scholarly journals The Indonesian Titanium Deposit Types and Their Resources: The Aspects For Titanium Commodity Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-109
Author(s):  
Armin Tampubolon
Keyword(s):  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
The South ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Metamorphic Basement ◽  
Deposit Type ◽  
Placer Deposits ◽  
Available Resources

Indonesia has several Titanium deposit types: beach placer, alluvial and lateritic types. The source of Titanium minerals in beach placer is derived from Tertiary Volcanic Rocks.Theoccurence of alluvial Titanium deposit is closely associated with cassiterite (tin minerals) alluvial in Bangka-Belitung Islands. The source of Titanium minerals (ilmenite) are derived fromweathering on tin mineralization hosted in metamorphic and granitic rocks within uplifted morphology areas. Lateritic Titanium deposits are formed by lateritization process in association with bauxite and nickel in Riau, Kalimantan and Sulawesi Islands. The sources of Titanium are in granitic and metamorphic basement rocks.Java beach placer resources are quite big in tonnage, nearly 50 million tons in total, with significant TiO  contents ranging from 8.91 % to 3.17 %. Beach placer along the south shoreline of Java seems to indicate consistency in their mineralogical and genetic types with relativelyhomogenous in TiO  contents. Sumatra shows significant resources for lateritic Titanium deposit that is up to 107,800,859 tons with 0.5% to 15 % TiO . The quite interesting resources are indicated by very significant TiO average (15%) with the total of 19,243,757 tons of lateritic deposit type in Bintan Island, Riau,Sumatra.  The total resources of beach placer type deposits in Sumatra are much  lower than lateritic ones.Sulawesi has both beach placer and lateritic types where the interesting resources of this island are indicated by quite big resources and significant values in TiO  grades in North Sulawesi; the tonnage is up to 31,400,000 tons with TiO  content average is 9.85 %.  On the basis of resources and processing technologies, beach placer deposits in Sumatera, Java and Sulawesi are thought to have potentially economic significance. However, such available resources are needed to upgrade by performing detailed and systematic exploration.Government policies and environment concerns are important aspects for consideration in Titanium commodity development of this country.

Mineralization of the South Pennine Orefield, UK—A Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.D. Ford ◽  
N.E. Worley
Keyword(s):  
Wall Rock ◽  
Hydraulic Gradient ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
East Midlands ◽  
Ore Minerals ◽  
Placer Deposits ◽  
Fractured Limestone ◽  
Host Rocks

This review of the South Pennine Orefield (SPO) draws together the findings from many years of underground field observations and petrographical study. Mineralization is of the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and is concentrated within an area of some 200 km2, mainly along the eastern margins of a large inlier, the Derbyshire High, in Carboniferous platform carbonate host rocks. The inlier covers some 390 km2, forms an up-dip promontory of a larger structure, the East Midlands Shelf, and is surrounded by shales and sandstones of the Millstone Grit and Pennine Coal Measures groups. Mineralization probably began during the late Westphalian (Moscovian, Mid Pennsylvanian), when subsidence due to thermal sag resulted in the limestone being buried to depths of c. 4 km beneath younger strata. A palaeohydraulic reconstruction is presented from analysis of mineralized palaeokarst features, which are interpreted as representing hypogenic or deep-seated karst formed by the interstratal circulation of hydrothermal water in a mostly confined hydrodynamic setting. It is reasoned that Variscan inversion of N–S faults to the east of the SPO resulted in erosion of Namurian and Westphalian (Upper Mississippian–Middle Pennsylvanian) rocks and created a hydraulic gradient inclined towards the south-west. Acidic F-Ba-Pb-Zn enriched fluid evolved in the Namurian basinal rocks and migrated into fractured limestone. The resultant wall-rock dissolution along existing wrench faults led to the formation of a maze of stratiform mineral deposits (flats) and more irregular spongework-shaped structures (pipes). The presence of hydrocarbon accumulations in the limestones and evidence from fluid inclusions indicates that the mineralizing fluids were chloride/fluoride-rich and compositionally typical of oilfield brine. Isotope evidence demonstrates a sulphate evaporite source of sulphur, mainly from the Chadian (Visean, Middle Mississippian) Middleton Anhydrite Formation. By the late Cenozoic, karstification of exposed carbonate rocks began and the current pattern of epigenic karst drainage started to develop as the regional hydraulic gradient reversed, assuming its present eastward inclined attitude. The mineralized hypogenic karst was overprinted by later drainage systems as the hydraulic gradient changed, and placer deposits were formed from the erosion of existing mineralization. This was accompanied by circulation of meteoric water and resulted in the supergene weathering of the sulphide ore minerals. Eastward underflow of meteoric groundwater also exploited the same mineralization flow paths. There is evidence that pre-mineralization hypogenic karst was also significant in the formation of orebodies in the North Pennine Orefield and the Halkyn–Minera Orefield of NE Wales.

