foreign material. The present paper contains a preliminary account of the properties of the proteins of the axon as revealed by study with a special microtechnique of this extruded axoplasm.

scholarly journals Recapitulate development to promote axonal regeneration: good or bad approach?

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1473) ◽  
pp. 1565-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie T Filbin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Transduction Pathway ◽  
The Past ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

In the past decade there has been an explosion in our understanding, at the molecular level, of why axons in the adult, mammalian central nervous system (CNS) do not spontaneously regenerate while their younger counterparts do. Now a number of inhibitors of axonal regeneration have been described, some of the receptors they interact with to transduce the inhibitory signal are known, as are some of the steps in the signal transduction pathway that is responsible for inhibition. In addition, developmental changes in the environment and in the neurons themselves are also now better understood. This knowledge in turn reveals novel, putative sites for drug development and therapeutic intervention after injury to the brain and spinal cord. The challenge now is to determine which of these putative treatments are the most effective and if they would be better applied in combination rather than alone. In this review I will summarize what we have learnt about these molecules and how they signal. Importantly, I will also describe approches that have been shown to block inhibitors and encourage regeneration in vivo . I will also speculate on what the differences are between the neonatal and adult CNS that allow the former to regenerate and the latter not to.

scholarly journals Some observations on the functions of the nervous system, and the relation which they bear to the other vital functions

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 373-375
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Injured Part ◽  
Voluntary Motion ◽  
The One ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

The intention of the author in the present paper, is, not to bring forwards any new facts, but to take a general review of the inferences deducible from the series of facts detailed by him in previous papers communicated to this Society. He divides the nerves into two classes, essentially differing in their functions. The first comprehends those nerves, which, proceeding directly from the brain and spinal cord to other parts, convey in the one case to those parts the influence of those organs only from which they originate, and thus excite to con­traction the muscles of voluntary motion ; and in the other case transmit to the sensorium impressions made on the parts to which they are distributed. The second class comprises what may betermed the Ganglionic nerves, or those which enter ganglions, pro­perly so called; that term being limited to such protuberances only as receive branches of nerves proceeding from the brain and spiral cord. These nerves are distributed more especially to the vital or­ gans, as the thoracic and abdominal viscera, and to the muscles sub­servient to their functions. The nerves belonging to this class also convey impressions to the sensorium, and occasionally excite the muscles of involuntary motion, which, in common with all muscles, possess an inherent power of contractility dependent solely on their own mechanism, and which in ordinary cases are excited by stimuli peculiar to themselves. But the most important function of the gan­glionic nerves, is that of supporting the processes of secretion and assimilation, which require for their performance the combined influ­ence of the whole brain and spinal cord. Viewed as a whole, the system of ganglionic nerves, therefore, constitutes, in the strictest sense, a vital organ. Thus the sensorium, though connected by means of the cerebral and spinal nerves only partially with the organs of sense and voluntary motion, is, by means of the ganglionic nerves, connected generally with all the functions of the animal body. Hence affections of the stomach and other vital organs extend their influence over every part of the frame; while those of a muscle of voluntary motion, or even of an organ of sense, although possessing greater sensibility, are confined to the injured part. From a due consideration of the phenomena of the nervous system, it would appear that they imply the operation of more than one prin­ciple of action. The sensorial power is wholly distinct from the ner­vous power; the former residing chiefly in the brain, while the latter belongs equally to the spinal cord and brain, and may be exercised independently of the sensorial power. In like manner, the muscular power resides in the muscles, and may be called into action by various irritations independently of the nervous power, though fre­quently excited by the action of that power. The muscles of volun­tary motion are subjected to the sensorial power through the inter­vention of the nervous system; and those of involuntary motion are also, under certain circumstances, capable of being excited through the nerves by the sensorial power, particularly when under the influ­ence of the passions. The same observation applies also to other actions which properly belong to the nervous power, such as the evolution of caloric from the blood, and the various processes of se­cretion and of assimilation. That the nervous power is in these instances merely the agent of other powers, and is independent of the peculiar organization of the nerves, is proved by the same effects being produced by galvanism, transmitted through conductors diffe­rent from the nerves. The successive subordination of these several powers is shown during death, when the sensorial functions are the first to cease, and the animal no longer feels or wills, but yet the nervous power still continues to exist, as is proved by the nerves be­ing capable, when stimulated, of exciting contractions in the muscles, both of voluntary and of involuntary motion,of producing the evolution of caloric and of renewing the processes of secretion. In like manner the power of contraction, inherent in the muscular fibre, survives the destniction of both the sensorial and nervous powers, having an existence independent of either, although in the entire state of the functions they are subjected to the entire influence of both.

