scholarly journals Leveraging latent persistency in the United States patent and trademark applications to gain insight into the evolution of an innovation-driven economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Iraj Daizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Long Memory ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
S Curve ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
States Patent

Objective: An understanding of when one or more external factors may influence the evolution of innovation tracking indices (such as US patent and trademark applications (PTA)) is an important aspect of examining economic progress/regress. Using exploratory statistics, the analysis uses a novel tool to leverage the long-range dependency (LRD) intrinsic to PTA to resolve when such factor(s) may have caused significant disruptions in the evolution of the indices, and thus give insight into substantive economic growth dynamics. Approach: This paper explores the use of the Chronological Hurst Exponent (CHE) to explore the LRD using overlapping time windows to quantify long-memory dynamics in the monthly PTA time-series spanning 1977 to 2016. Results/Discussion: The CHE is found to increase in a clear S-curve pattern, achieving persistence (H~1) from non-persistence (H~0.5). For patents, the inflection occurred over a span of 10 years (1980-1990), while it was much sharper (3 years) for trademarks (1977-1980). Conclusions/Originality/Value: This analysis suggests (in part) that the rapid augmentation in R&D expenditure and the introduction of the various patent directed policy acts (e.g., Bayh-Dole, Stevenson-Wydler) are the key impetuses behind persistency, latent in PTA. The post-1990’s  exogenic factors seem to be simply maintaining the high degree and consistency of the persistency metric. These findings suggest investigators should consider latent persistency when using these data and the CHE may be an important tool to investigate the impact of substantive exogenous variables on growth dynamics.

scholarly journals United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (248) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Supervision Process ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

This technical note leverages on the 2015 FSAP which concluded that the United States (U.S.) had a high degree of compliance with the Basel Core Principles (BCPs). The FSAP reviewed the progress achieved in addressing the main weaknesses previously identified and the main supervisory and regulatory developments since then. The key focus are the steps taken by the U.S. authorities in recent years to recalibrate and further tailor the banking regulatory and supervisory framework and the role of stress tests in the supervision process. The FSAP team has not covered the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on banks supervision and has not discussed with authorities the related policy response. The FSAP recommendations are meant to be considered once the impact of the pandemic on the economy and the banking sector becomes clearer.

Analyzing the Network Readiness Index in the United States to Assess ICT Infrastructure in Handling Crises Like COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Saeed Tabar ◽  
Sushil Sharma ◽  
David Volkman ◽  
HeeLak Lee
Keyword(s):  
Composite Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Online Mode ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Ict Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has caused disruption all over the world including in the US. It seems that this pandemic is going to stay for a while. Under current circumstances, what matters most is to mitigate its impact to get back to the daily routine as fast as possible. One answer to this challenge is to turn to technology, especially ICT (information and communication technology). Relying on ICT requires a dependable ICT infrastructure that can handle the fast-growing number of users transitioning to online mode. NRI (Network Readiness Index) is a composite index to measure the multi-faceted impact of ICT on society and development. It is a holistic framework measuring the impact of ICT on four fundamental dimensions of society: technology, people, governance, and impact. In this article, a thorough study of the NRI pillars in 2019 is conducted to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of network readiness in the US. The results of the analysis will provide insight into the trend of digital transformation in the USA.

Ethical and Health Policy Issues in the Treatment of Children with Major Craniofacial Deformities

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-590
Author(s):  
Ronald P. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues ◽  
Uncertain Outcomes ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

The advent of craniofacial surgery and neonatal intensive care has made it possible for children with serious craniofacial deformities to live and possibly to experience effective habilitation. These therapeutic innovations also raise important social and ethical issues that are rarely examined. This paper reviews the dilemmas that relate to the gatekeeper role for physicians, the impact of prenatal diagnosis, and the allocation of scarce fiscal and health resources to craniofacial care. The high degree of cost, the intense investment of medical resources, and the uncertain outcomes in the care of children with major craniofacial deformities, must be considered in the distribution of resources within a health system. The rationing of health resources is discussed as a future determinant of how care for major craniofacial deformities may be delivered in the United States.

scholarly journals Evaluating airport and seaport privatization: a synthesis of the effects of the forms of ownership on performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 08-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Vasigh ◽  
Clara Vydyanath Howard
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Aviation Management ◽  
Management Literature ◽  
Direct Government ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Assessing the effects of ownership structure on efficiency has received considerable attention in the aviation management literature. Commercialization has been widely employed both in developing and developed countries as a means of increasing operational efficiency. Since airports and seaports are operationally similar, this paper examines the literature and methods used to assess the effects of privatization in both types of infrastructure. We observe that the impact of privatization on performance depends not only on the degree of privatization but on the competition in the market. Following a 4-level specification commonly employed in the seaport literature that captures degrees of privatization, we estimate a stochastic frontier model for airport efficiency as a function of ownership. We conclude that airport authorities in the United States are equally as efficient as fully privatized airports elsewhere, due to a high degree of competition and fiscal independence from the other governmental entities. Additionally, while privatization may be an effective mechanism of introducing corporatization into infrastructures that are characterized by poor competition and direct government control, the airport authority appears to achieve the benefits of privatization in operation without actual transfer of ownership.

scholarly journals What is the impact of patient recruitment on offshoring of clinical trials?