scholarly journals A preserved early Ediacaran magmatic arc at the northernmost portion of the Transversal Zone central subprovince of the Borborema Province, Northeastern South America

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamim Bley de Brito Neves ◽  
◽  
Edilton José dos Santos ◽  
Reinhardt Adolfo Fuck ◽  
Lauro César Montefalco Lira Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Lower Plate ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
The South ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Continental Plate ◽  
Borborema Province ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
Fold Belts

ABSTRACT: Magmatic arcs are an essential part of crust-forming events in planet Earth evolution. The aim of this work was to describe an early Ediacaran magmatic arc (ca. 635-580 Ma) exposed in the northernmost portion of the Transversal Zone, central subprovince of Borborema Province, northeast Brazil. Our research took advantage of several syntheses by different authors, including theses and dissertations, carried out on magmatic rocks of the study area for the last 30 years. The ca. 750 km long and up to 140 km wide arc, trending ENE-WSW, is preserved to the south of the Patos Lineament, between 35º15' and 42º30'W and 7º15' and 8ºS. About 90 different stocks and batholiths of I-type granitic rocks were mapped along this orogenic zone, preferentially intruding low-grade schists of the Cryogenian-Ediacaran Piancó-Alto Brígida (SPAB) belt. Three igneous supersuites are recognized: a) epidote-bearing granodiorites and tonalites ("Conceição" type); b) high-K calc-alkaline granites ("Itaporanga" type); c) biotite granodiorites of trondhjemite affinity ("Serrita" type). A fourth group of peralkalic and shoshonitic rocks occurs to the south of the previous ones, reflecting special tectonic conditions. NNE-SSW trending Paleoproterozoic fold belts, surrounding Archean nuclei, characterize the continental part of the northern lower plate. The oceanic fraction of this lower plate was recycled by subduction and scarce remnants of which may be seen either within the enclosing low-grade schists or as xenoliths within the arc intrusions. The upper continental plate presents WSW-ENE structural trends and is composed of Neoproterozoic fold belts and Paleoproterozoic reworked basement inliers. Available data bear clear evidence of an Ediacaran magmatic arc built at the northern portion of the Transversal Zone in the Borborema Province, northeast Brazil.

scholarly journals Gas Hydrates Accumulations on the South Shetland Continental Margin: New Detection Possibilities

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. Solovyov ◽  
V. G. Bakhmutov ◽  
I. N. Korchagin ◽  
S. P. Levashov ◽  
N. A. Yakymchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Continental Margin ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
The South ◽  
Deposit Type ◽  
Pulsed Electromagnetic ◽  
The Antarctic

The results of investigations in 2006–2010 for hydrocarbon and gas hydrates on the Antarctic Peninsula continental margin are given. In 2004 and 2006, the marine geoelectric researches by methods of forming a short-pulsed electromagnetic field (FSPEF) and vertical electric-resonance sounding (VERS) had been conducted in this region. The “deposit” type anomaly was mapped by FSPEF survey, and anomalous polarized layers of “hydrocarbon deposit” type were chosen by VERS sounding within this anomaly on Antarctic margin in the region of UAS “Academician Vernadsky.” Anomalous zones of “gas hydrate deposit” type were detected on the South Shetland margin due to the special technology of satellite data processing and interpretation using. These results confirm the high gas hydrates potential of the West Antarctica region. Some practical results of the experimental approbation of these original technologies for the “direct” prospecting and exploration of hydrocarbon (HC) and gas hydrates accumulations in different oil-and-gas bearing basins of Russia and Gulf of Mexico are proposed. The integration of satellite data processing and materials of FSPEF-VERS methods enable improving their efficiency for different geological and geophysical problems solving.

Evaluation and host specificity of two seed flies Mesoclanis polana and M. magnipalpis (Diptera: Tephritidae): biological control agents for Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Asteraceae) in Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Adair ◽  
A. Bruzzese
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
South African ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
The South ◽  
Developing Seeds ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Economic Significance

AbstractLarvae of the South African tephritid flies Mesoclanis polana Munro and M. magnipalpis Bezzi feed in the developing seeds of Chrysanthemoides monilifera. Host specificity evaluation using 109 plant species from 25 families indicated that complete development was restricted to their natural host C. monilifera. Minor feeding and limited development was detected on 18 species, but was of no ecological or economic significance. Mesoclanis polana and M. magnipalpis have been released in Australia and M. polana has established and dispersed widely. Mesoclanis magnipalpis has not yet become naturalized. Parasitism of M. polana in Australia by several species of Hymenoptera has been detected, but is not expected to limit the establishment and impact of these flies.