scholarly journals Emergent processes in cognitive-emotional interactions

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-448 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Anatomical Evidence ◽  
Made In

Emotion and cognition have been viewed as largely separate entities in the brain. Within this framework, significant progress has been made in understanding specific aspects of behavior. Research in the past two decades, however, has started to paint a different picture of brain organization, one in which network interactions are key to understanding complex behaviors. From both basic and clinical perspectives, the characterization of cognitive-emotional interactions constitutes a fundamental issue in the investigation of the mind and brain. This review will highlight the interactive and integrative potential that exists in the brain to bring together the cognitive and emotional domains. First, anatomical evidence will be provided, focusing on structures such as hypothalamus, basal forebrain, amygdala, cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula. Data on functional interactions will then be discussed, followed by a discussion of a dual competition framework, which describes cognitive-emotional interactions in terms of perceptual and cognitive competition mechanisms.

scholarly journals OTAK DAN AKAL DALAM AYAT-AYAT NEUROSAINS

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-140
Author(s):  
Fu`ad Arif Noor
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reasonable Use ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Neuroscience, are simply the science devoted to learning Neoron(nerve cells). Nerve cells make up the nervous system, both thecentral nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheralnerves (31 pairs and 12 pairs of spinal nerve head). A nerve cellitself is not the smallest unit away from the nerve cell, the smallestunit of nerve cells (neurons) are the synapses ie the meeting point oftwo nerve cells move and pass the information (neurotransmitters).At the level of molecular biology, the smallest unit is like genes(genetic studies). Generally, the neuroscientist focused on nervecells in the brain. In the Qur'an sense has a glorious position. It wasevident the word "reasonable" in the Qur'an is mentioned insignificant amounts. The word "reasonable" in the Qur'an is called49 times. All in the form mudhari deed '(a verb that indicates thecurrent and future), but one that is shaped madhi verb (a verb thatindicates the past).Although the Qur'an does not mention the "sense" in its form as' acertain part of the human self '(سفنلا ىف لاقتسم ارهوج), which becamethe source of the birth of any acts rationally, but the Qur'anmentions "reasonable" in its meaning as' activities reasonable use'(لقعتلا ةيلمع), the appeal that invites use of reason as the path to truth(لقعتلا), thinking (ركفتلا), watching (رظنلا), to understand and learn(هقفتلا), take the wisdom and lessons from each incident (رابتعلاا) andetc.

scholarly journals Om religion og kognition

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin W. Geertz
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Science Of Religion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cognitive Approaches ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Cognitive Study ◽  
The Brain

“On Religion and Cognition: A Brief Historical and Thematic Introduction”. This article is a brief introduction to the cognitive study of religion. Ten problems are identified which serve as the backdrop of the article. These concern the problems of historical depth in the study of cognition; the increase of many different disciplinary approaches; the resultant termino­logical confusion; the weaknesses of the natural sciences in terms of the philosophy of science; the corresponding weaknesses of the cognitive science of religion in terms of the philosophy of science; the need to replace strategic triumphalism on the one hand and strategic isolationism on the other with strategic sobriety; the need to maintain that the study of religion concerns origins, functions, forms, meanings and structures as well as texts; the realization that the methodological tools accompanying cognitive approaches should be handled with care and prudence; the reduction of cognition exclusively to processes in the brain ignores recent neurological research that points to alternative models of cognition; and there are many more possibilities in cognitive research than have been acknowledged by the pioneers of cognitive approaches to the study of religion. The article briefly discusses the many histories of research in cognition during the past 150 years and illustrates various cognitive themes which might be fruitfully pursued by scholars of religion.

scholarly journals MRI in the assessment and monitoring of multiple sclerosis: an update on best practice

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike W. Kaunzner ◽  
Susan A. Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Improved Technology ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has developed into the most important tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS). Its high sensitivity for the evaluation of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in the brain and spinal cord has made it the most commonly used technique for the evaluation of patients with MS. Moreover, MRI has become a powerful tool for treatment monitoring, safety assessment as well as for the prognostication of disease progression. Clinically, the use of MRI has increased in the past couple decades as a result of improved technology and increased availability that now extends well beyond academic centers. Consequently, there are numerous studies supporting the role of MRI in the management of patients with MS. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest insights into the utility of MRI in MS.