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Kermanimojarad
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The issue of globalization of research is receiving considerable attention due to the increasing number of offshored R&D activities from the United States, Europe, and Japan. This paper explores this phenomenon and provides a model to analyze the factors that will likely contribute to a global transformation of clinical trials. By identifying the main characteristics of clinical trials, I aim to clarify the main driver of the relocation process of clinical research. I reviewed the relevant published articles to address the research questions. The results of this study challenge the traditional thinking of cost-related factors as the major reason for offshoring cilinical trials and show the importance of the recruitment of human subjects in trials. Consequently, this paper suggests that “recruitment crisis” in home country as the main contribution and a key driver to offshore R&D activities, has been underestimated by previous studies. In particular, this study provides policy-decision makers with a new insight into the development issue surrounding the pharmaceutical industry.

scholarly journals Under the Radar: Strategies Used by Black Mothers to Prepare Their Sons for Potential Police Interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 439-453
Author(s):  
Abril Harris ◽  
Ndidiamaka Amutah-Onukagha
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
Police Encounters ◽  
Police Presence ◽  
Police Interactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Community Supports ◽  
Insight Into

The current qualitative study explores the experiences of Black mothers who prepare their sons for potential police encounters. Police presence in the Black community has historically elicited feelings of mistrust and fear among Black Americans, and those sentiments resonate today. The discrete incidents of police violence in the United States have been exposed due to an increase in media documentation of the phenomenon. Increased awareness of police violence has also provided insight into the impact that police encounters can have on Black families. A focus group was conducted with six Black mothers with sons ranging in ages from 11 to 33 years. Results highlighted strategies that participants shared with their sons to prepare for a potential police encounter, which included knowing the harsh realities of being Black, regulating their behavior, reframing negative schemas about police, and utilizing family and community supports. Participants believed that sharing strategies and instructions with their sons could enhance safety during a potential police encounter.

Are the Russians Coming?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yochai Benkler ◽  
Robert Faris ◽  
Hal Roberts
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Political Communications ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Information Operations ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Politically Active

This chapter examines the evidence supporting the claim that Russia mounted sustained and significant information operations in the United States. It finds that the evidence of Russian inference is strong but that the evidence of its impact is scant. The documented efforts of Russian interference typically entail piling onto existing debates and seeking to exacerbate existing social divisions. This chapter emphasizes that it is critical not only to understand that Russian propaganda efforts occurred but also to evaluate the effectiveness of these operations. If the biggest win for Russian information operations was to disorient American political communications then overstating the impact of those efforts actually helps consolidate their success. But it is important not to confuse the high degree to which Russian operations are observable with the extent to which they actually made a difference to politically active beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors on America.

International trade and domestic politics: improving on Rogowski's model of political alignments

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Midford
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Factor Endowments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Three Factor

Ronald Rogowski's work offers valuable insight into the impact of changing trade exposure on domestic politics. Exploring the political implications of the well-known factor endowments model of international trade theory, Rogowski argues that owners of relatively abundant productive factors will form a free-trading coalition against owners of relatively scarce productive factors, who will align in favor of protection. Rogowski's parsimonious three-factor version of the factor endowments theory—although offering valuable insight into the politics of less developed economies, including today's developed economies in earlier centuries—produces significant anomalies when applied to advanced economies. Intuitive logic and empirical research, especially the Leontief paradox, suggest that the highly complex division of labor found in developed countries will confound the simplicity of the three-factor model. Edward Learner's multifactor model suggests solutions to the anomalies that afflict Rogowski's simpler model when applied to recent politics in the United States and Europe.

High-fidelity simulation and student performance in the Capstone Field Internship

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Christopher Boyer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Community College ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
High Fidelity Simulation ◽  
Simulation Group ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Despite the increased use of high-fidelity simulation in the education of paramedics, little research has been done into its impact on paramedic student performance. The objective of this quasi-experimental quantitative analysis was to investigate differences in the performance of students in the paramedic field internship between those trained using low-fidelity and those trained using high-fidelity simulation practices. Data were derived from the student field internship records from a community college-based paramedic programme in the United States, with students in two groups: a low-fidelity simulation group (2010–2013) and a high-fidelity simulation group (2014–2017). The students in the high-fidelity simulation group required fewer patient contacts to complete the internship than the students in the low-fidelity simulation group, demonstrating a significant improvement in student performance. While further studies are required to more fully investigate the use of high-fidelity simulation in paramedic education, this study provides necessary insight into the impact of high-fidelity simulation in the training of paramedics.

Exploration of the evolution of nanotechnology from a patent co-classification perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
An-Pang Wang ◽  
Chen-En Hou ◽  
Shiu-Wan Hung
Keyword(s):  
Semiconductor Device ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disruptive Innovation ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
The Us ◽  
High Betweenness ◽  
The Impact ◽  
States Patent ◽  
Future Growth

Abstract In an era of dramatic changes, enterprises tend to rely on tracking the main trends of technological evolution to maintain a competitive advantage when confronted with the impact of competing new and old technologies and disruptive innovation. This paper explores the evolution of nanotechnology via an analysis of the patent co-classification from the database at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). A total of 518 patents on nanotechnology were analyzed. The trend of nanotechnology and the patents of high betweenness centrality were identified. It was found that the technical classifications of “semiconductor device manufacturing” and “chemistry of inorganic compounds” have the highest potential for future growth. These classifications have shown a stable number of filed patents and have become the mainstream in nanotechnology development since the 1980s. Furthermore, this study also showed that the patents owned by the US comprise a significant portion of the applications in the major technical classifications, which has played an important role in the evolution of nanotechnology. The results demonstrated that an analysis of the patent network can be a useful tool for both understanding and predicting the trend of an emerging technology.

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