Complex origin for the south-western Zamboanga metamorphic basement complex, Western Mindanao, Philippines

Island Arc ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-652
Author(s):  
Rodolfo A. Tamayo ◽  
Graciano P. Yumul ◽  
René C. Maury ◽  
Hervé Bellon ◽  
Joseph Cotten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Basement Complex ◽  
Metamorphic Basement ◽  
Complex Origin

scholarly journals The high-grade gneisses in the south-west of Dove Bugt: an old gneiss complex in a deep part of the Caledonides of North-East Greenland

1991 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
B Chadwick ◽  
C.R.L Friend
Keyword(s):  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Deep Part ◽  
The South ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
North East ◽  
Gneiss Complex ◽  
South West

The complex range of orthogneisses has been subdivided on the basis of field characteristics into an old polyphase group, grey phlebitic gneisses, younger varieties of pink granitic gneisses that occur principally as extensive sheets, mixed orthogneisses with schlieric facies and undifferentiated gneisses with dioritic facies. Mafic sheets, now amphibolites, were emplaced at various stages in the evolution of the gneisses. Enclaves and sheets of supracrustal rocks include paragneisses, graphitic schists, marble, amphibolite and stratiform gabbroic complexes with anorthosite. Nappes with curvilinear hinge lines and belts of mylonite developed in high amphibolite conditions after emplacement of the sheets of pink granitic rocks (now variably deformed gneisses) into the old orthogneisses and supracrustal rocks. Principal displacements in the mylonites were shallow and N-directed. The nappes and mylonites were deformed by upright-inclined folds with north-westerly vergence. The nappes, mylonites and north-westerly verging folds are presumed to be Caledonian. N- and S-directed extensions indicated by small-scale ductile structures younger than the regional folding suggest that longitudinal collapse predominated in this part of the Caledonian belt in the south-west of Dove Bugt.

Paragenesis of the metasomatic actinolite-bearing rocks from the Khetri copper belt, Rajasthan, India

1967 ◽  
Vol 36 (277) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Das Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Amphibolite Facies ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
The South ◽  
Sulphide Mineralization ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Pale Pink ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
Metasomatic Fluid ◽  
Metasomatic Replacement ◽  
Khetri Copper Belt

SummaryIn the south-eastern part of the Khetri copper belt, actinolite occurs in association with alteration assemblages resulting from the Fe-Mg metasomatism that accompanied sulphide mineralization, and more commonly with albite-bearing rocks formed by albitization of quartzites and schists near granitic rocks. Within the latter occur many coarse, massive, and unoriented aggregates of actinolite crystals, individuals being commonly more than 10 cm long. Locally fluorite-bearing veins oecur within granitic and albite-quartz rocks. The actinolite is pleochroic from pale pink to green; γ: [001] = 26°; γ = 1·642 ± 0·003; 2Vα = 80°. The composition of the analysed actinolite closely compares with those published in the literature excepting in (OH), which is low. The mineral assemblages, formed by metasomatic replacement of pre-existing rocks, are equivalent to those of albite-epidote-amphibolite facies. The metasomatic fluid was apparently rich in Ca, F (indicated by fluorite), and oxygen (indicated by magnetite, ilmenite, and hematite).

Tectonic evolution of the South Altyn, NW China: constraints by geochemical, zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic analysis of the Palaeozoic granitic plutons in the Mangya area

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 (7) ◽  
pp. 1121-1143
Author(s):  
Nan Xu ◽  
Cai-lai Wu ◽  
Yuan-Hong Gao ◽  
Min Lei ◽  
Kun Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tectonic Evolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Calc Alkaline ◽  
The South ◽  
Nw China ◽  
Ophiolitic Mélange ◽  
High K ◽  
Continental Block

AbstractThe South Altyn Orogenic Belt (SAOB) is one of the most important orogenic belts in NW China, consisting of the South Altyn Continental Block and the Apa–Mangya Ophiolitic Mélange Belt. However, its Palaeozoic tectonic evolution is still controversial. Here, we present petrological, geochemical, zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic data for the Mangya plutons with the aim of establishing the Palaeozoic tectonic evolution. We divide the Early Palaeozoic magmatism in the Apa–Mangya Ophiolitic Mélange Belt into four episodes and propose a plate tectonic model for the formation of these rocks. During 511–494 Ma, the South Altyn Ocean (SAO) was in a spreading stage, and some shoshonite series, I-type granitic rocks were generated. From 484 to 458 Ma, the oceanic crust of the SAO subducted northward, accompanied by large-scale magmatic events resulting in the generation of vast high-K calc-alkaline series, I-type granitic rocks. During 450–433 Ma, the SAO closed, and break-off of the subducted oceanic slab occurred, with the generation of some high-K calc-alkaline series, I–S transitional type granites. The SAOB was in post-orogenic extensional environment from 419 to 404 Ma, and many A-type granites were generated.

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