On the need of reaching the origins of security – an introduction to the discussion

2019 ◽  
Vol Special Issue ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Bernard Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Security Testing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cognitive Context ◽  
Security Research ◽  
Monitoring And Forecasting ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

This article presents basic issues concerning security research in the past, called reaching the origins of security. Reaching the origins is not a concept that finds its rightful place in security research. It has been used and thus fixed permanently in other areas, therefore, the issues discussed in this article concern problems from many fields of knowledge. Security testing covers a number of processes, including retrospective ones, the essence of which is a scientific look into the past. Reaching the origins, all in all, makes it possible to identify the sources of danger and the requirements to be met for safety to reach an acceptable level. It allows, on the one hand, to prevent the recurrence of these sources and, on the other hand, to apply the solutions of the past to today's and tomorrow's security efforts. It can also be said that reaching the origins of safety is connected with determining the methods of eliminating and minimizing threats, and thus indicating the procedures providing an appropraite level of security. It's a utilitarian effect. In the cognitive context, it should be emphasized that the results of reaching the origins may serve to enrich the contemporary knowledge in the field of security. In both cases the procedures of avoiding mistakes made in the past are going to be worked out, especially that their sources are usually human mistakes having their origins in the lack of knowledge of past times. The considerations presented in the article allowed to determine the meaning of reaching the origins, its types and mutual relations between it and the diagnosis, monitoring and forecasting of security. In conclusion, the presented deliberations are summarized.

scholarly journals Observations of synaptic structures: origins of the neuron doctrine and its current status

2004 ◽  
Vol 360 (1458) ◽  
pp. 1281-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W Guillery
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Neuronal Communication ◽  
The Past ◽  
Powerful Analytical Tool ◽  
Synaptic Junctions ◽  
The One ◽  
Synaptic Structures ◽  
Made In

The neuron doctrine represents nerve cells as polarized structures that contact each other at specialized (synaptic) junctions and form the developmental, functional, structural and trophic units of nervous systems. The doctrine provided a powerful analytical tool in the past, but is now seldom used in educating neuroscientists. Early observations of, and speculations about, sites of neuronal communication, which were made in the early 1860s, almost 30 years before the neuron doctrine was developed, are presented in relation to later accounts, particularly those made in support of, or opposition to, the neuron doctrine. These markedly differing accounts are considered in relation to limitations imposed by preparative and microscopical methods, and are discussed briefly as representing a post-Darwinian, reductionist view, on the one hand, opposed to a holistic view of mankind as a special part of creation, on the other. The widely misunderstood relationship of the neuron doctrine to the cell theory is discussed, as is the degree to which the neuron doctrine is still strictly applicable to an analysis of nervous systems. Current research represents a ‘post-neuronist’ era. The neuron doctrine provided a strong analytical approach in the past, but can no longer be seen as central to contemporary advances in neuroscience.

scholarly journals An update of nanoparticle-based approaches for glioblastoma multiforme immunotherapy

Nanomedicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (19) ◽  
pp. 1861-1871
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Taiarol ◽  
Beatrice Formicola ◽  
Roberta Dal Magro ◽  
Silvia Sesana ◽  
Francesca Re
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
The Past ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Glioblastoma multiforme is a serious medical issue in the brain oncology field due to its aggressiveness and recurrence. Immunotherapy has emerged as a valid approach to counteract the growth and metastasization of glioblastoma multiforme. Among the different innovative approaches investigated, nanoparticles gain attention because of their versatility which is key in allowing precise targeting of brain tumors and increasing targeted drug delivery to the brain, thus minimizing adverse effects. This article reviews the progress made in this field over the past 2 years, focusing on nonspherical and biomimetic particles and on vectors for the delivery of nucleic acids. However, challenges still need to be addressed, considering the improvement of the particles passage across the blood–meningeal barrier and/or the blood–brain barrier, promoting the clinical translatability of these approaches.

2. English Psychological Retrospect

1873 ◽  
Vol 19 (87) ◽  
pp. 466-469
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

In Numbers CII. and CIII. of the “British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review,” Dr. J. Batty Tuke publishes the results of investigations made in ninety-two Autopsies as bearing “On the Morbid Histology of the Brain and Spinal Cord as observed in the Insane.”

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